乙肝研究的历史回顾及其哲学思考

乙型肝炎的研究可以分为病因学、感染传播机制和防治三部分,涵盖了流行病学、传染病学、生物化学、病理学、分子生物学等多种学科。随着现代科学技术的快速发展和进步,过去十年我们才对乙型肝炎进行了科学、系统的研究。本文主要回顾了乙型肝炎的研究史,我们发现正确的研究方法和科学思路在揭示乙型肝炎发病机制、病毒感染传播、乙型肝炎预防和治疗中起到了关键的作用。客观辨证地分析单个机体内部、周围环境和人群间的关系、人群研究和实验室研究、基础研究和临床研究、传统方法和现代高科技的有机结合、微观研究和宏观研究相结合,是乙型肝炎研究突破的重要环节。     

分形及其在植物研究中的应用

本文着重介绍了非线性科学热点之一的分形理论,并综述了分形理论在植物结构模拟、植物群落研究、景观格局研究、树木冠层特征研究、木材学研究、作物根系研究等方面的应用进展以及分维数求算方法研究进展,最后,对非线性理论在植物研究领域应用前景进行了展望。     

中国化石昆虫研究成就与展望

本文回顾了中国古昆虫学的研究历史,重点介绍了建国70年以来我国学者对采自中国的昆虫化石的研究成果。从化石昆虫分类学与埋藏学、系统演化研究、生物学特性研究、与伴生动植物的协同演化研究四个方面进行了概述,并对我国古昆虫学未来的研究方向和目标进行了展望。     

小鲵属Hynobius系统学研究回顾

本文对小鲵属系统学研究历史进行了回顾,总结了通过形态、细胞、分子等研究手段,在分类、系统发育、动物地理等研究层次上所取得的成果,提出了一些尚待研究的问题,并对将来的研究工作做出展望.     

生物信息学及其在菌物学研究上的应用

主要介绍生物信息学的基本概念、发展历程、特点、研究领域、面临的挑战以及生物信息学在菌物研究上的应用成果。分析了生物信息学在菌物研究方面的应用前景,并提出了研究和开发的建议。     

国内工业生态安全研究述评

经过对国内工业生态安全研究文献的梳理与评价,从一个侧面比较系统地反映了国内该领域研究的现状、重点内容及发展趋势,指出了研究的若干重要进展及存在的不足。在此基础上,对今后我国工业生态安全研究提出了展望与建议。调研发现,国内学者在基础研究、应用研究方面都取得了明显进展:借鉴、界定和运用了一些重要概念;开拓了工业生态安全应用研究的两个重点领域。但是其不足也比较明显:基础理论研究非常薄弱;应用研究的尺度主要是中观层次(区域、行业、工业园区等),企业及国家层面工业生态安全等微观和宏观层次的专题系统研究文献比较少;研究方法上综合交叉研究、实证研究、定量分析比较薄弱。因此,应该大力加强工业生态安全基础性理论问题研究,重视实证研究与定量分析,紧紧抓住工业生态安全研究综合性与交叉性强的特点,在重点研究高耗能行业及工业自然生态环境安全的同时,注意拓展对工业经济生态环境安全、社会生态环境安全以及工业自然-经济-社会复合生态系统综合生态安全的研究。为此,应该建立各相关学科与部门有效沟通、官产学研合作攻关的协调机制。     

古昆虫学研究的发展历程简介

古昆虫学研究始于200年前。此后,该学科不断发展,不断提高。依据研究方法及综合水平的不同,可将其发展历程划分为6个部分:朴素的萌芽和学科的诞生、基础分类研究、归纳总结研究、系统发育学研究、古环境古生态及古地理的研究、化石昆虫与其他物种相互作用的研究。文章简要介绍了上述各部分,并作了简评。     

高速公路边坡植被恢复研究进展

我国高速公路边坡植被恢复研究严重滞后于高速公路建设,极大地制约了高速公路生态型绿色通道建设的发展。通过回顾国内外公路边坡植被恢复的主要研究内容,即植被恢复技术研究、植物选择与配置的研究、养护与管理的研究、植被群落的研究和路域生态环境的研究,并比较分析,明确了我国植被恢复研究落后的现状,指出了我国在各个研究领域的不足之处,和导致公路植被恢复失败的主导因素,为未来边坡植被恢复的研究提供了明确的研究方向。     

贝类非整倍体研究进展

近年来,在贝类多倍体育种研究中,人们发现了成活的非整倍体胚胎和成体,并就此开展了相关的研究.对此研究进行了综述,对非整倍体的类型、产生原因、生长发育、鉴定方法等进行探讨,并展望了非整倍体研究的前景和应用价值.     

