有机荔枝园、常规荔枝园和天然荔枝园蜘蛛类群的比较

2004～2005年,对珠海市斗门区有机、常规和天然荔枝园的蜘蛛群落进行了系统的调查和分析,结果表明,不同类型荔枝园蜘蛛群落丰富度S值天然＞有机＞常规荔枝园;多样性指数H'值有机＞天然＞常规荔枝园;均匀度E值有机＞天然＞常规荔枝园.说明进行有机管理的荔枝园对蜘蛛群落的多样性影响较小,有利于保护和发挥天敌的自然控制力.有机、常规荔枝园的优势类群均为园蛛科、皿蛛科和球蛛科,而天然荔枝园除这三者外,跳蛛科也明显增加.除天气因素外,更重要的还与人为农事活动干扰程度直接相关.有机荔枝园不使用化学农药,蜘蛛种类多,个体数也较多.而常规荔枝园由于频繁地使用了化学合成物质,蜘蛛种类和数量较少.说明施用大量的化学农药,对蜘蛛的影响较大.     

江西水浆自然保护区蜘蛛多样性研究

本文报道了江西水浆自然保护区蜘蛛14科48属111种,并利用Margalef物种丰富度指数、Simpson物种多样性指数、Shannon-Wiencr指数及Pielou均匀度指数对园蛛科进行了多样性分析.保护区内蜘蛛分布具有水平和垂直地带性特点.在14科中,物种丰富度指数高低依次为:园蛛科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科等.该保护区有17种汀西新记录种和25种未确定种蜘蛛.     

3种园蛛幼蛛各龄形态比较

实验室恒温条件下,研究了园蛛属3种园蛛——角园蛛(Araneus cornutus),叶斑园蛛(A.sta),大腹园蛛(A.ventricosus)的各龄幼蛛。描述它们各自的形态特征;指出它们之间的形态差异。     

中国尖腹蛛属一新种记述：蜘蛛目：园蛛科

本文记述分布于我国陕西太白山的园蛛科Ａｒａｎｅｉｄａｅ尖腹蛛属Ａｃｕｌｅｐｅｒｉａ一新种,太白尖腹蛛Ａｃｕｌｅｐｅｒｉａｔａｉｂａｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本分别保存河北教育学院和西安师范学院。     

中国云南高黎贡山园蛛属4新种记述(蜘蛛目:园蛛科)

本文记述了采自中国云南高黎贡山的园蛛属Amneus 4新种:春林园蛛,新种Amneus chunlin sp.nov.,李氏园蛛,新种Araneusliae sp.nov.,丰盛园蛛,新种Amneua plenus sp.nov.和亚坪园蛛,新种Araneus yapingensis sp.nov..模式标本正模及部分副模保存于湖南师范大学(HNU),部分副模将保存于美国加州科学学院(CaAS).文中量度单位为mm.     

从rRNA基因序列探讨云斑蛛属Cyrtophora的系统发生地位

由于云斑蛛属Cyrtophora蜘蛛所织的网形态上较为特殊,所以该属分类地位长期以来有异议.为从分子水平探讨该属系统发生地位,本文对相关的11种蜘蛛线粒体12S rRNA基因和核18S rRNA基因部分序列进行了测定.基于12S rRNA和18S rRNA基因序列联合数据进行的分子系统发生分析结果表明云斑蛛属属于园蛛科,该结果提示在园蛛总科分类实践中以蛛网形态特征为分类依据时要慎重考虑其可靠性.     

