进境美国高粱截获杂草种子现状分析

【目的】近年来,美国高粱开始大量进入我国,其携带的杂草种子状况尚未有相关研究。通过对进境美国高粱携带的杂草种子现状进行分析,可为出入境检验检疫机构的检疫监管和后续监测提供依据。【方法】通过对2014—2016年进境美国高粱截获的杂草种子的研究,了解其携带的杂草种子状况。【结果】黄埔检验检疫局和南沙检验检疫局从进境的美国高粱中截获的杂草种子种类共涉及19个科106种。主要包括禾本科27种、菊科14种、大戟科3种、茄科2种、苋科15种、豆科10种、蓼科7种、锦葵科4种、旋花科7种、十字花科4种、藜科4种等,其中检疫性杂草共涉及5科25种,检出率高。【结论】美国高粱携带的杂草种子数量大,种类丰富,检疫性杂草含量大,应予以高度重视。     

The effects of calystegines isolated from edible fruits and vegetables on mammalian liver glycosidases

The polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids called calyste-ginesoccur in many plants of the Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, andMoraceae families. Certain of these alkaloids exhibit potentinhibitory activities against glycosidases and the recentlydemonstrated occurrence of calystegines in the leaves, skins,and sprouts of potatoes (Solatium tuberosum), and in the leavesof the eggplant (S.melongena), has raised concerns regardingthe safety of these vegetables in the human diet. We have surveyedthe occurrence of calystegines in edible fruits and vegetablesof the families Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and Moraceae byGC-MS. Calystegines A3, B1, B2, and C1 were detected in allthe edible fruits and vegetables tested; sweet and chili peppers,potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, Physalis fruits, sweet potatoes,and mulberries. Calystegines B1 and C1 were potent competitiveinhibitors of the bovine, human, and rat β-glucosidaseactivities, with K₁ values of 150, 10, and 1.9 µM, respectivelyfor B1 and 15,1.5, and 1 µM, respectively, for C1. CalystegineB2 was a strong competitive inhibitor of the -galactosidaseactivity in all the livers. Human β-xylosidase was inhibitedby all four nortropanes, with calystegine C1 having a K₁ of0.13 µM. Calystegines A3 and B2 selectively inhibitedthe rat liver β-glucosidase activity. The potent inhibitionof mammalian β-glucosidase and -galactosidase activitiesin vitro raises the possibility of toxicity in humans consuminglarge amounts of plants that contain these compounds. edible plants calystegines glycosidase inhibitors bovine, human, and rat liver     

Chemotaxonomy and geographical distribution of tropane alkaloids

This review illustrates the distribution of tropane alkaloids within the families Solanaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Proteaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Convolvulaceae and Cruciferae. Whereas tropane alkaloids are characteristic of the genera Datura, Brugmansia (tree datura) and Duboisia of the Solanaceae, the distribution is more widespread with novel tropane derivatives in families not traditionally associated with these bases. The chemical nature of more recently discovered water-soluble calystegines and the di- and trimeric forms from the Convolvulaceae (e.g. schizanthines from Schizanthus spp.), truxillines from Bolivian coca leaves and moonines of Erythroxylum moonii are highlighted. Where possible and appropriate, links between the phytochemistry and taxonomy are discussed.     

Tropane alkaloids from the leaves and stem bark of Erythroxylon alaternifolium and Erythroxylon rotundifolium

A novel 3alpha,6beta,7beta-triol tropane alkaloid esterified by two benzoyl residues was isolated from the leaves of the endemic cuban species, Erythroxylon alaternifolium. Another novel 3alpha,6alpha,7beta-triol tropane alkaloid esterified by trimethoxycinnamoyl and trimethoxybenzoyl residues was isolated from the leaves and stem bark of a second endemic cuban species, Erythroxylon rotundifolium. Their structures were elucidated as 3alpha,7beta-dibenzoyloxy-6beta-hydroxy-tropane and 3alpha-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyloxy)-7beta-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzoyloxy)-6alpha-hydroxy-tropane by spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR techniques.     

