右美托咪定联合乌司他丁对老年胃肠肿瘤切除术患者术后认知功能障碍的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定联合乌司他丁对老年胃肠肿瘤切除术患者术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的影响。方法:选择2013年8月至2016年11月在我院进行胃肠切除术的老年患者90例,随机分为两组,对照组40例患者术中接受右美托咪定麻醉处理,联合组50例患者在对照组基础上泵入乌司他丁。比较两组患者手术前后的血清炎性因子及S-100β水平、简易智能状态量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分的变化、术后认知功能障碍及不良反应的发生情况。结果:两组患者术后1 d血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)及S-100β水平较治疗前均显著升高(P0.05),且联合组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05),MMSE评分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。联合组术后7 d POCD、高血压的发生率及不良反应发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪定联合乌司他丁用于老年胃肠肿瘤切除术可有效控制患者手术后炎症反应,改善患者认知功能障碍,且安全性较好。     

小剂量右美托咪定用于局麻下玻璃体切割术的镇静效果观察

目的:探讨右美托咪定用于局麻下玻璃体切割术的镇静效果。方法:选择拟在局麻监测下行玻璃体切割术患者50例为研究对象,年龄20-72岁,ASA分级Ⅱ级~Ⅲ级,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和咪达唑仑组(M组),每组25例。D组患者于术前10min静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,后以0.2-0.4μg/kg.h的速度持续输注,M组术前10 min缓慢静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg,术中按需静注0.5 mg/次。维持VAS评分≤4分,Ramsay评分2-4分。记录和比较两组患者术中血压、心率、呼吸的变化、辅助用药及患者对镇静效果的满意度。结果:给药后,M组T5时点MAP较T0显著下降(P0.05),D组T10及以后各时点MAP较T0显著下降(P0.05);D组T5及以后各时点BP较T0显著下降(P0.05),但组间及M组组内BP比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);M组T30时点HR较T0显著下降(P0.01),而在T5时,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),即D组下降更为显著。给药后各时点,D组VAS评分均显著低于M组(P0.05),30 min时达最低。两组Ramsay镇静评分给药后5 min均达2级以上,与给药前比较均显著升高(P0.05),D组给药后30 min及以后各时点Ramsay镇静评分均显著高于M组(P0.01)。给药后各时点,两组组内和组间SPO2和RR比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。D组患者满意度较M组更高(P0.05)。结论:小剂量右美托咪定用于玻璃体切割术可使患者血流动力学平稳,镇静效果良好,疼痛感觉减轻,舒适度提高。     

右美托咪定辅助麻醉对老年腹部重症病患术后谵妄以及Ramsay镇静评分的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定辅助麻醉对老年腹部重症病患术后谵妄以及Ramsay镇静评分的影响。方法:将2018年6月-2019年6月我院收治入院的48例拟行手术的老年腹部重症患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各24例,分别给予负荷剂量1μg/kg右美托咪定和等量盐水注入。术中观察组继续泵入右美托咪定0.2μg/(kg·h),对照组输注等量生理盐水。记录不同时间段神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、血清S100β蛋白、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的浓度,拔管时间,苏醒时间,术后1、2、3d谵妄发生情况及术后不同时间段的Ramsay镇静评分。结果:T0时,两组NSE、血清S100蛋白、TNF-α及IL-1β的浓度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);T1-T3时,两组NSE、血清S100蛋白、TNF-α及IL-1β的浓度持续升高,且观察组NSE、血清S100蛋白、TNF-α及IL-1β的浓度均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);T4时,两组均显著下降,且观察组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者拔管时间及苏醒时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者在术后谵妄总发生率少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与术后30 min时相比,两组术后1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h时均显著降低,且观察组在术后30 min、1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪定辅助麻醉应用于老年腹部重症患者,可保持患者心率及平均动脉压平稳,缩短拔管时间及苏醒时间,减少术后谵妄发生情况,且缩短谵妄发生时间,值得临床推广普及。     

右美托咪定与丙泊酚复合麻醉用于鼻内镜经蝶垂体瘤切除术的效果

目的:研究右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine)与丙泊酚复合麻醉应用于鼻内镜经蝶窦垂体瘤切除手术的临床效果。方法:选择2015年3月至2015年12月首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科内镜下收治的经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除术患者70例,随机分为右美托咪定组(T组)和对照组(C组)。T组在诱导前15分钟泵入右美托咪定,对照组则泵入等量盐水,两组均给予丙泊酚进行麻醉诱导。观察和比较两组患者入室后15 min(T_0)、插管前(T_1)、插管后5 min(T_2)、插管后10 min(T_3)、拔管后5 min(T_4)、拔管后10 min(T_5)心率、收/舒张压变化,术中15 min(T_6)及30 min(T_7)Fromme术野质量评分和拔管时(T_8)及拔管后1 hour(T_9)Ramsay镇静评分。结果:T组插管后5 min(T_2)、拔管后5 min(T_4)和拔管后10 min(T_5)收缩压、舒张压及心率均显著低于对照组(C组)对应时间点收缩压(P0.05)。两组插管前心率(HR)均低于入室时15 min分钟心率(P0.05)。T组T7时间点术野质量评分高于C组(P0.05),拔管后2小时两组Ramsay镇静评分无统计学意义。两组术后苏醒时间及拔管时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪定联合丙泊酚用于内镜经蝶窦垂体瘤切除术有利于稳定患者心率、收/舒张压,显著改善术野质量评分。     