广州荔枝园节肢动物群落多样性及时空动态

【目的】调查研究荔枝园节肢动物群落多样性及时空动态,为荔枝园主要害虫的预测预报和以天敌为主的科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】2012―2013年以广州市从化区黄围村的荔枝园为样地进行节肢动物群落系统调查及多样性动态规律分析。【结果】调查共获得节肢动物标本3 542号,分属于15目113科204种。其中,以膜翅目、同翅目和蜘蛛目为主要类群。在营养结构和食性方面,荔枝园植食性亚群落在种类和数量上都占绝对优势,捕食性亚群落次之。环境不同,群落组成也有差异,树冠层节肢动物群落的个体数量高于草本层,物种丰富度低于草本层。群落时间动态结果表明节肢动物类群的年发生动态明显有两个高峰期,呈"双峰型"。其中以4―6月的高峰为主,主要在荔枝幼果期和果实成熟期,植食性亚群落明显升高。树冠层与草本层亚群落的季节性变化也相对明显。调查获得荔枝园优势害虫为荔枝蝽象Tessaratoma papillosa、稻棘缘蝽Cletus punctiger、荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis、荔枝瘿螨Eriophyes litchii和绿额翠尺蠖Thalassodes proquadraria;优势天敌为大银腹蛛Leucauge magnifica、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus、草蛉Chrysopa carnea、六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata和龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica。【结论】荔枝园节肢动物物种丰富,优势害虫的发生与其优势天敌的数量与时间和荔枝的生长发育密切相关。     

弗蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:皿蛛科)

目前世界上已记载弗蛛属有两种:Floronia bucculenta分布于欧洲、西伯利亚、中国、日本和朝鲜,F.annulipes分布于拉丁美洲的厄瓜多尔。作者之一(陈银方)在浙江松阳县采得一种弗蛛,经鉴定认为系一新种,现报道如下。模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。     

新疆肥蛛属（蜘蛛目：园蛛科）两种记述

本文记述园蛛科肥蛛属两种:华丽肥蛛Larinia eleqans Spassky,1939 和涅氏肥蛛L.nenilini Marusik,1986 为中国新纪录种。     

中国园蛛属1新种（蜘蛛目：园蛛科）

记述了园蛛属1新种,潜山园蛛Araneus qianshan sp.nov.。     

龙眼和荔枝卷叶蛾类种群动态及其群落结构

调查结果显示,在广西南宁市和崇左市的部分龙眼和荔枝园中,危害龙眼和荔枝的卷叶蛾类有3科20种,其中龙眼园的卷叶蛾类有3科16种,荔枝园有2科17种,2类果园发生的种类有所不同。20种中,9种过去尚未见报道。龙眼园和荔枝园卷叶蛾类群落结构的均匀度指数较低,分别为0.298 2和0.406 3,说明在群落中有某种卷叶蛾的种群数量相当大,各种类数量分布不均一,有某个种群数量相当大。2类果园卷叶蛾类群落的多样性相比,荔枝园要高于龙眼园。龙眼园卷叶蛾类的优势种为三角新小卷蛾Olethreutes leucaspisMeyrick(优势度指数d=0.813 2),荔枝园分别为三角新小卷蛾(d=0.722 6)和灰白条小卷蛾Dudua aprobola(Meyrick)(d=0.102 8)。2类果园种群数量较大的种类均为三角新小卷蛾、灰白条小卷蛾和圆角卷蛾Ebodo cellerigeraMeyrick。各月份卷叶蛾类发生的总数量均以龙眼园高于荔枝园。     

Evaluation of yellow sticky traps for monitoring the population of thrips (Thysanoptera) in a mango orchard

Populations of several thrips species were estimated using yellow sticky traps in an orchard planted with mango, Mangifera indica L. during the dry and wet seasons beginning in late 2008-2009 on Penang Island, Malaysia. To determine the efficacy of using sticky traps to monitor thrips populations, we compared weekly population estimates on yellow sticky traps with thrips population sizes that were determined (using a CO(2) method) directly from mango panicles. Dispersal distance and direction of thrips movement out of the orchard also were studied using yellow sticky traps placed at three distances from the edge of the orchard in four cardinal directions facing into the orchard. The number of thrips associated with the mango panicles was found to be correlated with the number of thrips collected using the sticky trap method. The number of thrips captured by the traps decreased with increasing distance from the mango orchard in all directions. Density of thrips leaving the orchard was related to the surrounding vegetation. Our results demonstrate that sticky traps have the potential to satisfactorily estimate thrips populations in mango orchards and thus they can be effectively employed as a useful tactic for sampling thrips.     