Immunochemical comparisons of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylases using antisera to tobacco and spinach enzymes

Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase molecules from over 50 species of angiosperms and gymnosperms have been compared by quantitative microcomplement fixation, using antisera prepared against tobacco and spinach enzymes. There were close antigenic similarities between tobacco enzyme, enzymes from other members of the Solanaceae, and enzymes from members of the Nolanaceae, Cuscutaceae, and Convolvulaceae. There were relatively close similarities between spinach enzyme and enzymes from two other members of the Chenopodiaceae. There were relatively great differences between tobacco enzyme, spinach enzyme, and most other enzymes tested. The enzymes from most of the angiosperms tested were as different from tobacco enzyme and almost as different from spinach enzyme as were the enzymes from the gymnosperms.     

Comparison of the primary structure of the large and small subunits of fraction I protein from solanaceae plants and other families

Large and small subunits of fraction I proteins from five plants (tobacco, paprika, tomato, eggplant and potato) of the family Solanaceae were isolated, and the triptic peptides of these subunits were compared after separation by ion exchange column chromatography. Using tobacco as the standard for comparison, 4 (paprika), 5 (tomato), 3 (eggplant) and 8 (potato) out of 27 resolved large subunit peptides were found to be different. On the other hand, 2 (paprika), 3 (tomato), 2 (eggplant) and 7 (potato) out of 15 clearly resolved peptides were found to be different from tobacco in the case of small subunit. These differences were appreciably bigger than those found for different species of the genus Nicotiana to which tobacco belongs. The tryptic peptides of more distantly related plants from tobacco (comfrey, spinach and rape) differed more than those of Solanaceae in either large or small subunit.     

江西三清山外来植物

通过野外调查和查阅文献,对江西三清山外来植物的种类组成、原产地、生活型、入侵途径等进行分析。结果表明,三清山外来植物有140种,隶属于47科103属,科属种数分别占三清山维管束植物总数的24.23%、11.73%和6.94%。其中外来入侵植物有31科56属82种,分别占外来植物总数的65.96%、53.85%、58.57%。以菊科、豆科、苋科、葫芦科、茄科、十字花科、藜科和旋花科为优势科;外来植物以美洲来源最多;生活型以陆生草本为主;引入途径以有意引入最突出;入侵危害程度以Ⅱ级为主。     

Horizontal Transmission of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" by Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Convolvulus and Ipomoea (Solanales: Convolvulaceae)

“Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Proteobacteria) is an important pathogen of solanaceous crops (Solanales: Solanaceae) in North America and New Zealand, and is the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease of potato. This phloem-limited pathogen is transmitted to potato and other solanaceous plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). While some plants in the Convolvulaceae (Solanales) are also known hosts for B. cockerelli, previous efforts to detect Liberibacter in Convolvulaceae have been unsuccessful. Moreover, studies to determine whether Liberibacter can be acquired from these plants by B. cockerelli are lacking. The goal of this study was to determine whether horizontal transmission of Liberibacter occurs among potato psyllids on two species of Convolvulaceae, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), which grows abundantly in potato growing regions of the United States. Results indicated that uninfected psyllids acquired Liberibacter from both I. batatas and C. arvensis if infected psyllids were present on plants concurrently with the uninfected psyllids. Uninfected psyllids did not acquire Liberibacter from plants if the infected psyllids were removed from the plants before the uninfected psyllids were allowed access. In contrast with previous reports, PCR did detect the presence of Liberibacter DNA in some plants. However, visible amplicons were faint and did not correspond with acquisition of the pathogen by uninfected psyllids. None of the plants exhibited disease symptoms. Results indicate that horizontal transmission of Liberibacter among potato psyllids can occur on Convolvulaceae, and that the association between Liberibacter and Convolvulaceae merits additional attention.     

Histochemistry and composition of the cell walls of styles of Nicotiana alata Link et Otto

