胆红素对大鼠肺脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的探讨胆红素对实验性大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用并探讨其发生的机制。方法60只健康Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：手术对照（C）组,缺血再灌注（IR）组,胆红素干预（B）组。每组分别于缺血第45min、再灌注30min、60min、120min4个时点,经左房放血处死大鼠,观察肺组织病理形态变化,检测血浆丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的含量,测定肺组织干/湿重（D/W）比值,TUNEL法测定肺组织中细胞凋亡指数（AI）。结果①肺组织病理变化：缺血再灌注后IR组肺组织损伤进行性加重,毛细血管充血、肺泡间隔炎性细胞浸润、肺泡腔内炎性细胞及炎性液体渗出显著,B组肺组织充血、水肿、炎性细胞浸润较IR组减轻。②血浆MDA含量：IR组在缺血再灌注后血浆MDA含量明显增加,较C组和B组同时点均显著增高（P〈0.01）,而B组的MDA含量在缺血再灌注过程中的变化无显著性意义;③血浆SOD含量：经缺血再灌注后,IR和B组血浆SOD含量较C组同时点均显著下降（P〈0.05）,B组减少的程度明显小于IR组（P〈0.05）;④肺组织D/W比值：经缺血和再灌注后,IR组和B组的肺组织D/W比值都呈进行性下降（再灌注60、120minvs缺血45min,P〈0.01）;B组下降幅度明显小于IR组（再灌注60、120min时,B组vsIR组,P〈0.05）;⑤肺组织细胞AI的变化：IR组及B组缺血再灌注后均可见肺组织细胞凋亡现象,但与IR组相比,B组相同时点的肺组织细胞凋亡数显著减少（P〈0.05）;结论胆红素对于实验性大鼠肺脏缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用,其作用机制与清除氧自由基、抗氧化及抗细胞凋亡有关。     

不同浓度hUCMSCs对重度烧伤大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用初探

目的:通过气管内给药的方法比较不同浓度人脐带间充质干细胞气管内移植对重度烧伤致急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用。方法:建立50%面积全层烫伤大鼠模型,将75只成熟雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(A组)、生理盐水组(B组)、1×10~5HUCMSCs移植组(C)、5×10~5HUCMSCs移植组(D)、1×10~6HUCMSCs移植组(E),每组15只,B组及移植组(C、D、E组)烫伤后立即液体复苏,B组烫伤后气管内滴注0.2 m L生理盐水,移植组气管内滴注不同浓度h UCMSCs,分别在移植后的天第1、3、7天留取大鼠肺组织标本,HE染色观察肺组织病理变化,MPO、CD68免疫组化染色观察肺组织中性粒细胞及肺巨噬细胞阳性表达情况。结果:肺组织病理切片可见:A组各时间点肺泡腔清晰,肺泡结构完整,偶见少量炎性细胞。烫伤后第1天,B组及移植组(C、D、E组)肺泡间隔增厚,大量红细胞漏出及炎性细胞浸润。烫伤后第3天,各组肺泡结构较前清晰,炎性细胞浸润及红细胞漏出较第一天减少,与B组相比移植组肺泡结构清晰,间隔变薄,移植组各组间改变不明显。烫伤后第7天,移植组肺组织损伤较B组明显减轻,E组损伤肺组织恢复最为明显。MPO染色显示:与A组相比,阳性细胞数在烫伤后第1天明显增加(P0.05),但各组之间无明显差异。在烫伤后第3天,与B组相比,移植组阳性细胞数减少明显(P0.05),E组阳性细胞减少明显(P0.05);在烫伤后第7天E组阳性细胞数量较其他组显著减少(P0.05)。CD68染色显示在烫伤后第1天各组阳性细胞显著增多(P0.05),在烫伤后第3天移植组阳性细胞数减少(P0.05),但各移植组间无明显差异,烫伤后第7天移植组阳性细胞数量较B组明显减少(P0.05),E组较C、D组阳性细胞减少有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:气管内移植HUCMSCs能修复重度烧伤后损伤的肺组织,减少肺组织中性粒细胞及巨噬细胞的浸润,且1×10~6HUCMSCs移植效果更明显。     