布托啡诺复合右美托咪定抑制剖宫产术后宫缩痛的临床效果观察

目的:观察布托啡诺复合右美托咪定抑制剖宫产术后宫缩痛的临床效果及安全性。方法:将2015年7月到2016年10月在我院进行建档分娩的剖宫产产妇84例作为研究对象,根据随机信封抽签原则分为观察组与对照组,每组各42例。两组都给予腰硬联合麻醉,对照组给予术后右美托咪定镇痛,观察组给予术后布托啡诺复合右美托咪定镇痛,记录和比较两组产妇的宫缩痛情况。结果:两组新生儿的Apgar评分对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),所有新生儿都存活。术后2h、4h与24h,观察组的宫缩痛评分分别为0.46±0.14分、0.82±0.19分和2.44±0.92分,都明显低于对照组的5.44±0.98分、5.63±0.78分和6.09±0.99(P0.05)。观察组术后恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率为9.5%,对照组为11.9%,两组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组与对照组出院时镇痛满意度分别为100.0%和90.5%,观察组的满意度明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:布托啡诺复合右美托咪定能更好抑制剖宫产术后宫缩痛,对新生儿无明显影响,且安全性较高。     

右美托咪定经鼻滴注对脊柱手术患者围术期血流动力学变化及镇静作用的临床研究

目的:观察右美托咪定经鼻滴注对脊柱手术患者围术期的镇静作用及对血流动力学变化的影响。方法:将90名ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级、18~65岁、拟在全身麻醉下行脊柱手术、且术后须拔除气管导管的患者,随机分为三组:对照组(C组)、右美托咪定1μg/kg组(D1组)和右美托咪定1.5μg/kg组(D2组),n=30。分别记录给药前(T0)、诱导前(T1)、插管前1 min(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、手术开始即刻(T4)、术毕停全麻药时(T5)、拔管前1 min(T6)、拔管后3 min(T7)和入PACU(T8)时患者的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、氧饱和度(SPO_2),术毕停全麻药至拔除气管导管的时间、患者在术后恢复室停留时间、Ramsay镇静评分。结果:T0时3组患者HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分无统计学差异(P≥0.05);与C组相比,D1组和D2组各时间点HR、MAP明显降低,Ramsay镇静评分提高(P≤0.05),SPO_2无明显变化(P≥0.05);与D1组相比,D2组各时间点HR、MAP明显降低、Ramsay镇静评分提高(P≤0.05),SPO_2无明显变化(P≥0.05);D1组各时间点HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分无明显差异(P≥0.05);D2组HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分明显无差异(P≥0.05)。C组T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8各时间点HR、MAP均较T1、T2升高,Ramsay镇静评分均明显提高(P≤0.05),SPO_2无明显变化(P≥0.05)。结论:麻醉诱导前40 min右美托咪定经鼻滴注可有效抑制插管和拔管期反应、使血流动力学变化更加稳定,并显著降低降低患者术后躁动的发生率。     

右美托咪定复合丙泊酚全麻对腰椎手术患者镇痛效果及术后恢复的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定复合丙泊酚全麻对腰椎手术患者镇痛效果及术后恢复的影响。方法:选择我院于2015年10月~2016年10月择期行腰椎全麻手术患者92例,经随机数字表法分为观察组及对照组各46例,两组麻醉诱导方案相同,于麻醉诱导前给予观察组静脉泵入右美托咪啶,给予对照组静脉泵入生理盐水。术后均采用经静脉自控镇痛。记录两组患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管1 min(T1)、插管5 min(T2)、拔管后1 h(T3)及术毕(T4)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、血氧饱和度(SPO_2)和心率(HR)。比较两组患者拔管后即刻疼痛及镇静情况。记录两组患者定向力恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间以及吗啡使用剂量。统计两组患者不良反应情况。结果:两组患者T1时刻SBP、DBP水平较T0明显下降,对照组T3时刻SBP水平高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组T1时刻DBP、SBP水平高于对照组,T3时刻SBP水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);T1、T2、T3、T4时刻观察组HR水平明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);拔管后观察组视觉模拟评分(VAS)低于对照组,而Ramasy评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组吗啡使用剂量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间以及拔管时间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用右美托咪定复合丙泊酚全麻对腰椎手术患者血流动力学的影响小,镇痛、镇静效果显著,术后镇痛药物使用量减少,值得临床推广。     

