油松Ｐ—Ｙ曲线主要水分参数随季节和种源的变化

借助P—V曲线,研究了油松主要水分参数(包括饱和含水时的最大渗透势φ8sat、初始质壁分离时的渗透势φ8tlp、渗透水相对含量Ftl p,和相对含水量RWCtlp,以及质外体水相对含量AWC)随季节和种源的变化。结果表明,油松P—V曲线主要水分参数是随生长发育阶段和环境条件的改变而发生变化的。其中φ8sat、φ8tlp、Ftl p和RWCtlp值在夏季生长高峰期达到最高,以后逐渐降低,到严冬季节达到一年中的最低水平,随春季来临又将升高。而AWC值表现了与此相反的季节变化趋势。油松林木主要水分参数随季节发生的变化,与林木的抗寒锻炼过程表现了很大的一致性。油松不同种源水分参数上的差异亦很明显,表现最典型的是在冬季。根据水分参数所计算的综合指标表明,在油松不同气候生态型中,抗旱性强弱的顺序是,东北型、中部型、东部型、西南型、西北型、中西型、南部型。     

油松P-V曲线主要水分参数随季节和种源的变化

借助P-V曲线,研究了油松主要水分参数(包括饱和含水时的最大渗透势φ_(?)~(sat)、初始质壁分离时的渗透势φ_(?)(tlp)、渗透水相对含量F_(tlp),和相对含水量RWC_(tlp)以及质外体水相对含量AWC)随季节和种源的变化。结果表明,油松P-V曲线主要水分参数是随生长发育阶段和环境条件的改变而发生变化的。其中φ_(?)~(sat)φ_(?)(tlP) F_(tlp),和RWC_(tlp)值在夏季生长高峰期达到最高,以后逐渐降低,到严冬季节达到一年中的最低水平,随春季来临又将升高。而AWC值表现了与此相反的季节变化趋势。油松林木主要水分参数随季节发生的变化,与林木的抗寒锻炼过程表现了很大的一致性。油松不同种源水分参数上的差异亦很明显,表现最典型的是在冬季。根据水分参数所计算的综合指标表明,在油松不同气候生态型中,抗旱性强弱的顺序是,东北型、中部型、东部型、西南型、西北型、中西型、南部型。     

策勒绿洲多枝柽柳灌溉前后水分生理指标变化的初步研究

在位于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的策勒绿洲对引洪灌溉后枝柽柳清晨叶水势、水势日变化和蒸腾速率的变化特点进行了研究。结果表明,灌溉后柽柳的清晨水势值（－0．93MPa）比灌溉前的清晨水势值（－1．04Ma）有所增加,但幅度不大,因此,灌溉对柽柳清晨水势的恢复有一定的作用,灌溉后柽柳水势的日变化均值（－2．29MPa）比灌溉前的水势日变化均值（－1．69Ma）有较大降低,灌溉后柽柳蒸腾速率的日变化值（0．505mmol.m^-2s^-1）比灌溉前的蒸腾速率日变化值（0．18mmol.m^-2s^-1）有较大增加,从灌溉前后样地土壤含水量的树柳的根系分布情况看,这是柽柳利用地下水的结果。柽柳通过深根系和地下水相接,地表灌溉对柽柳水分状况改变的作用不明显。     

新疆策勒绿洲外围四种多年生植物的水分生理特征

对新疆策勒绿洲外围多年生植物胡杨、柽柳、沙拐枣和骆驼刺的水分生理特性进行了试验研究.结果表明：4种植物在生长季内没有受到严重的水分胁迫,灌溉对植物水分生理指标变化的影响不显著(P＞0.05).4种植物水分生理特性的季节变化各不相同.其中,骆驼刺的清晨水势和日均茎流量最高,但其平均水分利用效率最低;沙拐枣的平均水分利用效率最高,而且其清晨水势与日均茎流量的变化最为稳定,季节变幅不大;柽柳的清晨水势最低,具有较好的环境适应性;胡杨水分生理指标的季节变化相对平稳.在新疆策勒绿洲外围的极端干旱环境中,4种植物通过深根系和地下水相连接,并利用地下水来维持其生存与生长.     