芪卫颗粒对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激和病理的影响

目的:研究芪卫颗粒对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激和病理的影响。方法:先诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型50只,按照随机数字表法将大鼠分为A组和B组,每组25只,另选取25只正常鼠为对照组;A组给予芪卫颗粒,B组给予a-硫辛酸,均治疗3个月,检测3组血糖(BG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、血脂、肾功能指标、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽氧化物酶(GSH-Px),并观察肾脏的病理变化。结果:A组BG、Hb A1c和血脂水平均显著优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组肾功能指标与对照组比较无统计学意义(P0.05),A组肾功能指标显著优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组SOD、MDA和GSH-Px均优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组肾小球病理变化显著优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:芪卫颗粒对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激有一定抑制作用,能改善肾功能和病理。     

ERK介导的炎性反应参与肾缺血再灌注损伤

目的研究小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的发病机制。方法建立小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型。12只雄性C57BL／6随机分为2个组（n=6）,分别为假手术组（Sham）,肾缺血再灌注损伤模型组（IRI）。IRI组血管夹夹闭左肾动脉,置于32℃温箱后1h松开血管夹,去除右肾。Sham组操作同上,但不夹闭左肾动脉。再灌注24h后处死小鼠,收集血清和肾脏标本。测定血清肌酐（Cr）和血尿素氮（BUN）。PAS染色后显微镜下观察肾脏形态学变化,Western印迹分析ERK、p-ERK的表达,PCR检测MCP-1、IFN-γ。结果与假手术组（Sham）相比,IRI组血清肌酐、血尿素氮明显升高,病理检查可见肾脏内肾小管上皮细胞明显肿胀坏死、蛋白管型形成明显,还可观察到炎性细胞浸润明显增加。ERK、p-ERKWestern印迹结果PCR显示MCP-1、TNF-α也明显上调,但ERK表达不变。结论在肾缺血再灌注中,ERK激活介导的炎性后府可能参与了肾扣伤。     

不同剂量甲泼尼龙对急性百草枯中毒大鼠早期肺损伤干预研究

目的:探讨不同剂量的甲泼尼龙(Methylprednisolone,MPS)对急性百草枯(paraquat,PQ)中毒大鼠早期肺损伤的疗效。方法:采用腹腔注射20%的PQ溶液制作大鼠急性PQ中毒的模型,随机均分为五组,正常对照组(A组)、染毒组(B组)、5mg/kg甲泼尼龙干预组(C组)、15mg/kg甲泼尼龙干预组(D组)、30mg/kg甲泼尼龙干预组(E组)。分三个不同时间点(24、72、168h)处死大鼠(每组每时间点6只)。观察各时间点大体标本,组织病理、肺系数和氧合指数。结果:光镜下肺组织病理学观察,与B组比较C、D、E组大鼠肺的病理学改变,肺泡腔内出血、渗出,炎性细胞浸润、肺泡隔炎性细胞浸润相对较轻,其中以C、E组减轻最为明显。在各组相同时间点肺系数:在三个时间点的值均比B组低(P<0.05),其中E组在24h、72h时间点上与C、D组有显著差异(P<0.05)。C、D、E组与B组的氧合指数的比较各个时间点上均与B组有差异(P<0.05),三组之间相互无明显差异。结论:本实验结果显示甲泼尼龙对急性百草枯中毒大鼠的肺损伤具有保护作用,且30mg/kg甲泼尼龙组要优于5mg/kg、15mg/kg甲泼尼龙组。     

维甲酸X受体介导的氧化应激通路在大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤中的调控作用

本研究旨在探讨维甲酸X受体(retinoid X receptor, RXR)介导的氧化应激通路对大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤(pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury, PIRI)的干预作用及机制。选取雄性Sprague Dawley (SD)大鼠77只,随机分为7组(n=11):正常对照组(Control组)、假手术组(Sham组)、假手术+9-顺式维甲酸(9-cis retinoid acid,9-cRA,RXR激动剂)组(Sham+9-cRA组)、假手术+HX531 (RXR抑制剂)组(Sham+HX531组)、缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion, I/R)组、I/R+9-cRA组、I/R+HX531组。采用大鼠在体左侧肺门夹闭30 min再灌注180 min方法制备肺缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型。I/R+9-cRA组和I/R+HX531组大鼠于开胸前腹腔注射9-cRA和HX531。再灌注结束后取左肺组织,评估肺组织损伤,用试剂盒检测肺组织氧化应激等相关指标,用HE染色法和透射电镜分别观察肺组织形态和肺泡上皮细胞超微结构,用免疫荧光标记法观察肺组织RXRα的表达情况,用Western blot检测核因子E2相关因子(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, Nrf2)蛋白表达情况。结果显示,与Sham组相比,I/R组肺组织出现明显损伤,SOD活性下降,MDA含量和MPO活性升高,Nrf2蛋白表达水平显著降低;与I/R组相比,I/R+9-cRA组肺组织损伤减轻,SOD活性升高,MDA含量和MPO活性下降,RXR和Nrf2蛋白表达水平明显上调。9-cRA的上述改善作用可被HX531逆转。上述结果提示,激动RXR可有效减轻大鼠肺I/R损伤,对肺组织有一定的保护作用,具体机制可能与其激活Nrf2信号途径,增强抗氧化水平,减轻氧化应激反应有关。     

