汉黄芩苷通过抑制PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/ARE通路逆转SGC7901/cDDP细胞耐药性

本研究旨在观察汉黄芩苷对人胃癌顺铂(cisplatin,cDDP)耐药细胞株SGC7901/cDDP耐药性的影响,并探讨其分子机制。采用浓度梯度递增法构建SGC7901/cDDP细胞;CCK-8法检测汉黄芩苷和cDDP对SGC7901/cDDP细胞活性的影响;Chou-Talalay中效分析法对两药的联合效应进行评价;流式细胞术检测活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量和细胞凋亡;sh RNA干扰技术抑制Nrf2基因表达;Western blot检测Nrf2、NQO1、GST-π、MRP1、cleaved Caspase-3、p-Akt和Akt的蛋白水平。结果显示,汉黄芩苷与顺铂单独作用或二者联用48 h均可剂量依赖性地抑制SGC7901/cDDP细胞活力(P0.05);当抑制率超过16%时,二者联用呈协同效应;SGC7901/cDDP细胞的p-Akt、Nrf2和MRP1蛋白水平显著高于其亲代SGC7901细胞(P0.05);汉黄芩苷与PI3K抑制剂LY294002均可抑制SGC7901/cDDP细胞Akt磷酸化(P0.05),增加ROS含量(P0.05),下调Nrf2蛋白水平(P0.05),上调cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平(P0.05),最终导致细胞凋亡(P0.05);但抗氧化剂NAC可减轻汉黄芩苷诱导的氧化应激和细胞凋亡(P0.05);汉黄芩苷与沉默Nrf2基因均可使SGC7901/cDDP细胞NQO1、GST-π和MRP1蛋白水平下降(P0.05)。以上结果表明,汉黄芩苷可在体外增强SGC7901/cDDP细胞对cDDP的敏感性,这可能与其抑制PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/ARE通路,从而增强cDDP的毒性作用并触发氧化应激损伤有关。     

毒毛花苷通过Nrf2抑制子宫内膜癌细胞增殖活性

摘要 目的：通过研究毒毛花苷对核因子2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)的抑制作用,深入探讨其抑制子宫内膜癌细胞增殖的作用机制。方法：（1）采用细胞增殖实验观察不同浓度的毒毛花苷对Ishikawa细胞增殖的影响;（2）通过克隆形成实验观察毒毛花苷对Ishikawa细胞增殖的作用;（3）采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测经毒毛花苷处理后,Ishikawa细胞Nrf2蛋白表达水平的变化。结果：经毒毛花苷处理后,Ishikawa细胞增殖受到显著抑制且呈剂量依赖性。Nrf2蛋白表达下调。结论：毒毛花苷可能通过下调Nrf2蛋白水平,从而抑制子宫内膜癌的恶性生物学行为。     

HIF-1α/VEGF在稽留流产患者绒毛组织中的表达及其与微血管密度的关系

目的:探讨缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)/血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在稽留流产患者绒毛组织中的表达及其与微血管密度的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学方法分别检测了30例人工流产和30例稽留流产患者绒毛组织的微血管密度(MVD)、HIF-1α和VEGF的表达。分别在缺氧(1%O_2、5%CO_2和94%N_2)和常氧(20%O_2、5%CO_2和75%N_2)条件下培养HTR8/SVneo细胞,并通过转染HIF-1αsi RNA来敲低HIF-1α。通过q RT-PCR和Western blot分析HTR8/SVneo细胞中HIF-1α和VEGF的m RNA和蛋白表达。此外,通过小管形成实验评价缺氧及转染HIF-1αsi RNA对HTR8/SVneo细胞小管形成的影响。结果:稽留流产组织样本中的MVD显著低于人工流产(7.22±0.55 vs 14.65±1.12,P0.05)。HIF-1α和VEGF在稽留流产组织中的表达显著低于人工流产组织(P0.05)。HIF-1α和VEGF的表达均与MVD显著正相关。与常氧相比,缺氧可显著上调HIF-1α和VEGF的m RNA和蛋白水平(P0.05)。转染HIF-1αsi RNA显著下调HIF-1α和VEGF的m RNA和蛋白水平(P0.05)。与常氧相比,缺氧可显著促进HTR8/SVneo细胞的小管形成(P0.05),而转染HIF-1αsi RNA则可显著抑制显HTR8/SVneo细胞的小管形成(P0.05)。结论:胎盘发育过程中的缺氧环境丢失及HIF-1α/VEGF的抑制可能是稽留流产发病的一项机制。     

Nrf2/Bach1调控γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶在支气管哮喘患者痰中炎症细胞内的表达

