农杆菌介导转化黑曲霉分生孢子及产孢缺陷突变子T-DNA插入位点分析

【目的】利用农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)T-DNA系统,建立转化黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)分生孢子的方法,构建T-DNA插入突变子文库,为黑曲霉基因组功能注释研究打下基础。【方法】采用携带二元质粒载体pCAMBIA1301的农杆菌EHA105,诱导转化黑曲霉分生孢子,筛选具有潮霉素抗性的突变子。分析抗性稳定突变子菌株的表型,采用反向PCR方法分析T-DNA插入位点相邻位置的序列,并推测突变基因可能具有的功能。【结果】实验获得具有稳定潮霉素抗性转化子193株,转化率为5.6×102转化子/108分生孢子。部分转化子表型出现较为明显改变,其中一株不能产孢,对其T-DNA插入位点序列分析比对结果显示,突变基因属于超级转运家族(major facilitator superfamily,MFS)。【结论】本研究建立的农杆菌转化黑曲霉分生孢子平台,结合T-DNA插入突变位点分析,可以为黑曲霉基因组功能注释研究提供一种简便有效的途径。     

pBINPLUS: An improved plant transformation vector based on pBIN19

We describe the construction of a new plant transformation vector, pBINPLUS, based on the popular pBIN19 vector. Improvements over pBIN19 include location of the selectable marker gene at the left T-DNA border, a higher copy number inE. coli, and two rare restriction sites around the multiple cloning site for easier cloning and analysis of T-DNA insertions in plant genomes.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation system for large-scale producion of transgenic chinese cabbage (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis> L. ssp.<Emphasis Type="Italic">pekinensis</Emphasis>) plants for insertional mutagenesis

In order to better utilize insertional mutagenesis and functional genomics in Chinese cabbage, we have developed an improved transformation system that more efficiently produces a large number of transgenic plants. Hypocotyl explants were inoculated withAgrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. This strain harbors tagging vector pRCV2, which contains a hygromycin-resistance gene, an ampicillin resistance gene, and a bacterial replication origin within the T-DNA. Transformation efficiency was highest when the explants were first co-cultivated for 3 d in a medium supplemented with 5 mg L^-1 acetosyringone, then transferred to a 0.8% agar selection medium containing 10 mg L^-1 hygro-mycin. In addition, maintaining a low pH in the co-cultivation medium was critical to enhancing transformation frequency. A total of 3369 transgenic plants were obtained, with efficiencies ranging from 2.89% to 5.00%. Southern blot analysis and T, progeny tests from 120 transgenic plants confirmed that the transgenes were stably inherited to the next generation. We also conducted plasmid rescue and inverse PCR with some transformants, based on their phenotype, to demonstrate the applicability of T-DNA tagging in Chinese cabbage. The tagged sequences were then analyzed.     

T-DNA integration patterns in transgenic tobacco plants

To investigate the various integration patterns of T-DNA generated by infection withAgrobacterium, we developed a vector (pRCV2) for the effective T-DNA tagging and applied it to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Havana SR1). pRCV2 was constructed for isolating not only intact T-DNA inserts containing both side borders of T-DNA, but also for partial T-DNA inserts that comprise only the right or left side. We also designed PCR confirmation primer sets that can amplify in several important regions within pRCV2 to detect various unpredictable integration patterns. These can also be used for the direct inverse PCR. Leaf disks of tobacco were transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 harboring pRCV2. PCR and Southern analysis revealed the expected 584 bp product for thehpt gene as well as one of 600 bp for thegus gene in all transformants; one or two copies were identified for these integrated genes. Flanking plant genomic DNA sequences from the transgenic tobacco were obtained via plasmid rescue and then sequenced. Abnormal integration patterns in the tobacco genome were found in many transgenic lines. Of the 17 lines examined, 11 contained intact vector backbone; a somewhat larger deletion of the left T-DNA portion was encountered in 4 lines. Because nicking sites at the right border showed irregular patterns when the T-DNA was integrated, it was difficult to predict the junction regions between the vector and the flanking plant DNA.     