Seasonal abundance and spatial distribution of larval and adult thrips (Thysanoptera) on weed host plants in mango orchards in Penang,Malaysia

The spatial distribution of larval and adult thrips (Thysanoptera) was studied on mango panicles, Mangifera indica L., on Penang Island, Malaysia, during two consecutive mango flowering seasons from December 2008 to March 2009 and from August to September 2009. Larval and adult thrips were sampled from mango panicles using the carbon dioxide (CO₂) collection technique weekly in treated and untreated orchards. Seasonal abundance and dispersion pattern of thrips were investigated on weed host plants in the treated orchard between June 2008 and March 2009. Spatiotemporal dynamics of larvae and adults was analyzed using Taylor’s Power Law (TPL), Lloyd’s Index (LI), and Green’s Index (GI). Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) was the dominant thrips species recovered from mango panicles and weeds in the treated orchard, whereas Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) was the most abundant species captured in the untreated orchard. Thrips adults and larvae analyzed via dispersion indices were found to be aggregated in mango panicles in both orchards. The value of the aggregation index (b) of TPL for the total number of adult thrips was significantly higher in the treated orchard than in the untreated orchard, whereas slopes of TPL for the total number of larval thrips did not differ significantly between treated and untreated orchards. All adult thrips species were distributed regularly on the weed plants; however, their larvae were aggregated. It is concluded that pesticide treatment caused adult thrips to become more aggregated on mango panicles, hiding in flower parts that were less exposed to the chemicals.     

Seasonal pattern in food gathering of the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mango orchards in Benin

Prey capture and food scavenging activities of Oecophylla longinoda were monitored through regular weekly samplings during two consecutive years (2009–2010) in a large mango orchard of the Borgou Department of Benin, West Africa, a main mango production area located in the Sudan agro-ecological zone. In both years, interspecific competition with other ants occurred mainly during the dry season (January to March) resulting in increased captures of Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Ponerinae. More prey was caught during the rainy season (end April to end October) than during the rest of the year, with Diptera and Coleoptera prey peaking in May and June, respectively, along with the mango season. As insect prey quickly decreased during November to December weaver ants increasingly collected seeds and plant debris. A total of 241 species of insects were captured including 61 species (25.3%) associated with mango and a few with cashew, among which 48 mango pest species (78.7% of species associated with mango tree). Only five species (2.1%) of beneficial insects were captured. It is concluded that the presence of O. longinoda colonies is beneficial to perennial tree cropping systems such as mango and cashew.     

红火蚁对荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性及稳定性的影响

对红火蚁发生区和对照区荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性的研究表明:红火蚁发生区的荔枝园树冠、地面植被、地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物群落的物种数和个体数都较对照区出现了明显的下降,群落结构特征也发生了明显的变化,群落及各亚群落的物种多样性﹑物种丰富度减小,优势度﹑优势集中性上升,群落由稳定走向波动,群落可侵入性进一步增强。在荔枝树冠,受红火蚁捕食或其它作用影响而明显减少的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目幼虫,天敌主要包括广斧螳Hierodulapatellifera(Serville)、锥盾菱猎蝽Isyndus reticulatesSt、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tieder、平腹小蜂Anastatus japonicus、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopessertatus(L.Koch)及白条锯足蛛Runciniaal bostriata Boes.et Str.等。在地面植被上,受红火蚁影响的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目夜蛾科的幼虫,天敌种类主要包括中华大刀螳Tenodera aridifolia sinensis、丽眼斑螳Creobroter gemmata(Stoll)、中华草蛉Chrysopasinica Tieder、线纹猫蛛Oxyope slineatipes(L.Koch)及草皮逍遥蛛Philodromus cespitum(Walckenaer)等。但值得注意的是,在红火蚁轻度发生区,地面植被上的四斑月瓢虫Chilomenes quadriplaglata Swartz和六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius的种群数量却出现增加。在荔枝园地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物中,以步甲﹑隐翅甲等作为生物指示物反映环境条件变化的物种受影响下降明显。但在红火蚁轻度发生区,一些种类(如独角仙Xylotrupes gideon L幼虫)与红火蚁存在互利共生的关系,其数量非但没有减少,反而有所增加,这在一定程度上增加了对荔枝园有害生物防治的难度。相关分析的研究表明,红火蚁种群数量与荔枝园无脊椎动物群落各特征指数存在一定的相关关系,其中与重度发生区地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落各特征指数高度相关。红火蚁发生区无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分分析表明,影响荔枝园树冠和地面植被无脊椎动物群落多样性的主要成分都是优势集中性,而影响荔枝园地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分却是均匀度。     