右美托咪定对重型颅脑损伤患者术后持续镇静的效果及脑组织的保护作用

目的:探讨右美托咪定对重型颅脑损伤患者术后持续镇静的效果及脑组织的保护作用。方法:将2013年7月至2015年7月医院收治的90例重度颅脑损伤患者按照随机数字表法分为观察组45例和对照组45例,两组患者均常规麻醉后行开颅手术,观察组术后持续输注右美托咪定,对照组术后持续输注芬太尼。比较两组患者手术不同时间点血清S-100β蛋白、MAP、PCO2、Sp O2、HR及脑氧代谢指标变化情况。结果:两组患者术后各时段Sjv O2、Ca-jv DO2、CERO2比较差异无统计学意义,术后各时段两组间Sjv O2、Ca-jv DO2、CERO2比较差异亦无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组T1~T4时段MAP、HR均显著降低,与T0时段比较比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);T1~T4时段观察组MAP、HR显著低于同时段对照组(P0.05)。从T1~T4时段两组患者血清S-100β均呈上升趋势,两组T1~T4时段血清S-100β显著高于T0时段(P0.05);T2~T4时段观察组血清S-100β显著低于同时段对照组(P0.05)。结论:术后持续输注右美托咪定能够对重度颅脑损伤患者能够对患者产生镇静、镇痛作用,且在一定程度上保护了脑组织。     

右美托咪啶复合芬太尼及七氟烷用于脑肿瘤手术的麻醉效果及对血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪啶复合芬太尼及七氟烷用于脑肿瘤手术的麻醉效果及对血流动力学的影响。方法:择期全麻下行脑肿瘤切除术患者40例,随机分为右美托咪啶组(D组)和丙泊酚组(P组)各20例。麻醉诱导前D组静脉输注右美托咪啶0.5μg/kg,P组给予同等容量的生理盐水,均15 min泵注完成。静脉注射咪唑安定、芬太尼、顺式阿曲库铵、依托咪酯行麻醉诱导。术中均用芬太尼、七氟烷、顺式阿曲库铵维持麻醉,D组持续静脉输注右美托咪啶0.2~1.0μg·kg-1·h-1,P组给予丙泊酚3~10 mg·kg-1·h-1,调整右美托咪啶及丙泊酚用量,使BIS值维持于40~50。于麻醉用药前(基础值)(T0)、麻醉诱导气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后(T2)、切开硬脑膜(T3)、取瘤(T4)、术毕(T5)、拔气管导管时(T6)记录心率(HR)、血压(SBP、DBP)。记录手术时间、输液量、出血量、苏醒时间、拔管时间及拔管后10 min警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分。结果:与T0比较,D组T1、T3、T4时SBP、DBP明显降低(P0.05),HR明显减慢(P0.05),但仍接近正常值,P组T1时SBP、DBP明显降低(P0.05),HR明显减慢(P0.05),T2、T5、T6时SBP、DBP明显升高(P0.05),HR明显加快(P0.05)。与P组比较,T2~T6时D组SBP、DBP明显低于P组(P0.05),HR明显慢于P组(P0.05)。D组苏醒时间、拔管时间明显短于P组(P0.05),拔管后10min OAA/S评分显著高于P组(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪啶或丙泊酚复合芬太尼、七氟烷麻醉用于脑肿瘤手术均能够提供满意的麻醉效果,右美托咪啶能抑制气管插管、拔管等引起的血流动力学反应,术后苏醒快且苏醒质量高。     

右美托咪定对全麻胃肠手术患者血流动力学及苏醒期躁动的影响

目的:探宄右美托咪定(Dex)对全麻胃肠手术患者血流动力学及苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选取2013年5月-2015年5月在我院接受全麻胃肠手术患者93例作为研究对象,根据麻醉方法不同将所选患者分为研究组(52例)和对照组(41例)。研究组患者给予全身麻醉联合右美托咪定持续泵入麻醉,对照组仅给予全身麻醉。观察并比较两组患者手术开始时(T1)、手术进行时(T2)及手术结束时(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_2)、呼吸频率(RR)以及睡眠障碍镇静评分(Ramsay评分)。结果:研究组患者在T1,T2及T3的HR,RR及MAP值均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者各时间点SpO_2比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组患者各时间点的血流动力学指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组患者Ramsay评分(2.81±0.28)显著高于对照组(1.51±0.41),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组不良反应发生率(5.77%)显著低于对照组(29.27%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Dex对全麻胃肠手术患者具有良好的镇静、镇痛效果,能够稳定患者血流动力学,对苏醒期恢复影响较小,值得临床应用推广。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418