骨骼畸形大鼠软骨细胞内胰岛素样生长因子-2的表达研究

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子-2(Insulin-like growth factor 2,IGF-2) 在骨骼畸形大鼠肢端软骨细胞内的表达规律.方法 应用光镜和透射电镜观测二(哑)英诱导的骨骼畸形大鼠足部软骨组织病理学改变.应用二(哑)英(1×10-8mol/L)干预体外培养的大鼠软骨细胞,采用RT-PCR及western 印迹杂交检测软骨细胞内的IGF-2 mRNA及蛋白质的表达水平.结果 15 μg/kg剂量的二(哑)英诱导实验组胎鼠出现多种畸形,内翻足、无尾畸形、腭裂等骨骼畸形发生率为33.3%.畸形胎鼠的肢端骨化中心发生带缩小,软骨细胞核内粗面内质网扩张,线粒体嵴紊乱.1×10-8mol/L剂量的二(哑)英使体外培养的大鼠软骨细胞内IGF-2 的mRNA及蛋白质的表达水平分别减少80%和60%(P＜0.05).结论 在二(哑)英诱导的骨骼畸形大鼠软骨细胞内IGF-2呈低表达状态.软骨细胞内IGF-2 的表达可能与骨骼发育密切相关.     

胎儿下颌髁状突发育中软骨细胞凋亡及bcl-2的表达

目的 研究不同胎龄的胎儿下颌髁状突软骨发育中的细胞凋亡及bcl-2蛋白的表达。方法 32例胎儿下颌髁状突软骨按胎龄分为两组：A组（13-22周,17例）;B组（23-33周,15例）,采用原位末端标记法（TUNEL）及免疫组织化学法观察胎儿髁状突软骨发育不同时期细胞凋亡及bcl-2蛋白的表达,并对表达结果作定量分析。结果 两胎龄组中均有TUNEL及bcl-2阳性表达,凋亡细胞A组较B组多,凋亡细胞主要分布于增殖层及成软骨细胞层,肥大层较少;bcl-2阳性细胞主要分布于成软骨细胞层,其次为增殖层,肥大层阳性细胞明显减少,B组bcl-2阳性率高于A组。结论 细胞凋亡参与胎儿下颌髁状突软骨发育,bcl-2与髁状突软骨细胞分化及细胞凋亡有关。     

帕瑞昔布对骨关节炎大鼠软骨细胞的影响

目的:探究帕瑞昔布对骨关节炎大鼠软骨细胞形态、数量及TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路在其中的作用。方法:将所选取的大鼠随机分组,第一组,模型组(MO组):该组大鼠制作骨关节炎大鼠模型;第二组,假手术组(SS组):该组大鼠在骨关节做切口后不做任何处理;第三组,治疗组(TR组):该组大鼠制作骨关节炎模型后给予帕瑞昔布进行治疗,每组5只。通过cck-8法、Western blot法、qRT-PCR法、HE染色法、OARSI评分分别检测三组大鼠软骨细胞增殖情况、TNF-α/NF-κB的蛋白表达、TNF-α/NF-κB mRNA的表达水平、软骨组织病变程度。结果:与SS组大鼠比较,MO组和TR组关节软组织细胞增殖虽然均显著减少(P<0.05),但TR组的增殖显著高于MO组。同样TR组的软骨组织结构好于MO组,OARSI评分显著低于MO组(P<0.05);与SS组大鼠比较,MO组和TR组大鼠TNF-α和NF-κB的蛋白与基因表达水平虽然均显著高于SS组,但TR组的相应蛋白与基因表达水平显著低于MO组(P<0.05)。结论:帕瑞昔布可能通过抑制TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路的表达对骨...     