复合荔枝园节肢动物群落动态的研究

对单一荔枝和复合荔枝园节肢动物群落进行了调查、分析,结果表明：复合园的捕食性、寄生性昆虫以及蜘蛛类群的数量和丰富度明显高于单一园,而植食性类群的数量和主要害虫发生数量明显少于单一园。复合园各种类型的多样性指数季节变化,其总趋势比单一园大,波动程度比单一园低。复合园的均匀度全年维持在０．８以上,而单一园的则波动很大。     

荔枝-牧草复合系统节肢动物群落多样性与稳定性分析

1997年9月到1998年9月在广东东莞对荔枝－牧草复合系统和单一系统的节肢动物群落进行了比较研究,结果表明,荔枝－牧草复合系统同单一系统相比节肢动物群落数量,物种丰富度及均匀性增加,多样性提高,复合系统中各类群的多样性几乎在一年中的任何时期都比单一系统要高,但不同系统各类群的多样性对夏季高温和荔枝树生长阶段的反应极不一致。利用3个指数来评价群落的稳定性,结果都说明复合系统中的节肢动物群落显得较为稳定,看来,荔枝－牧草复合系统是荔枝园中维持,保护和利用节肢动物群落多样性的一种很好的模式,用有序样品的最优分割方法,把荔枝－牧草复合系统的节肢动物群落最优划分为了5个阶段,各个阶段节肢动物各类群的多样性特征及主要害虫和天敌状态的明确能对复合系统中荔枝害虫综合防治措施的适时采用起指导作用。     

THE NATURAL CONTROL EFFECT OF EGG PARA-SITOIDS ON LITCHI STINK BUG TESSARATOMA PAPILLOSA (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN LITCHI ORCHARD

Abstract  The distribution of eggs of the litchi stink bug Tessaratoma papillosa Drury was observed. By marking the eggs of T. papillosa in an integrated pest managed litchi orchard and in an orchard with chemical control, respectively, the control effect of the egg parasitoids on T. papillosa in the two kinds of licthi orchards was investigated in Guangzhou in 1996. The female T. papillosa began to oviposit in mid-March and laid eggs vigorously from early April to early June, and then successively entered the declining stage of oviposition in 1996 in Guangzhou. 86% of the litchi stink bug eggs were laid in the peak period of oviposion. Two egg parasitoids, Anastatus japonicus and Ooencyrtus phongi , were obtained in the integrated managed litchi orchard. The rate of eggs parasitized by A. japonicus and O. phongi attained to 3.2% -18.4% and 3.2%-30.4%, respectively. The united attack of the two parasitoid wasps destroyed 30.6% - 47% host eggs in the middle and late stages of T. papillosa oviposition. Only A. japonicus was collected in the chemical controlled litchi orchard and the percentage of eggs parasitized by this wasp was only 0.2% -2.8%.     

红火蚁弃尸堆的食物结构

通过对红火蚁弃尸堆进行收集、整理、鉴定和分析,研究了自然条件下华南地区典型生境中红火蚁食物结构的季节性变化.结果表明:红火蚁弃尸堆中主要包括了8个目的昆虫和种子共41个种类.其中鞘翅目Coleoptera昆虫的出现频率最高,在4个生境荔枝园、苗圃、荒地、公路路边中分别为69.05%、41.7%、51.8%和66.67%;同翅目Homoptera昆虫出现频率最低,只在荒地中发现占1.20%.其余依次为膜翅目Hymenoptera(14.92%)、半翅目Hemiptera(11.96%)、种子(11.66%)、直翅目Orthoptera(2.08%)、鳞翅目Lepidoptera(0.60%)、等翅目Isoptera(0.60%)和蜻蜓目Odonata(0.60%).弃尸堆中的昆虫碎片以成虫为主,蛹和幼虫较少.不同生境弃尸堆内红火蚁觅食对象的种类虽然较为接近,但在组成与数量上存在差异,其相似度不高.弃尸堆中红火蚁觅食对象的种类和碎片数随着时间呈现明显的变动,上半年的4、5月份和下半年9、10月份红火蚁的觅食到的对象多样性丰富,这两个阶段属于觅食活跃期.