纤维素酶降解小麦秸秆最适条件的研究及其动力学分析

以小麦秸秆为原料,通过正交实验对纤维素酶降解秸秆纤维的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,影响小麦秸秆降解的因素依次为:酶量>酶解时间>料液比>反应温度,其最适条件是:加酶量为40u/g,酶解时间为10h,反应温度为40℃,料液比为1∶3,总糖含量达到43.24%。以米氏方程为基础,建立起最适酶解条件下总纤维素降解的动力学模型。     

Study on Optimal Conditions of Degradation of Wheat Straw by Cellulase and Analysis of Kinetics

以小麦秸秆为原料,通过正交实验对纤维素酶降解秸秆纤维的影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,影响小麦秸秆降解的因素依次为:酶量＞酶解时间＞料液比＞反应温度,其最适条件是:加酶量为40 u/g,酶解时间为10h,反应温度为40℃,料液比为1∶3,总糖含量达到43.24％.以米氏方程为基础,建立起最适酶解条件下总纤维素降解的动力学模型.     

基因工程菌1016氨基酰化酶的酶学性质研究

研究了基因工程菌 1 0 1 6所产的氨基酰化酶的酶学特性。该酶的拆分速率符合米氏方程 ,且在 0 .5mol/L的高底物浓度下 ,无底物抑制现象。 37℃时的米氏常数和最大反应速率分别为 0 .0 4 8mmol/L和 2 .1 78mmol/L·h。最适反应温度为 5 5℃。5 5℃时 ,Km为 0 .0 37mmol/L ,Vmax为 2 .5 5 8mmol/L·h。最适底物为乙酰蛋氨酸 ;热稳定性好。     

简单节杆菌转化氢化可的松的△-脱氢反应动力学I．简单节杆菌BY-2-13自由细胞转化氢化可的松的△-脱氢反应动力学

本文研究了简单节杆菌(Arthrobacter simplex) By-2-13转化氢化可的松为氢化泼尼松韵△一脱氢反应动力学。其中包括溶解底物的底物浓度对反应速度的影响,反应初速度与底物浓度的关系;固体悬浮液中底物总浓度对反应速度的影响,反应初速度与底物浓度的关系;酶量对反应的影响以及产物的抑制作用等。溶解底物和固体悬浮液底物的反应初速度与底物浓度的关系都符合简单米氏方程,米氏常数Km分别为0．33mg／mJ和29．41n,g／ml,而两者的反应过程曲线均与简单米氏方程不符。无论在较低或较高浓度的固体悬浮液底物转化过程中,产物对A’。脱氢反应都呈现抑制作用。由此建立了该反应的反应动力学模型及相应的动力学方程,井经线性化后回归得出反应的动力学参数。当反应时间小于‘(达到约85％的转化率所需要的时间)时,用此动力学方程拟合所得的数据与实验测定值相符。     

碱液湿磨预处理稻草的酶解性能

预处理是提高酶法木质纤维素糖化效率的重要加工过程.本论文对稻草进行碱液湿磨预处理和酶解,探讨了预处理碱液浓度对稻草的成分、结构和酶解的影响,同时利用米氏方程对稻草酶解反应进行动力学分析,求出了米氏常数Km 和最大反应速率rmax.实验结果表明,碱液湿磨预处理明显改善了稻草的酶解性能.未处理稻草酶解的还原糖收率为13.4%、Km 为66.8 mg/mL、rmax 为312.5μmol/(min · mL).采用1%NaOH 溶液对稻草进行预处理1h 后,还原糖收率提高到41.4%,Km 减小到15.9 mg/mL, rmax 提高到666.7μmol/(min · mL).预处理过程中木质素去除、纤维素晶体结构消除、底物可及度增加是酶解中还原糖收率和反应速率上升的主要原因.     