NDRG2在大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤中的表达

目的:通过建立大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤(Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury,LIRI)模型,观察肺缺血再灌注损伤后,肺组织中N-myc下游调节基因2(N-myc downstream regulated gene,NDRG2)表达水平的变化.方法:将70只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组(C)、缺血组(I)、缺血再灌注组(I/R)(后两组各含3个亚组),每组10只.麻醉固定大鼠,颈部切口行气管插管.右侧开胸,肺缺血组依次分别选择游离夹闭右肺门(即右主支气管,右肺动、静脉)缺血30 min、60 min、120 min后,麻醉处死大鼠获取肺组织.肺缺血再灌注组同样选择游离夹闭右肺门,于夹闭右肺门60 min后松开,分别取再灌注30 min、60 min、120m in后麻醉处死大鼠获取肺组织样本.采用免疫组化对肺组织NDRG2进行蛋白定位检测、RT-PCR对肺组织NDRG2 mRNA含量进行检测、Western-blot对肺组织NDRG2蛋白含量进行检测.结果:肺缺血组与对照组比较,肺组织NDRG2的表达无明显变化(P＞0.05);肺缺血再灌注组与对照组比较,NDRG2蛋白含量和mRNA表达量逐渐下降,在60 min时达最低,之后又有所回升,但仍低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:肺缺血再灌注损伤可下调肺组织中NDR G2的表达含量,NDRG2可能是肺缺血再灌注损伤的靶向调控位点.     

Eritoran对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察eritoran对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型的.方法:建立SD大鼠缺血再灌注模型,给予eritoran治疗而对照组给予生理盐水治疗,观察各组的肾功能情况、肾组织光镜病理,并采用核糖核酸酶保护测定检测肾组织炎症因子/趋化因子的表达.结果:与模型组相比,eritoran预处理可显著改善大鼠的肾功能,减轻缺血再灌注引起的肾小管损伤,减轻肾组织病变,减少肾组织单核细胞浸润并下调多种炎症因子的表达(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β和MCP-1).结论:本研究证实通过eritoran抑制Toll样受体4,可减轻大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的炎症反应,减轻肾脏缺血再灌注损伤,eritoran可望成为肾脏I/R损伤的新治疗手段.     

布地奈德对哮喘大鼠气道嗜酸细胞影响机制的实验研究

目的：观察布地奈德（Bud）对哮喘大鼠嗜酸细胞（EOS）在气道局部浸润的影响。方法：复制哮喘大鼠模型,分为正常组（C组）、哮喘组（A组）和Bud组（B组）,用免疫组化检测肺组织NF-κBp65及Eotaxin活性;细胞分类计数法检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中的EOS。结果：A组肺组织NF-κBp65表达量均显著高于C组;B组肺组织NF-κBp65的表达均显著低于A组;B组BALF中EOS的绝对计数和百分比均低于A组;光镜下观察B组气道炎症较A组显著减轻。结论：Bud能抑制EOS在气道局部的浸润,减轻气道炎症。其机制可能与抑制哮喘大鼠肺组织NF-κB的活性从而减少Eotaxin的转录合成有关。     

N-myc 下游调节基因-2 过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:研究N-myc下游调节基因-2(NDRG2)过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:以肺缺血再灌注损伤为模型,将已转染的过表达NDRG2重组腺病毒经气管滴注的方法使大鼠肺泡上皮细胞NDRG2过表达。用Western-blot法检测大鼠肺组织内目的蛋白过表达情况。用ELISA法检测白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的水平,肺组织湿干重比值(W/D)检测肺组织的水肿,双荧光素酶报告系统检测核转录因子kappa B(NF-κB)的活性,HE染色检测肺组织病理变化。结果:在肺缺血再灌注损伤中,过表达NDRG2可抑制炎症因子l L-1β、TNF-α以及IL-6的表达,明显减轻肺水肿,抑制NF-κB的活性和病理组织的炎性改变。结论:NDRG2过表达可减轻缺血再灌注所致急性肺损伤,这可能与其抑制炎症反应有关。     