类器官及其应用的研究进展

类器官弥补了传统研究中细胞简单模型与动物复杂模型的不足,为生命体关键功能研究提供了重要实验基础,已成为当前研究热点,并在疾病机理研究、药物筛选、再生医学、生物材料评价等方面具有重大理论意义和应用前景.本文对近10年类器官研究进行了综述,阐述出类器官研究的发展历程和研究现状,重点综述了类器官的主要研究领域,并解析类器官研究中存在的关键科学问题,为类器官在生物医药、再生医学和疾病精准治疗领域的研究和应用提供新思路.     

Establishment of laboratory quality control indicators for NAT on blood donors' samples

In order to establish and screen nucleic acid test (NAT) quality control indicators for blood donor samples, C_T value of each test item were detected by NAT, internal and external quality controls, the number of unsuccessful mixed samples, the split positive rate, the rate of detection efficiency, and the equipment failure rate were collected. The "instant method" is used to establish the Levey-Jennings quality control chart, the mixed test positive rate, the rate of unqualified sample. Possion distribution is used to establish the quality control chart, and it is easily to operate and monitor NAT effectively. The results displayed that quality control charts were established, including unqualified sample Possion distribution quality control chart, the rate of equipment failure quality control chart, the failure rate of reagent batch and inefficient quality control chart, test result positive of Possion distribution quality control chart, quality control charts of NAT positive Possion distribution probability, the rate of split positive quality control charts, quality control charts of unsuccessful mixed samples, quality control chart of reagents effective rate, internal quality control chart, correctness, and NAT qualitative quality control chart. The study established quality control indicators throughout the whole NAT process, which were able to effectively improve NAT quality control and the efficacy of laboratory management.     

Elusive control

The concept of a single rate-limiting step was proven to be too simplistic for understanding control and regulation of metabolism. Consequently, searches have identified relatively few steps with high control. Here we review a number of such searches and indicate what mechanisms may be responsible for this elusiveness of control. It turns out that this elusiveness of control has itself led to increased understanding of the roles played in metabolic control and regulation of such diverse factors as distributiveness of control, condition dependence, enzyme elasticity, homeostasis, control hierarchies, the input into a pathway, coenzyme sequestration, and redundancy and diversity of control function.     

Long-term studies on the economic impact of ticks on Sanga cattle in Zambia

Three different tick control policies were tested in groups of traditionally managed Sanga cattle in the Central Province of Zambia over a period of 3 years. One group was given strategic tick control using 12 pyrethroid acaricide spray applications between the onset and the end of the wet season (October to March). The productivity of this herd was compared with that of a group with no tick control and a group under an intensive tick control regimen of spraying every week in the wet season and every 2 weeks in the dry season (36 applications per year). The highest output was associated with intensive tick control, followed by strategic control and then no tick control policies. However, when the costs of tick control were taken into account, the strategic tick control policy produced the best economic result, followed by the intensive and then the no tick control policies. Neither the strategic nor the intensive tick control policy was sufficient to prevent the transmission of East Coast fever (ECF) infection when this disease was introduced to the area.     

外来入侵种互花米草防治研究进展

互花米草在其原产地具有保滩护堤、促淤造陆等生态功能,但在被引入其他地区后,常给当地生态系统带来诸多负面影响,因此,互花米草常被视为入侵种,对互花米草的入侵性以及防控方面的研究成为一大热点.本研究从物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、生物替代防治、综合防治和防控策略6个方面综述了互花米草防治的最新研究进展,对各类措施的理论基础、技术方案、防治效果和环境影响等方面进行了分析,指出了现有防治技术的不足,并提出生态风险分区防控等建议.     