荷叶碱对脂多糖诱导的大鼠软骨细胞炎症的抗炎作用研究

目的探讨荷叶碱对软骨细胞的保护作用及对软骨细胞炎症的抗炎作用。方法取体外分离培养3~5天的SD大鼠膝关节软骨细胞,应用10μg/ml LPS诱导软骨细胞建立体外骨关节炎模型。将实验分为3组,即空白组、模型组(LPS)和实验组(LPS+荷叶碱)。通过活/死细胞(Calcein-AM/EthD-I)双染色,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR),HE染色(苏木素-伊红),番红O染色,免疫荧光染色,检测荷叶碱抑制软骨细胞外基质降解作用及缓解软骨细胞炎症的作用。结果荷叶碱浓度为10μM时,无明显毒性,Calcein-AM/EthD-I染色表明该浓度对炎症诱导的软骨细胞有保护作用。qRT-PCR表明,与模型组相比,实验组的Col2al表达升高,MMP-13和IL-6表达下降。HE染色(苏木素-伊红)、番红O染色、免疫荧光染色结果表明荷叶碱能够维持软骨细胞的形态,促进软骨细胞蛋白多糖的分泌,抑制MMP-13的表达。结论浓度为10μM的荷叶碱对LPS诱导的软骨细胞有较好保护作用及抗炎作用,无毒副作用。     

大鼠胫骨近端骨骺损伤后骨桥形成分子机制的研究

利用胫骨近端干骺端骨骺损伤的大鼠动物模型,研究骨桥形成的分子病理机制.通过Alcian blue染色观察损伤模型的建立、损伤愈合过程以及骨桥形成情况.采用Tunel试剂盒原位细胞凋亡检测,了解损伤区及周围细胞凋亡情况.利用免疫组织化学及原位杂交实验,观察损伤区周围软骨细胞改变,检测损伤区是否有软骨细胞生成,检测刀Ihh以及Ptch1表达阳性细胞.发现骨骺损伤骨桥形成过程中,完全损伤区中心没有软骨细胞特异的因子Col2al和ColX以及删Ihh和Ptch1的表达,但是完全损伤区和周围正常软骨交界间存在次损伤软骨区,存在软骨细胞凋亡,有Col X的表达,vimentin检测发现,在此区和周围正常软骨间有正常肥大区软骨细胞异常分化而来的成纤维样细胞并形成软骨外膜样结构,次损伤区和软骨外膜结构逐渐被骨桥替代,在此过程中软骨外膜样结构存在Collal、Ptch1和Ihh的表达,提示Ihh可能参与骨桥形成过程.提出骨桥形成过程中损伤中心区域存在膜内化骨,边缘区域存在软骨化骨作用机制.     

三维支架材料中软骨细胞生长过程的数值模拟

组织工程是临床上用于修复以及重建受损软骨的一项有广泛应用前景的方法。但是在支架材料内部物质传递仅仅依赖于扩散,这是支架材料中细胞生长的主要限制因素。利用氧扩散-反应基本原理建立了软骨细胞生长过程的数学模型,同时考虑了由于细胞生长引起的扩散系数下降以及空间抑制因素对细胞生长的影响。模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,表明该模型对材料内部的细胞生长的分析具有较高的可靠性,可用于组织工程生物反应器以及三维多孔支架材料的优化设计。     

三维支架材料中软骨细胞生长过程的数值模拟

组织工程是临床上用于修复以及重建受损软骨的一项有广泛应用前景的方法。但是在支架材料内部物质传递仅仅依赖于扩散,这是支架材料中细胞生长的主要限制因素。利用氧扩散-反应基本原理建立了软骨细胞生长过程的数学模型,同时考虑了由于细胞生长引起的扩散系数下降以及空间抑制因素对细胞生长的影响。模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,表明该模型对材料内部的细胞生长的分析具有较高的可靠性,可用于组织工程生物反应器以及三维多孔支架材料的优化设计。     

