长江口浮游甲壳动物空间分布特征

2010年研究了长江口南、北支浮游甲壳动物的空间分布特征。共采集到浮游甲壳动物50种,其中桡足类39种,枝角类11种。种类数南支高于北支;平均密度北支高于南支,南、北支分别为1.7 ind./L和61.8 ind./L。基于群落相似性矩阵的CLUSTER聚类和MDS分析显示,在群落相似性为40%时,长江口区域浮游甲壳动物群落可分为北支组、南支组1和南支组2共3组。3组的优势种有差异。浮游甲壳动物的平均密度变化趋势为北支组（61.8±22.11 ind./L）〉南支组1（3.07±2.06 ind./L）〉南支组2（0.72±0.45 ind./L）。盐度、潮汐和径流量是影响长江口南北支浮游甲壳动物种类组成、密度和空间分布差异的重要环境因素。     

Hatching rates of resting eggs of 'Cladocera' (Crustacea; Branchiopoda) at a tropical bay, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to determine the development time of embryos and to estimate the hatching rates of resting eggs of cladocerans found in the sediment of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under experimental conditions. Eggs were sorted by species (Penilia avirostris--Sididae; Pleopis polyphemoides and Pseudevadne tergestina--Podonidae) and incubated at a temperature of 25 degrees C, salinity 35 and photoperiod 12 hours light/ 12 hours dark. Hatching rates were about 38% for Pseudevadne tergestina and 28% for Pleopis polyphemoides. Embryos of resting eggs of Penilia avirostris developed comparatively slowly (hatching after 86 days of incubation), with a hatching rate of only 5%. It was observed that development and hatching of resting eggs of marine cladocerans suggest that pulses of recruitment may exist, thus contributing to the rapid appearance and maintenance of planktonic populations of these crustaceans in Guanabara Bay.     

重污染河道治理中的浮游动物群落结构变化研究

利用氧化塘-河道原位生物修复的方法对广州市古廖涌黑臭水体进行治理,并对治理前、氧化塘处理、原位生物修复河段上游和下游四个不同治理阶段的水体进行水质和浮游动物的监测,试图通过对监测结果的对比分析,确定反应河道黑臭水体不同治理程度的浮游动物群落结构特征和指示种。研究结果表明,在不同的修复阶段,水体COD_cr、BOD₅、氮和磷等污染物逐步得到去除,透明度大大提高;浮游动物群落结构发生显著变化,浮游动物群落生物多样性和均匀度提高,浮游动物种类和数量明显增加,尤其是轮虫的种类和数量的变化。水体修复完成后,浮游动物的优势种轮虫由花箧臂尾轮虫(Brachionus capsuliflorus)转变为角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)和Brachionus rubens,枝角类优势种为微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura),桡足类在数量上以无节幼体(Naupii)占绝对优势;可作为重污染河道水体修复的指示浮游动物主要有轮虫的花箧臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫、Brachionus rubens、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、奇异六腕轮虫(Pedalia mira)、胶鞘轮虫(Collothecasp.),桡足类的无节幼体,枝角类的微型裸腹溞。     

Associations of testate rhizopods (Protozoa) in the plankton of a Malaysian estuary and two nearby ponds

Plankton samples were collected from the Chukai-Kemaman estuary in Malaysia in order to determine the distribution of testate rhizopods in relation to salinity. Two nearby freshwater ponds were sampled for comparison.
In the ponds, 35 species of testate rhizopods were found, 13 of which were not found in the estuary. From the estuary 53 species were found, of which 31 were not found in the ponds. Some species appeared to have been lifted into the plankton by the rising tide. At a generic level, the Arcella species were very similar in both ponds and estuary (Sorensen Index 80), the Difflugia species were moderately similar (Sorensen Index 47), while Nebela and Quadrullela were present in the estuarine samples, but absent from the pond samples.
The salinity gradient ranged from sea water down to a conductivity of 27 μS. All the estuarine stations were tidal. The first freshwater testate rhizopods were found in a region where the conductivity was between 3000 and 4000 μS at high tide. Where the conductivity was below 1000 μS at high tide the number of species rapidly increased, and reached a maximum of 25 in the samples from the lowest conductivities. The flowering tree, Hibiscus tiliaceus , appears to be an indicator of the region where the first freshwater testate rhizopods might be encountered upstream from the sea.     