目的:探讨红系衍生核因子相关因子-2(Nrf2)/BTB-CNC异体同源体1(Bach1)调控γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-GCS)在支气管哮喘患者痰中炎症细胞内的表达。方法:健康对照组、哮喘患者治疗前、治疗后均行肺功能检测。检测三组血浆丙二醛浓度;检测各组痰中炎症细胞内Nrf2、Bach1、γ-GCS蛋白质和mRNA的表达。结果:哮喘患者治疗前血浆丙二醛浓度高于健康对照组和治疗后组(P均0.01);哮喘患者治疗前痰中炎症细胞内γ-GCSmRNA、蛋白表达及Nrf2蛋白质细胞核内表达治疗后高于治疗前(P均0.05);痰中炎症细胞内γ-GCSmRNA表达与Nrf2核内表达呈正相关(P均0.01),与Bach1核内表达呈负相关(P均0.01)。结论:γ-GCS的表达由细胞核内Nrf2和Bach1蛋白水平调控;抗炎治疗增加哮喘患者抗氧化能力可能与调控Nrf2/Bach1核转位而增加γ-GCS表达有关。     

血管内皮Nrf2-ARE通路调控的研究进展与展望

核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是一种对细胞氧化应激十分敏感的基因转录因子,可诱导依赖抗氧化反应元件(ARE)的多种抗氧化蛋白的合成;Nrf2由Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Keap1)扣押于胞浆并被转运至26S蛋白酶体降解,从而维持在生理状态下Nrf2的低转录活性;创伤及氧化应激可诱导Nrf2从Keap1解离并转位至胞核,从而启动下游靶基因的转录激活.由蛋白激酶C(PKC)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、肌酸激酶2(CK2)等蛋白激酶介导的Nrf2磷酸化、亲电子物质对Keap1巯基的修饰,以及泛素-蛋白酶体系统均与Nrf2-ARE通路的转录调控有关.     

Nrf2/HO-1/HMGB1信号通路在白血病细胞K562/A02化疗耐药中的机制研究

目的:通过观察高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)及血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)基因沉默对白血病化疗耐药细胞(K562/A02细胞株)的影响,探讨该信号通路在白血病化疗耐药中的作用及其可能机制。方法:将HMGB1基因、Nrf2基因及HO-1基因的特异性干扰RNA分别转染阿霉素耐药细胞株K562/A02,荧光实时定量(RT-PCR)方法检测HMGB1、Nrf2及HO-1的mRNA表达水平,Western blot方法检测HMGB1、Nrf2及HO-1的蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光方法检测Nrf2的蛋白表达,并使用CCK-8方法检测转染前后K562/A02细胞株的细胞活性。结果:HMGB1基因、Nrf2基因或HO-1基因沉默的K562/A02细胞活性皆显著低于对照组及空白组(P0.05),化疗敏感性恢复。结论:HMGB1高表达导致了白血病细胞株K562/A02对阿霉素的化疗耐药,Nrf2/HO-1信号通路参与了HMGB1诱导的K562/A02细胞的化疗耐药,其表达上调可恢复K562/A02细胞对阿霉素的敏感性。     

核因子相关因子2调节大鼠气道上皮细胞γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶表达

红系衍生的核因子相关因子2(Nrf2)是调节抗氧化基因表达的关键转录因子.γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-GCS)是肺内主要的抗氧化基因,但Nrf2如何调节γ-GCS表达目前仍不清楚.该文采用香烟烟雾提取物(CSE)诱导大鼠气道上皮细胞为研究对象,探索Nrf2调节γ-GCS基因表达机制.细胞免疫荧光显示,Nrf2蛋白质在CSE处理1、3和6h组,主要在胞核中表达.细胞免疫化学与Western印迹显示,γ-GCS蛋白质在CSE1、3、6h组表达明显增强,其中Western印迹结果高于对照组(P0.05);Nrf2胞核蛋白质表达增强.p-aPKCι/ζ蛋白质在CSE1、3h组表达增强,与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05).RT-PCR结果表明,γ-GCSmRNA在CSE1、3、6h组表达明显高于对照组(P0.05).γ-GCS活性在CSE1、3、6h组增高并高于对照组(P0.05).GSH含量在CSE3、6h组明显高于对照组(P0.05).预先加入aPKCι/ζ抑制剂RO813220,Nrf2胞浆蛋白质表达增强,GSH含量、p-aPKCι/ζ蛋白质、γ-GCS蛋白质与其mRNA和活性均明显低于CSE3h组(P0.05).相关性分析显示Nrf2与γ-GCS、γ-GCS活性、p-aPKCι/ζ呈正相关,p-aPKCι/ζ与Nrf2、γ-GCS、γ-GCS活性呈正相关(P0.05).以上结果表明,CSE可能通过aPKCι/ζ-Nrf2信号通路调节γ-GCS的表达水平和活性.     