不同种源花楸树幼苗越夏能力的比较

以来自6个种源花楸树1年生幼苗为材料,通过观测苗木田间生长表现、叶片相对电导率、光合特性等生理指标并利用隶属函数综合评价不同种源花楸树对夏季高温环境的适应性,为早期筛选出适应低海拔地区的优良种源奠定理论基础。结果表明:不同种源对高温的适应性表现不同。山东崂山种源的苗高年增长量最大,为34.99 cm,而河北雾灵山种源的地径年增长量最大(6.90 mm);河北驼粱山种源的净光合速率和蒸腾速率最高,分别为12.1μmol CO2·m-2·s-1和6.28μmol H2O·m-2·s-1,而山西庞泉沟种源净光合速率和蒸腾速率最低,分别为8.03μmol CO2·m-2·s-1和4.39μmol H2O·m-2·s-1。山西庞泉沟种源叶片受伤害程度最大,叶伤害指数为46.53%;受伤害最小的是山东泰山种源,叶伤害指数为17.75%。综合评价表明,越夏能力最强的是山东泰山和山东崂山种源,河北种源次之,山西种源最差。     

三种松树的生理生态学特性研究

测定南亚热带丘陵地马尾松、湿地松和加勒比松光合速率、蒸腾速率、日同化量和水分利用效率的变化．结果表明,３种松树光合速率和蒸腾速率都具有明显的日变化和季节变化,夏季的光合速率和蒸腾速率最高,冬季最低;加勒比松的平均日同化量为９．３４ｇ·ｋｇ－１、平均水分利用效率为１５９．７５μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｇ－１Ｈ２Ｏ,高于其它树种;湿地松最低．加勒比松是很好的引种树种,更适合在当地推广     

梨树叶片蒸腾特性研究

采用CIRAS-1红外气体分析仪研究梨树不同时期蒸腾速率及水分利用效率变化特征。结果表明:梨树蒸腾速率日变化为单峰型,峰值出现在11:00～P15:00;蒸腾速率的季节变化呈"V"字形,其中5～P8月份逐渐降低,8～P9月份迅速升至最高,生长季平均蒸腾速率为2.66mmol.m-2.s-1;决定蒸腾速率日变化的主要因子为空气温度、叶面温度和水汽压差,且各因子对蒸腾速率日变化的贡献率分别为85%～P96%、76%～P86%和98%。水分利用效率日变化峰值出现在早上7:00～P9:00,然后逐渐降低;水分利用效率的季节变化峰值(5.38μmolCO2/mmolH2O)出现在8月份,5、6、7、9月份的水分利用效率相当,其值在2.86～P3.05μmolCO2/mmolH2O之间,生长季平均为3.44μmolCO2/mmolH2O;相关分析结果表明,水分利用效率受光合有效辐射、空气温度、叶片温度、空气湿度、以及叶片-大气水气压差等各因子的综合作用。     

长白落叶松氮素营养及与生长的关系

不同季节测定了不同种源长白落叶松针叶中硝酸还原酶（NR）活力,氮素营养和氨基酸（AA）含量,分析了它们与生长的关系。结果表明,长白落叶松所含氮素营养以NH4－N为主,NO3－N和NO2－N含量很少。不同种源长白落叶松针叶中NH4－N和T－N（NH4－N＋N03－N＋NO2－N）含量与其NR活力呈极显著正相关。生长季初,长白落叶松针叶中氮素营养含量低,与生长呈正相关;生长季中后期,针叶中氮素营养含量高,与生长无相关性。不同种源长白落叶松针叶中AA含量的季节变化与氮素营养相似,但与生长无相关性。生长季初针叶中NR活力与不同种源长白落叶松生长呈显著正相关。初步研究表明,生长李初针叶中NR活力,NH4－N和T－N含量可作为生理生化指标用于长白落叶松种源早期选择。     

茶树蒸腾特性的研究

茶树蒸腾速率和气孔导度因品种、叶位不同而异．抗旱性强的品种具有低的气孔导度;鱼叶的蒸腾速率和气孔导度接近或高于真叶．茶树叶片蒸腾速率夏、秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低．在晴天,茶树蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化呈单峰型,以中午前后最高;其日变化与光量子通量密度、叶温、蒸汽压亏缺等因子显著相关;光量子通量密度对蒸腾速率和气孔导度影响较明显．     