An ecological study on the Mollusca in mangrove areas in the estuary of the Jiulong River

Based on the surveying data obtained in February, May, August and November, 1987, the ecology of Mollusca in mangrove areas in the estuary of the Jiulong River in Fujian Province was studied. The results are as follows: There are 52 species of Mollusca in the areas, and species and abundance distribution increase with salinity. Biomass and density average 7.99 g m² and 25 ind. m² respectively, with higher values in autumn and winter, and lower in spring and summer. Vertical distribution of biomass is highest in high tide zones and lowest in low tide zones, and density is highest in mid-tide zones and lowest in tide zones. The relationship between the distribution of Mollusca and the environmental factors are discussed.     

Effects of essential fatty acids and N and P-limited algae on the growth rate of tropical cladocerans

SUMMARY 1. In this study, the effects of nutrient (N and P) deficiency and the importance of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] to tropical cladocerans, growth and reproduction were determined in a growth bioassay.
2. The animals were fed N/P-sufficient, N-deficient and P-deficient algae, and also N and P-deficient algae supplemented with fish oil emulsions rich in EPA and DHA.
3. Cladocerans showed different responses to nutrient-deficient algae and also to supplements of fish oil emulsions. Moina micrura was most sensitive to P-deficient alga and, surprisingly, grew better and produced more eggs in N-deficient alga than in N/P sufficient alga. Ceriodaphnia cornuta was less sensitive, growing well in both N and P-deficient algae. This species, however, had a lower clutch size in N-deficient alga. On the other hand, Daphnia gessneri was the most sensitive to mineral limitation, showing decreased growth and clutch size in both nutrient-deficient algae.
4. The PUFA supplements to nutrient-deficient algae increased growth rates only for M. micrura and C. cornuta , suggesting that these fatty acids are important food requirements for these species.     

南漪湖沉积物枝角类卵鞍密度的垂直变化及其与营养盐的关系

本文研究了南漪湖沉积物(1～28 cm)中枝角类卵鞍密度的垂直变化.共鉴定出中华拟同形溞、盔形溞、蚤状溞、网纹溞、微型裸腹溞、象鼻溞、船卵溞、粗刺大尾溞和盘肠溞9种枝角类的卵鞍.大型溞属种类和小型枝角类卵鞍密度的变化范围分别为0～2.0和0～10.0 ind·g^-1 DM.中华拟同形溞和网纹溞分别是南漪湖沉积物大型枝角类和小型枝角类的优势种.中华拟同形溞的卵鞍密度与1^#采样点沉积物中总磷含量呈显著负相关,与3^#采样点沉积物中总氮、总磷含量均呈显著正相关.在3个采样点中(除2^#采样点总氮外),网纹溞的卵鞍密度与沉积物中总氮、总磷含量均呈显著正相关.结果暗示,湖泊富营养化和鱼类捕食影响了南漪湖枝角类群落结构的历史演变.     

Influence of seston quantity and quality on growth of tropical cladocerans.

The seston of the small, shallow, and tropical lake Monte Alegre was tested for quantity and quality for cladocerans by growth bioassays, which were carried out in spring (Daphnia gessneri and Moina micrura), summer (D. gessneri, M. micrura, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, and Simocephalus mixtus), and winter (D. gessneri and D. ambigua). Cohorts of newborns originating from ovigerous females collected in the lake or from laboratory cultures were submitted, at a room temperature of 23 degrees C to the following treatments: (1) the chlorophytes Ankistrodesmus falcatus and/or Scenedesmus spinosus; (2) lake seston; and (3) lake seston + chlorophytes. Growth rate, clutch size, and fecundity were evaluated. Seston alone was not the best food for promoting cladoceran growth. There were seasonal differences in food quantity and quality with spring and summer seston being better for growth than that of the winter. Adding chlorophytes to the seston increased clutch size and fecundity for most species in summer and winter, but not in spring. Energy limitation seems to be the most important factor influencing cladoceran growth in summer and especially in winter.     