根癌农杆菌介导的木霉遗传转化及应用进展

木霉作为土传植物病原菌的生防真菌,研究其功能基因具有重要的意义。根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化(ATMT)为木霉功能基因的研究提供了一个强有力的工具。对根癌农杆菌介导木霉遗传转化的机理、特点、方法及其在木霉中的应用进行了综述。     

A mini binary vector series for plant transformation

A streamlined mini binary vector was constructed that is less than 1/2 the size of the pBIN19 backbone (3.5 kb). This was accomplished by eliminating over 5 kb of non-T-DNA sequences from the pBIN19 vector. The vector still retains all the essential elements required for a binary vector. These include a RK2 replication origin, the nptIII gene conferring kanamycin resistance in bacteria, both the right and left T-DNA borders, and a multiple cloning site (MCS) in between the T-DNA borders to facilitate cloning. Due to the reduced size, more unique restriction sites are available in the MCS, thus allowing more versatile cloning. Since the traF region was not included, it is not possible to mobilize this binary vector into Agrobacterium by triparental mating. This problem can be easily resolved by direct transformation. The mini binary vector has been demonstrated to successfully transform Arabidopsis plants. Based on this mini binary vector, a series of binary vectors were constructed for plant transformation.     

A plant transformation vector with a minimal T-DNA II. Irregular integration patterns of the T-DNA in the plant genome

A minimal T-DNA binary vector was used for Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of a chimeric T4 lysozyme gene located next to the left border, and transgenic potato plants which expressed T4 lysozyme protein were identified and further analysed. Frequent rearrangements of T4 lysozyme transgenes were detected. A vector derivative containing two matrix associated regions (MARs) flanking its multiple cloning site was constructed. In transgenic potato plants, reduced variability in gene expression due to position effects was detected. When either the donor vector contained MAR sequences, or when vector pPCV701 which contains a pBR322 fragment next to the left border were used, only relatively few rearrangements were observed. However, when the T4 lysozyme gene was driven by a CaMV 35S promoter modified by multiplied enhancer region carrying either 2 or 4 elements, frequent rearrangements were again obtained.     

Ti plasmid type affects T-DNA processing in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens can transfer the T-DNA region of a Ti plasmid to a recipient plant cell. An accepted model that describes the T-DNA transfer mechanism proposes that single-stranded T-complexes are transferred to a recipient plant via a conjugation-like mechanism. This model has been based on examination of a limited number of Ti plasmids. In this study, the type of processed T-DNA molecule created from multiple Ti plasmids was determined. The form of the processed T-DNA was found to vary and was correlated with whether the T-DNA region was organized as a single continuous region or two adjacent regions.     

Alternative methods for genetic transformation of Pseudozyma antarctica, a basidiomycetous yeast-like fungus

Electroporation and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) were adapted and optimized for genetic transformation of the basidiomycetous yeast-like fungus Pseudozyma antarctica as alternatives to the cumbersome PEG/CaCl₂-mediated transformation of protoplasts. Electroporation yielded 100–200 transformants per μg of DNA per 10⁸ cells after 3 days on selective medium. For its part, ATMT yielded 60–160 transformants per 10⁶ input cfu after 5–10 days on a selective medium. Transformants obtained from both methods showed stable hygromycin resistance and strong expression of green fluorescent protein. Analysis of integration events revealed a limited number of predominantly tandem insertions in the genome of transformants, an improvement over PEG/CaCl₂-mediated transformation. Both protocols relied on intact conidia of P. antarctica as starting material and thus eliminated the need for cell wall-degrading or weakening agents such as lytic enzymes or chemicals. Other advantages over protoplast transformation included higher yield of transformants and shorter recovery time of transformed colonies on selective medium.     

pBIN20: An Improved Binary Vector for shape Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation

We report the construction of a binary vector for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, pBIN20, which contains a superlinker region located between the left and right Ti border sequences. This vector, derived from pBI121, simplifies the cloning of plant expression cassettes and has been used in our laboratory to create lines of transgenic BY-2 tobacco cells. This new vector contains more than 20 unique restriction sites as well as the nptII selectable marker gene within the Ti-DNA borders.     