Early activation of bradykinin B2 receptor aggravates reactive oxygen species generation and renal damage in ischemia/reperfusion injury

The kallikrein/kinin system is beneficial in ischemia/reperfusion injury in heart, controversial in brain, but detrimental in lung, liver, and intestine. We examined the role of the kallikrein/kinin system in acute ischemia/reperfusion renal injury induced by 40 min occlusion of the renal artery followed by reperfusion. Rats were infused with tissue kallikrein protein 5 days before (pretreated group) or after (treated group) ischemia. Two days later, the pretreated group exhibited the worst renal dysfunction, followed by the treated group, then the control group. Kallikrein increased tubular necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration with generation of more tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, and reduced/oxidized glutathione measurement revealed that the oxidative stress was augmented by kallikrein administration in both ischemic and reperfusion phases. The groups with more ROS generation also had more apoptotic renal cells. The deleterious effects of kallikrein on ischemia/reperfusion injury were reversed by cotreatment with bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) antagonist, but not B1 receptor antagonist, and were not associated with hemodynamic changes. We conclude that early activation of B2R augmented ROS generation in ischemia/reperfusion renal injury, resulting in subsequent apoptosis, inflammation, and tissue damage. This finding suggests the potential application of B2R antagonists in acute ischemic renal disease associated with bradykinin activation.     

不同剂量甲泼尼龙对急性百草枯中毒大鼠早期肺损伤干预研究

目的：探讨不同剂量的甲泼尼龙（Methylprednisolone,MPS）对急性百草枯（paraquat,PQ）中毒大鼠早期肺损伤的疗效。方法：采用腹腔注射20％的PQ溶液制作大鼠急性PQ中毒的模型,随机均分为五组,正常对照组（A组）、染毒组（B组）、5mg／kg甲泼尼龙干预组（C组）、15mg／kg甲泼尼龙干预组（D组）、30mg／kg甲泼尼龙干预组（E组）。分三个不同时间点（24、72、168h）处死大鼠（每组每时间点6只）。观察各时间点大体标本,组织病理、肺系数和氧合指数。结果：光镜下肺组织病理学观察,与B组比较C、D、E组大鼠肺的病理学改变,肺泡腔内出血、渗出,炎性细胞浸润、肺泡隔炎性细胞浸润相对较轻,其中以C、E组减轻最为明显。在各组相同时间点肺系数：在三个时间点的值均比B组低（P〈0．05）,其中E组在24h、72h时间点上与C、D组有显著差异（P〈0．05）。C、D、E组与B组的氧合指数的比较各个时间点上均与B组有差异（P〈0．05）,三组之间相互无明显差异。结论：本实验结果显示甲泼尼龙对急性百草枯中毒大鼠的肺损伤具有保护作用,且30mg／kg甲泼尼龙组要优于5mg／kg、15mg／kg甲泼尼龙组。     

Delayed administration of pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide (pHBSP), a novel nonerythropoietic analog of erythropoietin, attenuates acute kidney injury

In preclinical studies, erythropoietin (EPO) reduces ischemia-reperfusion-associated tissue injury (for example, stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, hemorrhagic shock and liver ischemia). It has been proposed that the erythropoietic effects of EPO are mediated by the classic EPO receptor homodimer, whereas the tissue-protective effects are mediated by a hetero-complex between the EPO receptor monomer and the β-common receptor (termed "tissue-protective receptor"). Here, we investigate the effects of a novel, selective-ligand of the tissue-protective receptor (pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide [pHBSP]) in a rodent model of acute kidney injury/dysfunction. Administration of pHBSP (10 μg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.] 6 h into reperfusion) or EPO (1,000 IU/kg i.p. 4 h into reperfusion) to rats subjected to 30 min ischemia and 48 h reperfusion resulted in significant attenuation of renal and tubular dysfunction. Both pHBSP and EPO enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt (activation) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (inhibition) in the rat kidney after ischemia-reperfusion, resulting in prevention of the activation of nuclear factor-κB (reduction in nuclear translocation of p65). Interestingly, the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was enhanced by EPO and, to a much lesser extent, by pHBSP, suggesting that the signaling pathways activated by EPO and pHBSP may not be identical.     