不同地理种源西南桦苗木的耐热性研究

由于受全球气候变化的影响,近年来我国一些地区出现了异常高温天气,这越来越引起林业工作者的重视。以亚热带珍贵用材树种西南桦为研究对象,以采集于我国广西和云南两省区12个种源的西南桦种子所育苗木为实验材料,对不同种源苗木在41C高温处理下的生理指标(叶片电导率、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力)的变化进行了综合评价,来选择耐热性优良的种源。结果表明,各生理指标在高温处理后与处理前相比发生了较为明显的变化,其中,叶片电导率增高为对照温度(25C)的1．2倍,光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力则分别只有对照温度的60％、21％和6％;方差分析发现,在对照温度下,各生理指标在不同种源间的差别不明显,而在41C高温处理后,这种差异达到显著程度。用模糊数学的隶属度函数对参加试验的12个种源西南桦苗木的耐热性进行综合评价发现,凌云种源的耐热性最强,建议作为推荐优先发展的种源。     

不同种源马尾松水分生理生态的比较研究

 本文对来自广东高州等9个种源的10年生马尾松的含水量、蒸腾作用、水分亏缺等水分生理方面的指标进行了研究。结果表明,不同种源马尾松水分关系性状具有较高的稳定性并与生长量之间存在一定的相关性。马尾松抗旱机制除根系强大具吸水能力外,还包括较高的避旱和耐旱两种能力,各种源的这几种能力差异是导致它们抗旱性、生长量差异的重要原因。南带种源因为具有较低的蒸腾速率和自然饱和亏,较高的用水效率、临界饱和亏和光合生产率,因而能获得较高的生长量。文章还将九个种源划分成三个水分关系性状类型和五个亚类。     

鹤山人工马占相思林水分生态研究

 通过对马占相思叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其相应环境因子的测定,探讨鹤山丘陵人工马占相思林的水分生理生态特征。结果表明：蒸腾速率和气孔导度具有明显的日变化,两者的变化趋势相似,在夏季的日变化曲线呈双峰型,冬季呈单峰型;夏季的蒸腾速率最高,在冬季最低,仅占夏季的27.6％;马占相思林的蒸腾耗水量在旱季和雨季有明显的差异,旱季的蒸腾耗水量占雨季的25.5％,年蒸腾量为1625.1mm,占同期降水量的78.3％;马占相思林的蒸腾量接近热带雨林。     

厚壁毛竹蒸腾动态研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定厚壁毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’)蒸腾作用在不同时间尺度上的动态变化,结果表明:厚壁毛竹夏季的蒸腾日变化为双峰曲线,秋、冬、春季的蒸腾日变化为单峰曲线;厚壁毛竹蒸腾年动态变化为单峰曲线,1月份最低,仅为0.33mmol•m^-2•s^-1;6月份最高,达3.78mmol•m^-2•s^-1;年均值为1.30mmol•m^-2•s^-1。与毛竹的蒸腾作用动态相比,两竹种不但在蒸腾速率上相近,而且总体趋势也较为一致:夏季、冬季和春季两竹种的蒸腾日变化类型相同,唯有秋季的蒸腾日变化类型不一致,厚壁毛竹的为单峰曲线,而毛竹的为双峰曲线,这反映了两竹种蒸腾作用对气候响应的差异;厚壁毛竹和毛竹的蒸腾作用年动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

不同生长时期多伞阿魏土壤养分及光合特性比较研究

以多伞阿魏(Ferula ferulaeoides)为研究对象,分别对其展叶期、成熟期、果期土壤含水量、pH、有机质、养分和叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用率等光合指标的日变化进行比较研究。结果表明:土壤含水量、有机质、养分随着多伞阿魏生长呈下降趋势,而pH却有所上升,但变化幅度不大。在不同土壤深度上,土壤含水量、pH随着土层深度的加深逐渐升高,而土壤有机质、养分含量却随土层的加深逐渐减少。多伞阿魏3个时期的净光合速率日变化均为双峰曲线,在14:00出现明显的“光合午休”现象,日平均大小为展叶期>成熟期>果期;蒸腾速率日变化趋势表现为单峰曲线,在中午14:00达到最高值,日平均大小为展叶期>果期>成熟期;水分利用率日变化总体呈上升趋势,在14:00出现最低值,日平均大小为成熟期>果期>展叶期。通过对多伞阿魏净光合速率和蒸腾速率与影响因子的相关分析显示:在整个生长期气孔导度,光合有效辐射与净光合速率呈显著正相关性;光照强度与蒸腾速率有明显正相关性。     