透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞转化亚油酸为共轭亚油酸的反应动力学

本实验旨在研究透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞生物转化共轭亚油酸的反应动力学。探讨了细胞浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值和温度等因素对生物转化共轭亚油酸反应速度的影响;建立了透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞生物转化共轭亚油酸的动力学模型。结果表明,透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞有利于共轭亚油酸的生物转化,最适细胞浓度、pH值和反应温度分别为10×1010ufc/mL、4.5和45℃;生物转化共轭亚油酸存在底物抑制现象,当亚油酸的浓度为0.6mg/mL时,反应速度达到最大值17.8μg/(mL·min)。在低亚油酸浓度下,反应初始阶段的反应规律与经典米氏方程相符,而在高亚油酸浓度下,存在底物抑制现象。在最适反应条件下建立了动力学模型,模型基本反映了共轭亚油酸的生物转化特性。     

玉米秸秆分批补料获得高还原糖浓度酶解液的条件优化

木质纤维素高浓度还原糖水解液的获得是纤维乙醇产业化发展的方向。在发酵工业领域,分批补料法是实现这一目标的重要研究途径。本研究采用分批补料法对获得高浓度玉米秸秆酶解还原糖的条件进行了优化。以稀硫酸预处理的玉米秸秆为原料,考察了液固比、补加量与补加时间对分批补料糖化的影响。结果表明,秸秆高浓度酶解液条件的初始物料为20％ (重量/体积),木聚糖酶220 U/g (底物),纤维素酶6 FPU/g (底物),果胶酶50 U/g (底物),在24 h、48 h后分批补加8％预处理后的物料,同时添加与补料量相应的木聚糖酶20 U/g (底物),纤维素酶2 FPU/g (底物),72 h后,最终糖化结果与非补料法相比,还原糖浓度从48.5 g/L提高到138.5 g/L,原料的酶解率最终达到理论值的62.5％。试验结果表明补料法可以显著提高秸秆水解液还原糖浓度。     

植物乳杆菌ZS2058生物转化共轭亚油酸的反应动力学

摘要：【目的】对本实验室从泡菜中筛选到的植物乳杆菌ZS2058完整细胞生物转化共轭亚油酸的反应动力学进行研究。【方法】探讨底物浓度、细胞浓度、反应体系pH值等因素对生物转化共轭亚油酸反应速度的影响,并通过双倒数和Hanes-Woolf作图法拟合反应初始阶段的速度方程。【结果】生物转化共轭亚油酸时存在明显的底物抑制现象,当亚油酸浓度为0.4 mg/mL时产c9, t11-共轭亚油酸的反应速度达最大值15.99 μg/(mL?h);反应速度随细胞浓度增加而上升,当细胞浓度为5×1010 cfu/mL时反应速度达到最高;最适pH值和最适反应温度分别为6.5和40 ℃。利用双倒数和Hanes-Woolf作图法求得米氏常数和最大反应速度,在低底物浓度下,反应初始阶段的反应规律与经典的米氏方程相符,而在高底物浓度下,存在明显的底物抑制现象。【结论】通过对植物乳杆菌ZS2058完整细胞催化合成共轭亚油酸各因素的考察,在得到最佳反应条件的同时建立了不同底物浓度范围内的反应速度方程,这对于实现共轭亚油酸的生产和研究其生理功能具有十分重要的理论价值。     

微生物合成11α-羟基-16α,17α-环氧孕酮的动力学

对耐温黑根霉菌丝体催化16α,17-α-氧孕酮生成11α-羟基-16α,17α-环氧孕酮的反应体系进行了研究,考察了不同反应时间、不同菌体量和底物质量浓度对11α-羟化反应的影响,建立了相应的动力学模型,其方程为r=0.031Sr/1.05＋Sr。结果表明：提高菌体质量浓度有利于提高反应速率;底物浓度与反应初速率的关系与米氏方程相似。     

α-氯丙酸脱卤酶发酵动力学模型

对α-氯丙酸脱卤酶发酵动力学进行了研究。基于Logistic方程和Luedeking-Piret方程,得到了描述Pseudomonas W20菌发酵过程菌体生长、α-氯丙酸脱卤酶生成及基质消耗的动力学数学模型和模型参数,对试验数据与模型进行了验证比较,模型计算值与试验结果拟合良好,平均相对误差大部分小于10%;对脱卤酶反应动力学进行了研究,结果表明脱卤酶的脱卤反应基本符合米氏方程,并求得最大反应速率V_(max)=1.11×10~(-5)mol/(g·min),表观米氏常数K_m=3.72×10~(-3)mol/L。     

Studies on the production and application of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei QM-9414

High yielding mutant strain, Trichoderma reesei QM-9414, was employed for the cellulase enzyme production. Enzyme production conditions (pH, inoculum age and concentration, and organic supplements) were optimized. The ability of partially purified enzyme to hydrolyze various regionally abundant lignocellulosic raw materials was studied. Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions (temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations) were optimized. Temperature 50v°C, pH 4.5, enzyme concentration 40 FPU/g substrate and substrate concentration 2.5% were found to be optimum for the maximum yields of sugars. #-glucosidase supplementation was found to increase both the sugar yield and hydrolysis rate, and shorten the reaction time significantly.     