Evidence of multiple complex patterns of T-DNA integration into the rice genome

The transfer of the long T-DNA (T-DNA and non-T-DNA) of a binary plasmid from Agrobacterium into the rice genome was investigated at both molecular and genetic levels. Out of 226 independent transgenic plants, 33% of the transformants contained non-T-DNA sequences. There was no major difference in the frequency of non-T-DNA transfer among three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains.Four T1 plants containing a single putative long T-DNA insertion were selected for Southern analysis. Three of them were confirmed to have a long T-DNA insertion with a size of greater-than-unit-length of the binary plasmid. This was further confirmed by rescuing the intact binary plasmid from these plants. Our results suggest that long T-DNA transfer by rolling-circle replication from Agrobacterium to rice occurs frequently, and that the high frequency of non-T-DNA transfer should be considered when producing transgenic rice for commercial production. Received: 22 April 1999 / Accepted: 22 June 1999     

根癌农杆菌介导的哈茨木霉菌遗传转化的研究

利用根癌农杆菌EHA105进行了哈茨木霉Th-33的转化,在优化的转化条件下,EHA105对木霉菌的转化效率约45-100个转化子/106个孢子。本实验室利用该方法已建立了含4000多个转化子的木霉T-DNA插入突变体库。随机挑选24个转化子进行遗传稳定性分析,结果显示转化子经过5代无选择压力连续转接后都能在选择平板上正常生长;潮霉素抗性基因的PCR扩增和Southern blot杂交分析表明,木霉转化子含有该基因,Southern blot杂交进一步表明转化子多为单拷贝随机插入。该转化体系的改进将有利于木霉菌生防功能基因的克隆和作用机制的研究。     

水稻转化体系的改进及转os-miR398基因植株的获得

针对根癌农杆菌介导的愈伤转化技术在实际应用中转化效率低及农杆菌污染等问题,对该方法在水稻转化过程进行改良:(1)在转化前将空白愈伤从培养基取出,于室温放置在空白皿中约24 h,使之处于饥饿状态,以利于T-DNA转化并提高转化率;(2)在愈伤与农杆菌共培养并经无菌洗脱后,在转移到相应培养基之前,将其于室温下继续放置在含有滤纸的培养皿里约24 h,从而有效地抑制农杆菌生长.采用本改良措施,成功将所克隆构建的os-miR398(水稻microRNA398)前体基因表达载体转化入水稻,与对照相比,改良后水稻转化效率可提高10%.     

农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化几个影响因素的研究

采用携带gus和（或）bar基因双元表达载体（p3301,pBTAaB)的3个根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌株（AGL-1,EHA105和LBA4404）对普通小麦（Triticum aestivumL.)冬性栽培品种农大170和农大146的幼胚及幼胚愈伤组织进行了遗传转化,结果表明,菌液浓度OD6001.0和侵染时间1h对外植体的生存和转化最为有利;侵染前对外植体进行高渗处理较明显地提高了抗性愈伤获得率;乙酰丁香酮（AS）对小麦转化的作用随菌株和外植体的不同而异;菌株/质粒组合,受体基因型及外植体的类型,年龄和生理状态对转化效率有很大的影响,条件优化后,得到大量具有PPT抗性的愈伤和一些抗性植株,抗性愈伤的GUS染色阳性率在50%-60%之间,所检测的抗性苗呈GUS阳性,对6株抗性苗的PCR和Southern检测初步证明,外源基因已经整合到其中3株的基因组中。     

An experimental assessment of the factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in tomato