大鼠半月板纤维软骨细胞的体外培养和生物学特征鉴定

目的:体外分离、培养和鉴定大鼠半月板纤维软骨细胞,为研究大鼠半月板纤维软骨细胞的损伤修复提供简单、可行的细胞培养方法。方法:机械分离大鼠膝关节内外侧半月板,0.1%Ⅱ型胶原酶消化配合机械吹打,10%FBS的培养基行原代和传代培养,倒置显微镜动态观察不同时间点半月板纤维软骨细胞的形态及生长情况,鉴定采用甲苯胺蓝染色法和Ⅱ型胶原免疫细胞化学染色法。CCK-8法检测大鼠纤维软骨细胞增殖。结果:在不同时间点,细胞表现出不同的生理形态,由多角形或短梭形变为梭形,最终呈现出三角形或椭圆形,并随着时间延长,细胞增殖能力逐渐增加。细胞培养48 h和72 h的OD值分别明显高于培养24 h的OD值(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义。细胞培养48 h和72 h的OD值相比较,72 h的OD值虽有增加,但并无统计学差异(P0.05)。经甲苯胺蓝染色和Ⅱ型胶原免疫荧光染色为阳性。结论:该方法培养的细胞形态稳定,增殖能力强,具有体内纤维软骨细胞的生物学基本特性,可为后续实验提供简单、可靠的原代大鼠半月板纤维软骨细胞培养方法。     

利用寡核苷酸芯片分析Smad3基因敲除小鼠关节软骨细胞基因表达谱的改变

此前发现 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠(Smad3ex8/ex8)的关节软骨细胞异常肥大分化,出现类似于人类骨关节炎的表型。为了进一步明确转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)/Smad3 信号通过调节哪些靶基因的表达来抑制关节软骨细胞的肥大分化,以及研究骨关节炎发病的分子机制,利用寡核苷酸芯片技术分析了 5 日龄 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠与野生型对照小鼠关节软骨细胞基因表达谱的改变。通过对差异表达基因的分析,发现在 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠软骨细胞中骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)与 TGF-β/细胞分裂周期基因 42(Cdc42)信号通路活性增强。此外,还发现其他信号通路,如生长激素(growth hormone)/胰岛素样生长因子 1(Igf1)以及成纤维细胞生长因子(Fgf)信号通路相关基因表达的改变。值得注意的是,还发现了 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠软骨细胞中蛋白合成与电子传递链相关基因的表达水平普遍上调,这意味着蛋白质合成速率的加快与细胞有氧呼吸的增强可能与关节软骨细胞的肥大分化和骨关节炎的发生相关。     

藁本内酯衍生物抑制大鼠软骨细胞凋亡和炎症的作用及机制

该研究探究藁本内酯衍生物(LIGc)对IL-1β(10 ng/mL)诱导大鼠软骨细胞凋亡和炎症的作用及机制。将大鼠软骨细胞分为Control组、IL-1β组及LIGc高、中、低剂量组。除Control组外,其余组均采用IL-1β诱导建立软骨细胞炎症模型, LIGc高、中、低剂量组分别加入0.4、0.2、0.1μmol/mL的LIGc干预24 h。CCK-8检测LIGc对大鼠软骨细胞活性的影响; Hoechst 33258染色观察大鼠软骨细胞凋亡情况; Western blot检测细胞中Bcl-2、Caspase-3、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达情况; RTq PCR检测COX-2、HMGB1 mRNA的表达水平。研究发现不同浓度LIGc对大鼠软骨细胞的存活率无显著影响;与Control组相比, IL-1β组细胞凋亡水平明显升高; Caspase-3蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.01), Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.01)。COX-2、HMGB1 mRNA表达水平均显著升高(P<0.01); TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<...     