Dexamethasone attenuates neutrophil infiltration in the rat kidney in ischemia/reperfusion injury: the possible role of nitroxyl

Neutrophil infiltration to the tissue, which is one of the important pathogenetic factors in ischemia/reperfusion injury, can be inhibited by glucocorticoids. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil infiltration in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Pretreatment with dexamethasone significantly attenuated the enhanced neutrophil infiltration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion. Treatment with nitroxyl anion releaser known as Angeli's salt abolished the beneficial effect of dexamethasone in renal ischemia/reperfusion. Renal dysfunction and tubular damage induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion were not ameliorated by pretreatment with dexamthasone. These results indicate that the attenuation by dexamethasone of neutrophil infiltration and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression during renal ischemia/reperfusion may be mediated by the suppressed production of nitroxyl anion. Thus, neutrophil infiltration in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury may be mediated, at least in part, by the enhanced production of nitroxyl anion.     

Donor lung pretreatment with surfactant in experimental transplantation preserves graft hemodynamics and alveolar morphology

In experimental lung transplantation, the reduction of endogenous surfactant properties occurs after graft preservation and transplant reperfusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of donor lung pretreatment with exogenous surfactant on graft damage after ischemia and reperfusion. Fourteen (control group A, n = 8; study group B, n= 6) young female white pigs (mean weight 27 +/- 3.5 kg) were used in a newly developed autotransplantation model within situcold ischemia. In study group B, before thoracotomy, 1.5 ml/kg surfactant apoprotein-A-free surfactant was administrated into the left main bronchus via flexible bronchoscopy. Belzer UW solution was used for lung preservation. Cold ischemia was achieved for 3 hr with interlobar lung parenchyma temperature at 8 +/- 1.3 degrees C, and central temperature maintained at 37.20 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Animals were sacrificed after 3 hr of graft reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion, pulmonary vascular resistance index (was 447.80 dyn/sec.cm(5).m(2)(+/-66.8) in group A vs 249.51 in group B (P< 0.001) and serum nitric oxide was adequately preserved. The mean alveolar surface area estimated by computerized morphometry was 5280.84 (4991.1) microm(2)(group A) vs 3997.89 (3284.70) microm(2)(group B;P< 0.005). Histology revealed milder macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in group B at the end of reperfusion. Pretreatment of donor lung with an surfactant apoprotein-A -free surfactant agent appears to be beneficial in terms of maintaining serum NO and reducing hemodynamic disturbances. Furthermore, alveolar histology and stereomorphology are better preserved.     

中介素1-53对肺缺血再灌注损伤大鼠NF-κB和CINC-1的影响

目的探讨中介素1-53对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤后核因子-κB（NF-κBp65）和细胞因子诱导的中性粒细胞趋化物（CINC-1）蛋白表达的影响。方法将健康Wistar大鼠54只随机分为手术对照组（C组）、缺血再灌注组（IR组）、中介素干预组（D组）。每组分别在缺血45min,再灌注60min、120min 3个时点处死6只大鼠,观察肺组织病理形态变化,测定肺组织湿干质量比值（W/D）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性,肺组织匀浆CINC-1蛋白含量及NF-κBp65蛋白的表达。结果 IR组的W/D值、MPO活性、NF-κBp65和CINC-1的蛋白表达均高于C组,中介素1-53干预后各值较IR组有所下降;D组肺组织病理学变化较IR组明显减轻。结论中介素1-53的应用可以减轻肺缺血再灌注损伤,作用机制可能与其抑制NF-κB的活化,降低肺组织CINC的表达,从而减少肺内PMN的浸润密切相关。     

Erythropoietin prevents sepsis-related acute kidney injury in rats by inhibiting NF-κB and upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase

The pathophysiology of sepsis involves complex cytokine and inflammatory mediator networks, a mechanism to which NF-κB activation is central. Downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) contributes to sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction. Erythropoietin (EPO) has emerged as a major tissue-protective cytokine in the setting of stress. We investigated the role of EPO in sepsis-related acute kidney injury using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Wistar rats were divided into three primary groups: control (sham-operated); CLP; and CLP+EPO. EPO (4,000 IU/kg body wt ip) was administered 24 and 1 h before CLP. Another group of rats received N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) simultaneously with EPO administration (CLP+EPO+l-NAME). A fifth group (CLP+EPOtreat) received EPO at 1 and 4 h after CLP. At 48 h postprocedure, CLP+EPO rats presented significantly higher inulin clearance than did CLP and CLP+EPO+l-NAME rats; hematocrit levels, mean arterial pressure, and metabolic balance remained unchanged in the CLP+EPO rats; and inulin clearance was significantly higher in CLP+EPOtreat rats than in CLP rats. At 48 h after CLP, creatinine clearance was significantly higher in the CLP+EPO rats than in the CLP rats. In renal tissue, pre-CLP EPO administration prevented the sepsis-induced increase in macrophage infiltration, as well as preserving eNOS expression, EPO receptor (EpoR) expression, IKK-α activation, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory cytokine levels, thereby increasing survival. We conclude that this protection, which appears to be dependent on EpoR activation and on eNOS expression, is attributable, in part, to inhibition of the inflammatory response via NF-κB downregulation.     