长江仪征—崇明段的肉足虫和纤毛虫

１９８８年５月至１９９０年７月用２５号筛娟网对长江仪征－崇明段的肉足类和纤毛类原生动物进行采集，共采集到７９种，其中肉足类５２种，纤毛类２７种。数量在０－１２００个／升之间，平均为１１７个／升。由于受到泥沙含量及海水的影响，调查水域的肉足虫和纤毛在种类组成，数量分布等方面存在着较大的地区差异。     

Long-term changes in crustacean zooplankton and water quality in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese lake densely stocked with fish

From surveys made in 1962–1963, 1973–1974, 1979–1996 at two Stations in Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic water body near Wuhan, P. R. China, the authors, derive long-term changes in species composition, standing crop and body-size of planktonic crustaceans. The species number decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s. The cladocerans dropped from 46 (1960s) to 26 (1980s) to 13 (1990s); the copepods decreased from 14 (1960s) to 10 (1980s) to 7 (1990s). From the mid-1980s on, the dominant crustaceans also changed: Daphnia hyalina and D. carinata ssp. were replaced by Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum at Stations 1 and 2, respectively; Cyclops vicinus replaced Mesocyclops leuckarti.Densities and biomass of Cladocera decreased markedly after 1987. Annual average densities and biomass of cladocerans were statistically differences between 1962–1986 and 1987–1996 (P > 0.01). Annual average densities of Daphnia (Station 1 + Station 2) were negatively correlated with fish yield .Since the 1980s, annual average body length of Cladocera and Calanoida decreased, while annual average body length of Cyclopoida increased. In the same years, average body length of copepods was lower during May–October than during January–April and November–December.A 12-yr data analysis showed annual average concentration of chlorophyll^-a (Chl^-a) to be negatively correlated with annual average density of Daphnia, whilst lake transparency was positively correlated with annual average densities of Daphnia. The results imply that, since Daphnia feeds efficiently on phytoplankton, it could decrease concentration of Chl^-a, and enhance water transparency.     

Prey capture success, feeding frequency and daily food intake rates in rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.) and singhi, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) larvae

Using the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia rigaudi, Moina macrocopa and Daphnia carinata as prey (food) species, the capture success (CS), frequency of feeding and total daily food intake of rohu ( Labeo rohita ) and singhi ( Heteropneustes fossilis ) larvae were determined. The CS in both rohu and singhi was a direct function of their age as well as hunger level, but at any given age it was inversely related to prey size. The larvae fed more or less continuously, even during the night hours. Gut evacuation rates were slower in singhi than in rohu. The daily food consumption rates in rohu and singhi larvae were 13.3% and 17.7% at age 6 days, and 8.0 and 10.1% of the dry body weight at age 12 days, respectively. Although as adults rohu and singhi have distinct food niches, they did not differ significantly in the larval stages in the parameters studied. The implications of these findings for larval rearing in the aquaculture of rohu and singhi are discussed.     

The planktonic rotifers of the estuarine lagunar complex of Suape (Pernambuco,Brazil)

We studied spatial and temporal distribution, abundance, diversity, equitability and species associations of the rotifers of the estuarine area of Suape (Pernambuco-Brazil), based on plankton samples collected according to the tidal regime at 11 fixed stations in Suape Bay and the estuaries of Massangana, Tatuoca and Ipojuca Rivers, during February (dry season) and July (rainy season) of 1978. Concurrent hydrological and climatological data were taken. Eight species groups were established. In general, rotifers dominated in the Ipojuca River estuary and stations subject to its influence. Greatest community similarities were observed among nearby stations, during the same tide and season. Hydrological factors influenced the occurrence and distribution of some species, and a close correlation between phytoplankton and rotifers was observed. Pollution in Ipojuca River contributed to diversity.     

长江口及邻近海域枝角类和涟虫类生态学

根据2002～2003年长江口29°00'～32°00'N、122°00'～123°30'E海域4个季节的海洋调查,运用定量、定性方法,探讨长江口邻近海域枝角类和涟虫类总丰度的季节变化特征,以及丰度的季节差异与水团的关系,分析了种类的数量变动,并与东海外海的生态特征进行比较.结果表明,长江口及邻近海域涟虫类丰度的季节变化主要受温度的影响,而平面分布变化与盐度有关.平均丰度夏季最高(0.59 ind./m3),春季最低(0.05 ind./m3).本次调查共发现涟虫类4种,分别为三叶针尾涟虫(Diastylis tricincta)、卵圆涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)、亚洲异针尾涟虫(Dimorphostylis asiatica)和细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera).其中,三叶针尾涟虫四季均出现,四季优势度分别为0.04、0.03、0.04和0.06;卵圆涟虫出现在夏、秋和冬季,优势度分别为0.11、0.00和0.07;亚洲异针尾涟虫和细长涟虫仅秋季出现,优势度分别为0.17和0.002.仅在夏季发现两种枝角类,分别为肥胖三角溞(Evadne tergestina)和鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris).在长江口,枝角类和涟虫类的分布特征与长江冲淡水都有一定的关系,显示出这两大类浮游动物具有咸淡水分布的特征.     