The cell walls of styles of Nicotiana alata Link et Otto (ornamental tobacco; Solanaceae) were analysed chemically and examined histochemically. Cell-wall preparations were obtained from whole styles and from isolated transmitting-tissue cells. The style epidermal cells were shown histochemically to have thick, lignified secondary walls. These walls probably constituted a large proportion of the cell-wall preparation from whole styles as analysis of whole-style walls indicated that the major polysaccharides were xylans and cellulose, which are typical of lignified secondary walls of Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons). Lignification of the style epidermal walls was also demonstrated histochemically in 10 other species (5 genera including Nicotiana) of the sub-family Cestroideae of the Solanaceae, but not in 15 species (9 genera) of the sub-family Solanoideae of the Solanaceae, nor in 3 other species of dicotyledons and 2 species of Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Analysis of the cell-wall preparation from isolated transmitting-tissue cells of N. alata indicated that these contained cellulose, xyloglucans, and pectic polysaccharides, which is typical of primary cell walls of dicotyledons. However, the analysis indicated that the walls also contained an unusually high proportion of Type II arabinogalactans. Staining of the transmitting-tissue cell-wall preparation with β-glucosyl Yariv reagent, a histochemical reagent specific for arabinogalactan proteins, confirmed their presence, which may be related to the role of these cells in secreting the stylar extracellular matrix.     

Structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, new withanolide glycosides, from the roots of Indian Withania somnifera DUNAL. and inhibitory activity for tachyphylaxis to clonidine in isolated guinea-pig ileum.

Seven new withanolide glycosides called withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were isolated from an Indian natural medicine, Ashwagandha, the roots of Indian Withania somnifera DUNAL. (Solanaceae), together with four known compounds, withaferin A, 5 alpha,20 alpha(F)(R)-dihydroxy-6 alpha,7 alpha-epoxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide, physagulin D, and coagulin Q. The structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were determined based on chemical and physicochemical evidence. Principal constituents, withanoside VI (10 and 30 microM) and withaferin A (10 microM), attenuated the tachyphylaxis to clonidine on electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum in vitro.     

Identification of a novel bile acid in swans, tree ducks, and geese: 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid

By HPLC, a taurine-conjugated bile acid with a retention time different from that of taurocholate was found to be present in the bile of the black-necked swan, Cygnus melanocoryphus. The bile acid was isolated and its structure, established by (1)H and (13)C NMR and mass spectrometry, was that of the taurine N-acyl amidate of 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid. The compound was shown to have chromatographic and spectroscopic properties that were identical to those of the taurine conjugate of authentic 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid, previously synthesized by us from ursodeoxycholic acid. By HPLC, the taurine conjugate of 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid was found to be present in 6 of 6 species in the subfamily Dendrocygninae (tree ducks) and in 10 of 13 species in the subfamily Anserinae (swans and geese) but not in other subfamilies in the Anatidae family. It was also not present in species from the other two families of the order Anseriformes. 3alpha,7alpha,15alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid is a new primary bile acid that is present in the biliary bile acids of swans, tree ducks, and geese and may be termed 15alpha-hydroxy-chenodeoxycholic acid.     

Nitrogen-containing compounds from Solanum lyratum Thunb

The medicinal plant Solanum lyratum Thunb（Solanaceae）is distributed widely in China. The present phytochemical investigation on S. lyratum led to the isolation of ten known Nitrogen-containing compounds. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 were isolated for the first time from this plant and compounds 8,10 were obtained for the first time from Solanum. Compound 10 was isolated from Solanaceae family and obtained outside from Loganiaceae family for the first time. This has important chemotaxonomic significance on solanaceae.     

The catabolism of cholesterol in vitro. Formation of 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoic acid from cholesterol by rat liver

1. Both 25-d- and 25-l-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid were isolated from the gall-bladder bile of Crocodylus niloticus. 2. The catabolism of cholesterol to 25-d- and 25-l-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid respectively was studied by using a rat liver preparation in vitro. The results show that rat liver can metabolize cholesterol to both forms of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid. However, a preference was noted for the formation from [4-(14)C]cholesterol of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid (25-d), which was isolated from the incubations with a specific radioactivity about four times that of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid (25-l). 3. The results indicate that 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid is a normal intermediate in the biosynthesis of bile acids from cholesterol in the rat.     

Ovipositional deterrent on mature stage of sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum, against Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the American serpentine leafminer fly, is a well-known serious pest in the world. This insect species attacks plants of more than 21 families including Solanaceae plants. A sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae), on mature stage, however, shows resistance to this leafminer fly. This resistance is based on the ovipositional deterrent in the sweet pepper leaf against the fly species. Based on the bioassay guided fractionation, phytol [(2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol] was isolated and identified as an ovipositional deterrent against this insect species. The yield of this compound was 815 microg/g fresh leaf of C. annuum. This compound completely deterred the females from laying their eggs on host plant leaves treated at 35.2 microg/cm2.     