Chondrocytes are released as viable cells during cartilage resorption associated with the formation of intrachondral canals in the rat tibial epiphysis

The development of cartilage canals is the first event of the ossification of the epiphyses in mammals. Canal formation differs from vascular invasion during primary ossification, since the former involves resorption of resting cartilage and is uncoupled from bone deposition. To learn more about the fate of resorbed chondrocytes during this process, we have carried out structural, cell proliferation, and in situ hybridization studies during the first stages of ossification of the rat tibial proximal epiphysis. Results concerning the formation of the cartilage canals implied the release of resting chondrocytes from the cartilage matrix to the canal cavity. Released chondrocytes had a well-preserved structure, expressed type-II collagen, and maintained the capacity to divide. All these data suggested that chondrocytes released into the canals remained viable for a specific time. Analysis of the proliferative activity at different regions of the cartilage canals showed that the percentage of proliferative chondrocytes at areas of active cartilage resorption was significantly higher than that in zones of low resorption. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that resting chondrocytes surrounding canals have a role in supplying cells for the development of the secondary ossification center. Since released chondrocytes are at an early stage of differentiation greatly preceding their entry into the apoptotic pathway and are exposed to a specific matrix, cellular, and humoral microenvironment, they might differentiate to other cell types and contribute to the ossification of the epiphysis.This research was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Spain), grant no. MCT-00-BMC-0446. The Instituto Universitario de Oncología is financed by Obra Social Cajastur-Asturias, Spain. J. Alvarez receives financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (CAJAL-03-06) and L. Costales from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCYT, FP2000-5486).     

Wistar大鼠实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎病理探讨

目的研究缓解-复发型EAE大鼠的基本病理改变。方法对缓解-复发型EAE大鼠进行HE染色、Weil髓鞘染色和改良的Bielschowsky染色,以免疫组化方法标记GFAP和MMP-2、MMP-9。结果组织内可见多个血管周围淋巴细胞浸润呈袖套样分布,伴有大片状脱髓鞘,部分脱失的髓鞘内有炎细胞浸润,轴索呈空泡样缺失,GFAP染色证明在旧病灶的周围部分可见星形胶质细胞增生,MMP-2、MMP-9在血管内皮细胞、细胞外基质、炎细胞及脑(脊)膜内呈阳性表达。结论①缓解-复发型EAE大鼠的组织病理学改变与临床表现一致,有活动性和非活动性病灶并存的现象。②MMP-2、MMP-9在活动性病灶内表达,参与疾病的发生。③缓解-复发型EAE病理改变与MS相似,是理想的动物模型。     

二维及实时三维超声对胎儿全前脑畸形的诊断价值探讨

目的：探讨二维及实时三维超声联合诊断胎儿全前脑畸形的价值。方法：二维超声系统检查发现胎儿颅脑结构异常者进行胎儿颅脑和颜面部实时三维成像,并将超声诊断结果与引产后尸检结果进行对照分析。结果：在20918例孕16~41周的胎儿中,经引产后尸检证实的全前脑畸形5例,其中无叶全前脑3例,半叶全前脑2例,均与产前超声检查结果相符合,二维联合实时三维超声检查对胎儿全前脑畸形诊断符合率为100%。结论：二维超声联合实时三维超声检查是诊断胎儿全前脑畸形可靠有效的方法,两者联合应用可提高产前全前脑的诊断率。     

Wistar大鼠心脏自发性病变的病理学观察

目的了解Wistar大鼠心脏自发性病变发病情况,为长期致癌性研究、老年病学研究及毒性病理学提供背景资料。方法采用160只清洁级Wistar大鼠,雌雄各半,常规饲养,分别在9月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄时处死40只大鼠,HE及Masson三色法染色,观察心脏的病理改变。结果 9月龄Wistar大鼠心脏未见明显病理改变;12月龄Wistar大鼠月龄心脏病变的发病率为2.5%（1/40）,表现为少数心肌细胞变性坏死伴少量以单核细胞为主的炎细胞浸润;18月龄大鼠心脏病变的发病率为57.5%（23/40）,表现为轻至中度心肌病,雄性发病率高于雌性。24月龄大鼠100%（40/40）出现不同程度的心肌病,并有2.5%（1/40）发生心内膜下纤维组织增生。Masson染色显示9月龄大鼠心脏血管周围及心脏瓣膜环下有少量胶原纤维,随年龄增长,血管周围及心脏瓣膜环下胶原纤维逐渐增多,并延伸入心肌细胞间。结论随年龄增长,大鼠心脏自发病变比率升高,主要病变为心肌病,偶尔可发生心内膜下纤维组织增生;胶原纤维沉积首先发生于血管周围及心脏瓣膜环下,随年龄增长而增多,可能与大鼠心肌病的的发生密切相关。     