Fisetin对H_2O_2诱导细胞内ROS的清除作用及机制探讨

活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)在非酒精性脂肪肝、心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病等疾病发生发展的过程中具有重要作用。HepG2细胞是评价抗氧化剂对活细胞氧化损伤保护作用的常用细胞模型。为了探讨非瑟酮(fisetin)对H_2O_2诱导细胞内ROS的清除作用及其机制,将HepG2细胞随机分为空白对照组(control)、溶剂对照组(solvent control)、H_2O_2模型组(H_2O_2model group)、fisetin干预组(fisetin+H_2O_2)、fisetin单独处理组(fisetin),检测不同干预组细胞存活率大小及细胞内ROS水平,同时检测核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)、Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, Keap1)及Ⅱ相酶血红素氧合酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1)、谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit,GCLC)、谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶修饰亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, GCLM)、醌氧化还原酶1(NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, NQO1)的表达。此外,通过构建Nrf2敲低细胞系,进一步明确Nrf2在fisetin清除ROS过程中的作用。研究发现,与H_2O_2模型组相比, fisetin干预组细胞存活率显著上升; fisetin可抑制由H_2O_2引起的HepG2细胞内ROS的增加,上调Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达,并下调Keap1蛋白表达; Nrf2稳定敲低后,细胞内ROS水平增加。实验结果表明, fisetin可能通过激活Keap1/Nrf2/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element, ARE)通路诱导HO-1的表达,从而在抗氧化损伤过程中发挥细胞保护作用。     

紫檀芪通过促进Nrf2核转移在调节髓核细胞炎症反应中的作用

紫檀芪(pterostilbene,PTE)是一种有效的抗炎抗氧化应激的天然药物,但是其对椎间盘髓核细胞(nucleus pulposus cells,NPCs)的作用以及机制未知。该文培养SD大鼠原代NPCs,采用CCK-8分析PTE的细胞毒性,ELISA、Real-time PCR和Griess方法分析PTE对IL-1β诱导的髓核细胞炎症反应的影响,Western blot、免疫荧光、NF-E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)si RNA转染等方法分析Nrf2在PTE抗炎中的作用。结果显示,20μmol/L PTE作用24 h对NPCs活力没有影响,PTE可以明显抑制IL-1β诱导产生的炎症介质一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)的含量,并抑制环氧酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)m RNA的水平(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示,PTE促进细胞核中Nrf2的升高,却导致胞质中Nrf2的降低(P0.05)。免疫荧光亦显示,Nrf2从细胞质转移到细胞核。转染Nrf2 si RNA后,Western blot证实细胞核中Nrf2的下调。Nrf2下调后的NPCs中,PTE作用下分泌的NO和PGE2的含量以及COX-2和i NOS m RNA的水平相对正常细胞明显升高(P0.05)。该研究结果提示,PTE可能通过促进NPCs中的Nrf2发生核转移导致下游一系列抗氧化应激基因的转录,进而抑制IL-1β诱导的炎症反应。     

成纤维细胞生长因子21对非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的作用及机制的研究

目的:探索成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF-21)对非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的作用及其机制。方法:用浓度为500μmol/L的油酸和棕榈酸混合物(摩尔比=2:1)诱导HepG2细胞建立NASH细胞模型,实验分为5组:正常对照组(Control)、模型组(Model)、低剂量FGF-21组(LFGF-21,0.5μmol/L)、中剂量FGF-21组(MFGF-21,1.0μmol/L)和高剂量FGF-21组(HFGF-21,2.0μmol/L),油红O染色法观察细胞内脂滴,全自动生化分析仪检测细胞内ALT、AST、TC、TG的水平,Real-time PCR和Western blot分别检测细胞内核因子E2相关因子-2(Nrf-2)、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体3(NLRP3)的m RNA和蛋白水平,ELISA检测IL-1β、TNF-α水平。结果:NASH细胞造模成功,油红O染色结果显示对照组细胞无明显脂滴蓄积,模型组细胞内可见大量橘红色脂滴,并出现融合现象。不同浓度FGF-21治疗组的细胞内红色脂滴明显减少,并呈剂量依赖性。模型组ALT、AST、TC、TG、IL-1β、TNF-α和NLRP3的水平均高于对照组(P0.05),FGF-21治疗组其水平低于模型组(P0.05)。模型组Nrf2的水平低于对照组(P0.05),FGF-21治疗组Nrf2的水平高于模型组(P0.05)。结论:FGF-21通过促进Nrf-2、抑制NLRP3减少非酒精性脂肪性肝炎细胞的脂质沉积,减轻炎症反应,对NASH有保护作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.