基于RNA干扰CMTM7 对肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨基于RNA干扰CMTM7对肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响。方法:选择肺腺癌A549细胞株分为si RNA组、阴性对照组与空白对照组,在对数生长的A549细胞中转染RNA干扰CMTM7载体、脂质体空载体和不进行转染,观察A549细胞的生长、凋亡与细胞周期状况。结果:MTT实验显示si RNA转染组的抑制率明显高于阴性对照组和空白对照组(P0.05),阴性对照组与空白对照组的对比无明显差异(P0.05)。流式细胞术实验表明si RNA转染组的细胞凋亡率明显高于阴性对照组和空白对照组(P0.05),阴性对照组与空白对照组的对比无明显差异(P0.05)。流式细胞术实验表明si RNA转染组的G0/G1期细胞数目较阴性对照组和空白对照组增多明显(P0.05),同时si RNA转染组的S、G2/M期细胞数目较阴性对照组和空白对照组明显减少(P0.05),阴性对照组和空白对照组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:RNA干扰CMTM7能够促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,其作用机制可能通过干扰细胞周期而实现。     

Neural systems for preparatory control of imitation

Humans have an automatic tendency to imitate others. Previous studies on how we control these tendencies have focused on reactive mechanisms, where inhibition of imitation is implemented after seeing an action. This work suggests that reactive control of imitation draws on at least partially specialized mechanisms. Here, we examine preparatory imitation control, where advance information allows control processes to be employed before an action is observed. Drawing on dual route models from the spatial compatibility literature, we compare control processes using biological and non-biological stimuli to determine whether preparatory imitation control recruits specialized neural systems that are similar to those observed in reactive imitation control. Results indicate that preparatory control involves anterior prefrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal and early visual cortices regardless of whether automatic responses are evoked by biological (imitative) or non-biological stimuli. These results indicate both that preparatory control of imitation uses general mechanisms, and that preparatory control of imitation draws on different neural systems from reactive imitation control. Based on the regions involved, we hypothesize that preparatory control is implemented through top-down attentional biasing of visual processing.     

The current status of biological control of weeds in southern China and future options

China has become one of the countries most seriously affected by invasive alien weeds in the world. Weeds impact agriculture, the environment and human health, and conventional control methods such as herbicides are expensive, damaging to human health and unsustainable. As the impacts and costs of weed control in China increase, there is an urgent need to manage some of the more important weeds through more sustainable methods. Classical biological control of invasive alien weeds is environmentally-friendly and sustainable. Biological control in China began in the 1930s with the introduction of two agents into Hong Kong for the control of Lantana camara. Since then, a further seven biological control agents have been introduced into China to control four weed species. In addition, 11 biological control agents targeting seven weed species have naturally spread into China. Together, these biological control agents are helping to control some of China's worst weeds. However, these efforts are only a small portion of the weeds that could be targeted for weed biological control. This paper reviews the current status of weed biological control efforts against introduced weeds in ten provinces and regions in southern China and provides a platform to identify the most effective and appropriate weed biological control opportunities and programmes to pursue in the future. Introducing additional safe and effective biological control agents into China to help manage some of the worst weeds in the region should reduce the use of herbicides and impacts on human health and the environment, while increasing productivity and food security.     

豚草防治措施综合评价

运用层次分析法对豚草生物防治、化学防治和不实施任何防治措施的空白对照进行综合评价.对3种防治措施的综合效益和综合成本进行计算和排序,作为选择豚草防治措施的准则.结果表明：豚草生物防治所获得的综合效益最高,综合成本最低;空白对照的综合效益最低,综合成本最高;化学防治的综合效益和综合成本居中.豚草生物防治效益成本比最高,说明其是一种最为理想的防治措施,值得推广应用.     

豚草防治措施综合评价

运用层次分析法对豚草生物防治、化学防治和不实施任何防治措施的空白对照进行综合评价.对3种防治措施的综合效益和综合成本进行计算和排序,作为选择豚草防治措施的准则.结果表明：豚草生物防治所获得的综合效益最高,综合成本最低;空白对照的综合效益最低,综合成本最高;化学防治的综合效益和综合成本居中.豚草生物防治效益成本比最高,说明其是一种最为理想的防治措施,值得推广应用.