Ovipositional deterrent in the sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum, at the mature stage against Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the American serpentine leafminer fly, is well known as a serious pest throughout the world. This insect attack over 21 different plant families including solanaceae plants. The mature sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae), however, shows resistance to this leafminer fly. This resistance is based on the ovipositional deterrent in the sweet pepper leaf against the fly species. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation, luteolin 7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside was isolated and identified as the ovipositional deterrent against this insect species. This compound completely deterred L. trifolii females from laying their eggs on a host plant leaf treated at 4.90 microg/cm2.     

Formation of hyodeoxycholic acid from muricholic acid and hyocholic acid by an unidentified gram-positive rod termed HDCA-1 isolated from rat intestinal microflora.

From the rat intestinal microflora we isolated a gram-positive rod, termed HDCA-1, that is a member of a not previously described genomic species and that is able to transform the 3alpha,6beta, 7beta-trihydroxy bile acid beta-muricholic acid into hyodeoxycholic acid (3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy acid) by dehydroxylation of the 7beta-hydroxy group and epimerization of the 6beta-hydroxy group into a 6alpha-hydroxy group. Other bile acids that were also transformed into hyodeoxycholic acid were hyocholic acid (3alpha, 6alpha,7alpha-trihydroxy acid), alpha-muricholic acid (3alpha,6beta, 7alpha-trihydroxy acid), and omega-muricholic acid (3alpha,6alpha, 7beta-trihydroxy acid). The strain HDCA-1 could not be grown unless a nonconjugated 7-hydroxylated bile acid and an unidentified growth factor produced by a Ruminococcus productus strain that was also isolated from the intestinal microflora were added to the culture medium. Germfree rats selectively associated with the strain HDCA-1 plus a bile acid-deconjugating strain and the growth factor-producing R. productus strain converted beta-muricholic acid almost completely into hyodeoxycholic acid.     

Steroidal saponins from the leaves of Cestrum sendtenerianum

Five steroidal saponins were isolated from the EtOH extract of Cestrium sendtenerianum (Solanaceae), as confirmed by detailed analysis of their 1H, 13C, and two-dimensional NMR spectral data, and by the results of hydrolytic cleavage. The saponins were revealed to contain three hydroxyl groups at the C-1beta, C-2alpha, and C-3beta positions in the spirostanol skeleton, and to bear a di- or triglycoside at C-3 as the common structural features. One of the compounds, a spirostanol triglycoside, showed weak cytotoxic activity on HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, with an IC50 value of 7.7 microg/ml.     

Contributions to the systematic position of Hydrolea (Hydroleaceae) based on floral development

In the flower of Hydrolea palustris, unusually orientated with one sepal abaxially, organogenesis starts in following sequence: five sepals (2/5 sequence), five simultaneously initiated alternating petals, five episepalous stamens, two (seldom three) carpels forming a coenocarpous septate gynoecium. The two carpels are orientated rather in the diagonal floral plane than in the median one. Petal primordia fuse very late by forming interprimordial bridges (late sympetaly!). Many ovules develop on considerably widened placentas. On the very basis of the superior ovary a five-humped nectary disk is formed.Within Solanales (APG II 2003) late sympetaly, an intrastaminal disk and a 2-carpellate, septate, superior ovary are found in Hydroleaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Solanaceae. Enlarged axile placentas characterize Hydrolea, Solanaceae, and Sphenocleaceae but Sphenocleaceae differ considerably by early sympetaly. Montiniaceae differ by having a choripetalous corolla. Nearly diagonal orientation of the carpels seems to relate Hydrolea close to Solanaceae, but the orientation of the calyx is different.     

New Withanolides from Nicandra physaloides (Solanaceae)

Two new withanolides, named nicandrenone methyl ether (1), 26S nicandrenone methyl ether (2), together with ten known compounds were isolated from the whole plants of Nicandra physaloides (Solanaceae). Their chemical structures were deduced on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Ten known compounds were identified as nicandrenone (3), Nic-7 (4), nicaphysalin E (5), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (6), 2S-pinocembrin (7), (1S, 2R)-1, 2-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 3-propanediol (8), vanillin (9), indole-3-carboxylic acid (10), vanillic acid (11) and drummondol (12).