海藻酸钙对骨质疏松症大鼠骨骼肌SDF-1含量和骨密度的影响

摘要 目的：探讨海藻酸钙对骨质疏松症大鼠骨骼肌基质细胞衍生因子-1（Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1,SDF-1）含量和骨密度的影响。方法：骨质疏松症大鼠（n=48）随机平分为三组-模型组、尼尔雌醇组与海藻酸钙组,在建模后1周后三组分别给予双蒸水、0.1 mg/100 g尼尔雌醇与37.5 mg/mL海藻酸钙/枸杞多糖凝胶微球水溶液灌胃治疗,1 次/d,检测大鼠骨骼肌SDF-1含量和骨密度变化情况。结果：（1）尼尔雌醇组与海藻酸钙组给药第4周与第8周的血清钙离子含量高于模型组（P<0.05）,磷离子含量低于模型组（P<0.05）,尼尔雌醇组与海藻酸钙组对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;（2）尼尔雌醇组与海藻酸钙组给药第4周与第8周的骨骼肌SDF-1含量低于模型组（P<0.05）,海藻酸钙组低于尼尔雌醇组（P<0.05）;（3）尼尔雌醇组与海藻酸钙组给药第4周与第8周的腰椎和股骨骨密度高于模型组（P<0.05）,海藻酸钙组低于尼尔雌醇组（P<0.05）;（4）尼尔雌醇组与海藻酸钙组给药第4周与第8周的股骨最大载荷、最大应力高于模型组(P<0.05),海藻酸钙组高于尼尔雌醇组（P<0.05）;（5）海藻酸钙组造血细胞数量较多,骨皮质结构较完整,致密均匀粗壮,小梁数目明显增多,骨髓腔变小。结论：海藻酸钙在骨质疏松症大鼠的应用能抑制骨骼肌SDF-1的释放,有助于提高骨密度,改善骨生物力学指标,提高血清钙离子含量,降低磷离子含量。     

F344大鼠常见非增殖性病变病理学观察

目的建立F344大鼠自发性非增殖性病变背景数据,为药物安全性评价提供基础。方法 SPF级F344大鼠336只,雌雄各半,8周龄,本中心屏障环境下饲养,随机分为4个组,分别于6、12、18和24个月4个时间点处死动物32、64、64、176只,常规病理学取材制片后显微镜检查,观察统计四个时间点动物自发性病变的病变类型和发病率。结果主要的非增殖性病变包括乳头肌纤维化、肺细支气管旁慢性炎症、肾脏病变包括肾小管扩张、蛋白管型、肾小管萎缩和钙沉积等,睾丸精子生成障碍、卵巢生长卵泡数量减少等生殖器官组织的退行性改变等。结论在本中心现有条件下,随动物生存期的延长,F344大鼠自发性非增殖性疾病病变程度和发病率均有所增加。本实验丰富了F344大鼠自发性病变的背景资料,为药物安全性评价提供基础。     

Phosphate-induced Apoptosis of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes Is Associated with a Decrease in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Is Dependent upon Erk1/2 Phosphorylation