The Effect of Age, Pre-conditioning, and Water Stress on the Transpiration Rates of Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Seedlings of Several Ecotypes

Seedlings of Douglas-fir from seed of a number of mesic and xeric origins were grown in growth chambers and a nursery to various ages up to 16 weeks. Measurements were made to determine the effect of seedling age, growth chamber and nursery pre-conditioning, and seed source on transpiration rates under closely controlled laboratory conditions. Additional experiments were conducted on seedlings of two contrasting ecotypes to determine the effect of different pre-conditioning combinations of plant and soil water potential on seedling transpiration rates. Results show that well-watered seedlings of two mesic ecotypes show no decline in transpiration rates per unit leaf area up to 16 weeks of age while corresponding seedlings of three exeric ecotypes do decline. The growth chamber pre-conditioning results in lower seedling transpiration rates and more decline in seedling transpiration rates with increasing plant water stress than for nursery pre-conditioning. In a similar way, the xeric ecotype seedlings have more decline in transpiration rates with increasing plant water stress than do the mesic ecotype seedlings. Soil water potential influences transpiration rates through pre-conditioning effects. Seedlings which have experienced prior soil moisture stress decrease transpiration more in response to low plant water potentials than do plants which have experienced no soil moisture stress. These behavioral characteristics illustrate adaptive means by which seedlings conserve water through the interaction of genetic and preconditioning mechanisms.     

The diurnal course of plant water potential,stomatal conductance and transpiration in a papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) canopy

Summary The diurnal course of water potential, stomatal conductance and transpiration was measured on mature umbels (the major evaporating surface) of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) growing in a fringing swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya.Umbel water potential declined only slightly during the morning but fell rapidly after midday to a minimum value of-1.5 M Pa in early afternoon. The two main structures forming the umbels, the bracteoles and rays, showed similar patterns of change of stomatal conductance throughout the day. The values of conductance indicate major stomatal opening during the morning, partial midday closure and some recovery of opening during the afternoon.It appears that the increase in water vapour pressure deficit of the air is the major cause of the midday closure of the stomata and that plant water potential has little effect. The reason why transpiration is reduced at high vapour pressure deficits when water is freely available to the roots is not clear. However, it is speculated that the restricted water movement into the plant from the anaerobic root environment has the effect of reducing the uptake of toxic ferrous iron.The daily total of canopy transpiration is estimated to be 12.5 mm, twice the value previously reported for papyrus but similar to daily valus determined for other wetland communities.     

南方现代化温室黄瓜冬季蒸腾测量与模拟研究

 温室作物蒸腾直接影响到温室内空气温湿度,是进行温室温度和湿度优化调控所必需的信息。通过冬季温室小气候和蒸腾速率与气孔阻力的实验观测,分析了冬季南方温室黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)蒸腾速率的变化特征及其与温室小气候要素之间的定量关系,确定了南方现代温室冬季黄瓜冠层阻力rc和边界层动力学阻力ra的特征值和作物蒸腾消耗的潜热占到达冠层上方的净辐射的比例,并采用Penman-Monteith方法模拟计算了冬季温室内黄瓜作物蒸腾速率。结果表明,冬季温室内作物蒸腾速率的日变化趋势与净辐射的日变化基本一致,在正午达一天中的最大值。而空气饱和水汽压差（VPD）的日最大值则基本出现在午后1～2 h。在我国南方温室冬季高湿的环境下（VPD<2 kPa）,作物蒸腾速率日变化主要取决于太阳辐射日变化。冠层上方的净辐射和VPD及作物冠层蒸腾速率日最大值分别在350 W·m－2、2.0 kPa和200 W·m－2以下。冬季温室作物蒸腾消耗的潜热占到达冠层上方的净辐射的比例为46%。冬季黄瓜作物的rc和ra特征值分别为100 s·m-1和600 s·m-1。采用实际变化的rc与ra值和rc与ra的特征值计算的作物蒸腾速率和累积蒸腾量均与实测值基本一致。作物蒸腾消耗的潜热占到达冠层上方的净辐射的比例及rc和ra特征值的确定为研制基于作物蒸腾模型的温室环境和肥水灌溉的优化控制系统奠定了基础。但研究所确定的这些特征值在其它地区和其它类型温室是否适用,尚需进一步的实验资料来证明。     