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying a binary vector pTOK233, which contained the GUS reporter gene and a kanamycin-resistance gene nptII, was employed for optimizing the transformation efficiency evaluated by a GUS gene transient expression level. Eight factors including explant types, explant size and source, the concentration of cytokinin, inoculation time, pH of inoculation and cocultivation media, bacterial concentration, acetosyringone concentration, and cocultivation duration were investigated in detail. This optimized protocol was then adopted to obtain transgenic tomato plants resistant to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain LBA4404, carrying a binary vector pR-ΔGDD containing the kanamy cin-resistance gene and CMV replicase gene with GDD deletion. The presence of the CMV-RNA2 gene was confirmed by genomic DNA Southern blot analysis in all transformants analyzed. Field spray test showed that the transgenic tomato plants were resistant to 100 mg/l kanamycin. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2006, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 280–284. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

根癌农杆菌转化禾谷类作物及影响其转化的因素

综述了根癌农杆菌转化禾谷类作物的研究现状,根癌农杆菌与禾谷类作物间的相互作用研究,根癌农杆菌成功转化禾谷类的例子;影响根癌农杆菌转化成功的因素,如菌株类型,感受态细胞的选择,Vir基因的活化,选择合适的转化途径等。这些将为利用根癌农杆菌介导的方法,将外源基因导入禾谷类作物提供有益的帮助。     

An efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for Simplicillium subtropicum (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)

Filamentous fungi are the organisms of choice for most industrial biotechnology. Some species can produce a variety of secondary metabolites and enzymes of commercial interest, and the production of valuable molecules has been enhanced through different molecular tools. Methods for genetic manipulation and transformation have been essential for the optimization of these organisms. The genus Simplicillium has attracted increased attention given several potential biotechnological applications. The Simplicillium genus harbors several entomopathogenic species and some isolates have been explored for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminants. Furthermore, the myriad of secondary metabolites isolated from Simplicillium spp. render these organisms as ideal targets for deep exploration and further biotechnological mining possibilities. However, the lack of molecular tools hampered the exploration of this genus. Thus, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method was established for Simplicillium subtropicum, employing the far-red fluorescent protein TURBOFP635/Katushka, as a visual marker, and the selection marker SUR gene, that confers resistance to chlorimuron ethyl. Notably, one round of transformation using the established method yielded almost 400 chlorimuron resistant isolates. Furthermore, these transformants displayed mitotic stability for, at least, five generations. We anticipate that this method can be useful for deep molecular exploration and improvement of strains in the Simplicillium genus.     

根癌农杆菌介导的水稻高效转化系统的建立

比较了影响根癌农杆菌转化水稻的各种因素后,建立了农杆菌介导的水稻高效转基因实验体系。按该体系,水稻品种中花11号预培养4d的幼胚经农杆菌EHA105／pCAMBIA1301感染后,具有GUS基因瞬间表达的幼胚比例在50％以上,最高可达90％;按产生潮霉素抗性愈伤和转基因植株的比例计算,转化率分别达到87．6％和64．6％。转基因植株总DNA的Southern杂交分析表明T－DNA上的外源基因已整合进了水稻基因组,且在大多数转基因植株中表现为单拷贝插入;遗传分析证明T1代的表型分离符合孟德尔法则。此转化系统的建立为高效地将有用的外源DNA导入水稻植株奠定了基础。     

农杆菌介导SsNHX基因转化中林美荷杨的研究

方法:以中林美荷杨组培苗的茎段为转化受体,利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将盐地碱蓬(Suaedaheteroptera)的Na /H 反向运输体基因SsNHX导入中林美荷杨组培苗中,实验过程中对影响遗传转化的一些关键因素进行了筛选研究。结果:最佳浸染条件为茎段外植体预培养1d,菌液浓度OD6000.3,浸染时间15-30min,共培养时添加AS 200μmol/L。经过抗性植株的PCR检测证明外源基因SsNHX已整合到中林美荷杨基因组中,获得了抗卡那霉素的再生植株及PCR阳性植株。结论:初步建立了中林美荷杨的遗传转化体系,为其遗传转化培育出抗盐碱的转基因植株奠定了理论基础。