Growth plate abnormalities, associated with impaired hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis, are observed in humans and animals with abnormalities of vitamin D action and renal phosphate reabsorption. Low circulating phosphate levels impair hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis, whereas treatment of these cells with phosphate activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Because phosphate-mediated apoptosis of chondrocytes is differentiation-dependent, studies were performed to identify factors that contribute to hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis. An increase in the percentage of cells with low mitochondrial membrane potential, evaluated by JC-1 fluorescence, was observed during hypertrophic differentiation of primary murine chondrocytes in culture. This percentage was further increased by treatment of hypertrophic, but not proliferative, chondrocytes with phosphate. Phosphate-mediated apoptosis was observed as early as 30 min post-treatment and was dependent upon Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Erk1/2 phosphorylation in vivo confirmed an important role for this signaling pathway in regulating hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis in growing mice. Murine embryonic metatarsals cultured under phosphate-restricted conditions demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase in parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA expression accompanied by a marked attenuation in phospho-Erk immunoreactivity in hypertrophic chondrocytes. Thus, these investigations point to an important role for phosphate in regulating mitochondrial membrane potential in hypertrophic chondrocytes and growth plate maturation by the parathyroid hormone-related protein signaling pathway.     

Distribution of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Rats and Its Changes with Development in the Brain

Abstract: A newly established, sensitive, two-site enzyme-immunoassay system for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is described. Using this system, we investigated the tissue distribution of BDNF and developmental changes in tissue levels of BDNF in rats. The minimal limit of detection of the assay was 3 pg/0.2 ml of assay mixture. BDNF was successfully solubilized from tissues in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride but not in any of the other buffers examined. In the rat brain at 1 month of age, the highest level of BDNF was detected in the hippocampus (5.41 ng/g of wet weight), followed by the hypothalamus (4.23 ng/g) and the septum (1.68 ng/g). In other regions, levels of BDNF ranged between 0.9 and 1.7 ng/g. The level of BDNF in the posterior lobes of the cerebellum from rats at 30 days of age was slightly higher than that in the anterior lobes. The concentration of BDNF increased in all regions of the brain with postnatal development. In peripheral tissues, BDNF was found at very low concentrations (0.65 ng/g in the spleen, 0.21 ng/g in the thymus, and 0.06 ng/g in the liver). The subfractionation of the hippocampal homogenate indicated that ∼50% of BDNF was contained in the crude nuclear fraction. Immunoblots of BDNF-immunoreactive proteins extracted from the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum contained doublet bands of protein of ∼14 kDa, a value close to the molecular mass of recombinant human BDNF. Immunocytochemical investigations showed that, in the hippocampus, BDNF was localized in the nucleus of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus and of the cells in the pyramidal cell layer. The frequency of cells that were stained in the dentate gyrus was greater than that of cells in the pyramidal cell layer.     

Changes in Polyamine Concentrations in Amygdaloid-Kindled Rats

Concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were investigated in the left and right amygdala and in the remaining cerebrum, in which kindling was induced by repeated application of electrical stimulation of the left amygdala of rats. In kindled rats, the concentrations of spermidine and spermine increased slightly, but elevations did not reach significant levels in any brain regions. The most profound increase was detected in the putrescine concentration in all parts of the cerebrum 1-8 h after the final stimulation. These results suggest that the increases in concentrations of polyamines, particularly of putrescine, are involved in the pathogenesis of amygdaloid kindling.     

The Changes of Cytoskeletal Proteins in Plasma of Acrylamide-Induced Rats

Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial neurotoxic chemical that can induce neurodegeneration. Cytoskeletal protein aggregation is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. This study was an initial exploration on cytoskeletal proteins in plasma as potential biomarkers of ACR neurotoxicity. Low and high ACR groups received 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg ACR by intraperitoneal injection in adult Wistar rats and control group received physiological saline. Rats were all killed after 8 weeks to evaluate the levels of neurofilament(NF)-L, NF-M, NF-H, β-actin, α-tubulin, β-tubulin, tau, MAP₂ proteins in plasma using both SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Compared with the control, the levels of NF-L, NF-M, NF-H, β-actin, tau, MAP₂ proteins decreased and the level of α-tubulin increased in high ACR group, the levels of α-tubulin, β-tubulin and MAP₂ increased in low ACR group. The results suggested that the changes of these proteins might be relevant to the neurotoxicity of ACR. Some of the cytoskeletal proteins in plasma might be used as marker of biological effect in ACR induced neuropathy.