酶解破壁促进废次烟叶中茄尼醇溶浸

协同应用纤维素酶和木质素酶催化降解废次烟叶,探讨清洁高效的酶解破壁效应及浸提茄尼醇工艺条件。结果发现复配酶催化裂解溶浸茄尼醇效果明显优于单一酶,酶解时间、温度、pH值以及酶投加量等条件均影响酶破壁浸提茄尼醇能效。结果表明,采用纤维素酶：木质素酶酶活比15∶1 (U/U) 的复配酶,在体积为5倍烟草质量的水介质环境中,当复配酶投加量为175 U/g,水浴温度40 ℃,pH=6时,催化酶解烟叶8 h后,茄尼醇溶浸浓度可达0.33 g/L。在此条件下,茄尼醇平均提取率可达96.53％,是化学回流浸提方法的1.68倍。该方法为有效提取废次烟草中茄尼醇提供了一种新途径。     

Effect of Urea on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Substrate and Its Mechanism

Effect of hydrogen bond breaker (urea) addition on the enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel and eucalyptus pretreated by dilute acid (Eu-DA) was investigated. Urea enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of Eu-DA at 50 or 30 °C when the concentration of urea was below 60 g/L, while it inhibited the hydrolysis of Avicel. Low concentration urea (<?240 g/L) had little effect on the cellulase spatial structure and its activity. But it decreased cellulase binding to cellulose surface to inhibit the cellulose hydrolysis. Meanwhile, urea obviously prevented the adsorption of cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) on the lignin in spite of little effect on the adsorption of β-glucosidase (BGL) and two endoglucanases (EGIII and EGV) on lignin. It was proposed that urea enhanced the enzymatic efficiency of Eu-DA by decreasing the cellulase adsorption on lignin surface.     

Autohydrolysis extraction process as a pretreatment of lignocelluloses for their enzymatic hydrolysis

Autohydrolysis was studied as a pretreatment to enhance sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat and rape straw, beech, birch and poplar sawdust. Reaction temperatures were 185°C to 212°C and the reaction time 20 min. The pretreated slurries were hydrolyzed with “Novo” cellulase and Fusarium sp. 27 cellulase at 45°C and pH 4.8 for 24 h with addition of Fusarium sp. 27 cellbound cellobiase. From 85% to 90% sugar content of substrates were converted to reducing sugars after 24 h enzymatic hydrolysis, with exception of poplar wood. 10.8 g biomass was obtained after cultivation of Fusarium sp. 27 with water solution hemicellulose fraction from 100 g beech sawdust autohydrolyzed at 200°C during 20 min.     

Hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose to glucose catalyzed by cellulase‐containing liposomes in an aqueous solution of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

The liposome containing cellulase from Trichoderma viride was prepared under the condition that an appreciable amount of cellulase was incorporated in lipid membranes. The liposomal cellulase and free enzyme were examined in their hydrolytic activities to insoluble cellulose powder CC31 in the acetate buffer solution (pH 4.8) of 15 w/w% [Bmim][Cl] (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride). The mean diameter and size distribution of cellulase‐containing liposome were practically unchanged under the above condition. The free cellulase was deactivated more rapidly than the liposomal cellulase in catalyzing the hydrolysis of 2.0 g/l CC31 at 45°C in the presence of [Bmim][Cl] for 48 h. The activities of liposomal and free cellulase to cellobiose as soluble substrate were less susceptible to [Bmim][Cl] than their cellulolytic activities to CC31, meaning that β‐glucosidase is relatively stable among the three enzyme components of cellulase. The rate of glucose production could be appreciably improved by the pretreatment of CC31 with [Bmim][Cl] alone at 120°C for 30 min followed by the liposomal cellulase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the substrate at 45°C at the [Bmim][Cl] concentration of 15 w/w%. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1190–1196, 2013     

Partial acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials as a pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis

Partial acid hydrolysis was studied as a per treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, such a pretreatment was carried out in a continuous flow reactor on oak corn Stover, newsprint, and Solka Floc at temperatures ranging from 160 to 220°C, acid concentration ranging from 0 to 1.2%, and a fixed treatment time of 0.22 min. The resulting slurries and solids were than hydrolyzed with Trichoderma ressei QM 9414 cellulase at 50°C for 48 hr. For all substrates except Solka Floc, increased glucose yields were achieved during enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated materials as compared to hydrolysis of the original substrate. In several cases, after pretreatment, 100° of the potential glucose content of the substrate was converted to glucose after 24hr of enzymatic hydrolysis. It is felt that the increased glucose yields achieved after this pretreatment are due to acid's removal of hemicellulose, reduced degree of polymerization, and possibly due to a change in the crystal structure of the cellulose.     

Sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) for robust enzymatic saccharification of hardwoods

This study demonstrates sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) for robust bioconversion of hardwoods. With only about 4% sodium bisulfite charge on aspen and 30‐min pretreatment at temperature 180°C, SPORL can achieve near‐complete cellulose conversion to glucose in a wide range of pretreatment liquor of pH 2.0–4.5 in only about 10 h enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzyme loading was about 20 FPU cellulase plus 30 CBU β‐glucosidase per gram of cellulose. The production of fermentation inhibitor furfural was less than 20 mg/g of aspen wood at pH 4.5. With pH 4.5, SPORL avoided reactor corrosion problem and eliminated the need for substrate neutralization prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Similar results were obtained from maple and eucalyptus. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009     

Effect of pretreatment with organic solvent on enzymatic digestibility of cauliflower wastes

Abstract

The present study investigated the operational conditions for different pretreatment approaches and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of cauliflower wastes (stalk and leaf) for better release of fermentable sugars. The structural analysis of raw and pretreated lignocellulosic biomasses was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) analysis. Results demonstrated that the highest cellulose conversion rate and removal of most of the hemicellulose and lignin were obtained with organosolvent pretreatment. Using methanol in presence of sodium (Na) acetate was most effective in delignification of cauliflower wastes. In the present study, methanol (100% v/v) in presence of 0.1?M Na-acetate at 121?°C for 45 and 60?min for stalk and leaf, respectively, gave maximum reducing sugar yield. Response surface methodology was used to optimize different process parameters for enzymatic saccharification using microbial cellulase and xylanase. The optimum operation condition of enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolvent pretreated cauliflower wastes were substrate loading (2.5% w/v for both stalk and leaf), enzyme loading (15 and 10?U/g for stalk and leaf, respectively), pH (4.46 and 5.48 for stalk and leaf, respectively), at 60?°C and for 180?min.     

An approach to cellulase recovery from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse with high lignin content

The possibility of recovering the cellulases used for enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. A strategy was adopted to maximize the enzyme recovery: desorption of the enzymes adsorbed in the solid residue after hydrolysis, and re-adsorption of the enzymes from the liquid medium onto a fresh substrate. The use of surfactant during the enzymatic hydrolysis was important to improve the glucose release from the material structure and also to facilitate the enzyme desorption from the solid residue after hydrolysis. The temperature and pH used during desorption influenced the enzymes recovery, with the best results (90% adsorbed cellulase) being achieved at 45?°C and pH 5.5. The enzymes present in the liquid medium after enzymatic hydrolysis were partially recovered (77%) by adsorption onto the fresh substrate and used in new enzymatic hydrolysis batches. It was concluded that it is possible to recycle cellulases from an enzymatic medium for use in subsequent hydrolysis processes.     

稀碱预处理棕榈残渣制备纤维乙醇

以棕榈残渣(Empty fruit bunch,EFB)为原料,通过预处理、酶解、发酵等过程制备纤维乙醇.首先对比了碱、碱/过氧化氢等预处理条件对棕榈残渣组成及酶解的影响,结果表明稀碱预处理效果较好.适宜的稀碱预处理条件为:NaOH浓度为1％,固液比为1∶10,在40℃浸泡24 h后于121℃下保温30 min,在该条件下,EFB的固体回收率为74.09％,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的含量分别为44.08％、25.74％和13.89％.对该条件下预处理后的固体样品,以底物浓度5％、酶载量30 FPU/g底物酶解72 h,纤维素和半纤维素的酶解率分别达到84.44％和89.28％.进一步考察了酶载量和底物浓度对酶解的影响以及乙醇批式同步糖化发酵,当酶载量为30 FPU/g底物,底物浓度由5％增加至25％时,利用酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae(接种量为5％,VIV)发酵72 h后乙醇的浓度分别为9.76 g/L和35.25 g/L,可分别达到理论得率的79.09％和56.96％.