The effects of resveratrol administration on lipid oxidation in experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

ABSTRACT

We investigated how resveratrol affects lipid oxidation during experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. We used 48 adult male rats assigned to five groups: group 1, control; group 2, renal ischemia; group 3, renal ischemia + reperfusion; group 4, resveratrol + renal ischemia; group 5, resveratrol + renal ischemia + reperfusion. Plasma and renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), and erythrocyte and renal tissue glutathione (GSH) levels were measured and histologic changes in the renal tissue were examined. Ischemia-reperfusion affected the MDA-GSH balance adversely and caused histopathological changes in the renal tissue of the ischemia and ischemia + reperfusion groups. Resveratrol treatment normalized MDA and GSH levels as well as the histopathology that occurred in the renal tissue of the ischemia and ischemia + reperfusion groups.     

B cell deficiency confers protection from renal ischemia reperfusion injury

Recent data have demonstrated a role for CD4(+) cells in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Identifying engagement of adaptive immune cells in IRI suggests that the other major cell of the adaptive immune response, B cells, may also mediate renal IRI. An established model of renal IRI was used: 30 min of renal pedicle clamping was followed by reperfusion in B cell-deficient ( mu MT) and wild-type mice. Renal function was significantly improved in mu MT mice compared with wild-type mice at 24, 48, and 72 h postischemia. mu MT mice also had significantly reduced tubular injury. Both groups of mice had similar renal phagocyte infiltration postischemia assessed by myeloperoxidase levels and similar levels of CD4(+) T cell infiltration postischemia. Peritubular complement C3d staining was also similar in both groups. To identify the contribution of cellular vs soluble mechanism of action, serum transfer into mu MT mice partially restored ischemic phenotype, but B cell transfers did not. These data are the first demonstration of a pathogenic role for B cells in ischemic acute renal failure, with a serum factor as a potential underlying mechanism of action.     

Protective effect of tea polyphenols on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppressing the activation of TLR4/NF-κB p65 signal pathway

Tea polyphenols (TP) was investigated in rats for its protective effect on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RIRI). Rats were randomized into groups as follows: (I) sham group (n = 10); (II) RIRI group (n = 10); (III) RIRI + TP (100 mg/kg) group (n = 5); (IV) RIRI + TP (200 mg/kg) group (n = 5); (V) RIRI + TP+ Astragalus mongholicus aqueous extract (AMAE) (300 mg/kg + 100 mg/kg) group (n = 5). For the IRI + TP groups, rats were orally given with tea polyphenols (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight) once daily 10 days before induction of ischemia, followed by renal IRI. For the sham group and RIRI group, rats were orally given with equal volume of saline once daily 10 days before induction of ischemia, followed by renal IRI. Results showed that tea polyphenol pretreatment significantly suppressed ROS level and MDA release. On the other hand, in rats subjected to ischemia–reperfusion, the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) showed recovery, whereas the levels of urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were reduced by administration of tea polyphenols orally for 10 days prior to ischemia–reperfusion. Moreover, tea polyphenol pretreatment significantly decreased TLR4 and NF-κB p65 protein expression levels in RIRI rats. At the same time, tea polyphenol pretreatment attenuated the increased level of serum IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1 and TNF-α, and enhanced IL-10 production in RIRI rats. Furthermore, tea polyphenol pretreatment significantly decreased renal epithelial tubular cell apoptosis induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion, alleviating renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. These results cumulatively indicate that tea polyphenol pretreatment could suppress the TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, protecting renal tubular epithelial cells against ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis, which implies that antioxidants may be a potential and effective agent for prevention of the ischemic/reperfusion injury through the suppression extrinsic apoptotic signal pathway induced by TLR4/NF-κB p65 signal pathway. Moreover, supplement of AMAE can increased renal protection effect of TP.