Canopy transpiration and water fluxes in the xylem of the trunk of Larix and Picea trees — a comparison of xylem flow,porometer and cuvette measurements

Summary Leaf gas exchange, transpiration, water potential and xylem water flow measurements were used in order to investigate the daily water balance of intact, naturally growing, adult Larix and Picea trees without major injury. The total daily water use of the tree was very similar when measured as xylem water flow at breast height or at the trunk top below the shade branches, or as canopy transpiration by a porometer or gas exchange chamber at different crown positions. The average canopy transpiration is about 12% lower than the transpiration of a single twig in the sun crown of Larix and Picea. Despite the similarity in daily total water flows there are larger differences in the actual daily course. Transpiration started 2 to 3 h earlier than the xylem water flow and decreased at noon before the maximum xylem water flow was reached, and stopped in the evening 2 to 3 h earlier than the water flow though the stem. The daily course of the xylem water flow was very similar at the trunk base and top below the lowest branches with shade needles. The difference in water efflux from the crown via transpiration and the water influx from the trunk is caused by the use of stored water. The specific capacitance of the crown wood was estimated to be 4.7 x 10^-8 and 6.3 x 10^-8 kg kg^-1 Pa^-1 and the total amount of available water storage was 17.8 and 8.7 kg, which is 24% and 14% of the total daily transpiration in Larix and Picea respectively. Very little water was used from the main tree trunk. With increasing transpiration and use of stored water from wood in the crown, the water potential in the foliage decreases. Plant water status recovers with the decrease of transpiration and the refilling of the water storage sites. The liquid flow conductance in the trunk was 0.45 x 10^-9 and 0.36 x 10^-9 mol m^-2s^-1 Pa^-1 in Larix and Picea respectively. The role of stomata and their control by environmental and internal plant factors is discussed.     

Gas exchange in a 20-year-old stand of Scots pine

The rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration of one-year-old shoots were measured in situ in five different positions within the crown of a young Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). Measurements were carried out on south- and north-facing shoots on the third and sixth whorls, respectively, and on an east-facing shoot on the ninth whorl. In another investigation the rates of gas exchange of one-year-old shoots on the third whorl of eight different trees were studied. The measurements were made during June and July, 1977, under non-limiting conditions of soil water. The daily rates of net photosynthesis in whorls three and six followed the light conditions closely, with higher rates for the south side of each whorl and higher for whorl three than six. On whorl nine the shoot had a higher light compensation point and a low rate of photosynthesis at light saturation compared to the other shoot positions. The quantum yield for the shoot on the lowest whorl, as estimated from the linear part of the light response curve, was 50% lower than for shoots on whorl three and six.
The variation in transpiration rates was pronounced within the crown as an effect of differences in the absolute value and diurnal course of stomatal conductance. The variation in net photosynthesis was small between different trees while the variation in transpiration was much higher. Thus the variation in water use efficiency was great. It is concluded that it is possible to extrapolate measurements of net photosynthesis from individual trees up to a stand level without introducing large errors in the estimate. More caution must be paid before extrapolating tree transpiration up to stand transpiration. However, before an extrapolation of gas exchange is made from tree to stand level the variation in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate within the crown must be known.     

Apple tree water relations studied by means of the relative rate of water flow in the trunk xylem

The results of long-term investigations of variations of rates of water transport through the trunk xylem, its diameter, the leaf water potential and the transpiration rate of the apple tree showed that the daily rhythm of the relative rate of moisture flow in the trunk xylem is an obvious index of the state of the apple tree water exchange. This enables us to determine the period of its unbalance at intensive transpiration as well as the level of the forming water deficit with high accuracy and operativeness. Moreover, by the daily curve of the relative rate of xylem flow one can judge the role of contribution of the trunk reservoir to transpiration.