Diel cycles of reproduction and vertical migration in the marine cladocerans Pseudevadne tergestina and Penilia avirostris

The marine cladocerans Pseudevadne tergestina and Penilia avirostrisuse different strategies to avoid visual predators. Pseudevadnetergestina exhibited a pronounced diel cycle in reproduction,but did not perform diel vertical migration. Parthenogeneticfemales with fully developed embryos were absent during theday in both fishless enclosures and in the natural environment.This observation suggests that the diel cycle was due to nocturnalrelease of neonates and not the result of selective predationby fish. The need to use the compound eye to locate food wouldforce P. tergestina to remain in the illuminated surface waterduring the day and release their offspring in darkness thusdecreasing their visibility to fish. The diel cycle in reproductionin P. avirostris was not as pronounced as that in P. tergestina,but females with mature embryos were still more common at nightthan during the day. As a grazer of phytoplankton, P. avirostrisperformed diel vertical migration and retreated to dark, deeperwaters during the day, avoiding visual predators.     

SEASONAL ABUNDANCE,HABITAT SELECTION AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF WATERBIRDS AT THE BERG RIVER ESTUARY,SOUTH AFRICA

Velasquez, C.R., Kalejta, B. & Hockey, P.A.R. 1991. Seasonal abundance, habitat selection and energy consumption of waterbirds at the Berg River estuary, South Africa. Ostrich 62:109-123.

The distribution and abundance of waterbirds at the Berg River estuary were studied between September 1987 and April 1989. The estuary supports an unusually high density of waterbirds, especially of Pale-arctic migrant waders, and is a site of subregional importance for at least nine species. Intertidal mudflats are the favoured feeding habitat of the majority of species on the estuary during the low tide period. Low tide feeding densities on saltmarshes are mud less than on mudflats, but saltmarshes are important as roost sites, high tide feeding sites, and in counteracting the negative hydrological consequences of development. The current conservation status of the estuary is not commensurate with its importance as a waterbird habitat and, given the current threats facing the estuary, enhanced protection at the national level is considered a greater priority than registration with, for example, the RAMSAR Convention.     

Environmental Influence on Planktonic Cladocerans and Copepods in the Floodplain of the Upper River Paraná, Brazil

The abundance of microcrustacean species recorded in plankton samples from the littoral and pelagic zones of the Upper Paran River, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, was evaluated in relation to abiotic and biotic environmental factors. The cladocerans Bosminopsis deitersi and Bosmina hagmann i were most abundant. The presence or absence of aquatic macrophytes also influenced abundance and species composition. The true zooplankton species were most abundant at the pelagic stations, while species of Chydoridae and Macrothricidae contributed markedly to microcrustacean abundance and species richness at littoral stations. Species abundance was also strongly affected by water level variation. Microcrustaceans, mainly bosminids, were most abundant during low water. During high water, bosminids decreased in abundance while most other species increased. The higher variation of the environmental factors during high water probably explains the shift in abundance patterns. Changes in water level increased mixing of littoral and pelagic microcrustaceans between sampling stations.     

Carotenoprotein complexes in entomostracan crustaceans (Streptocephalus dichotomus and Moina micrura)

The carotenoprotein complexes of a freshwater fairy shrimp (Streptocephalus dichotomus) and a daphnid (Moina micrura) were characterised and compared. Based on thin layer chromatography and mass spectral analysis, a variety of cartenoprotein complexes such as astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin were found. Both crustaceans had astaxanthin and canthaxanthin as predominant prosthetic groups. Amino acid analysis of the complexes further revealed high levels of asparagine, glutamine and glycine in both species. Our study highlights the presence of naturally available carotenoid species in both crustaceans and their possible inter-conversion in anostracans.     

Zooplankton populations and the diets of three Chaoborus species (Diptera, Chaoboridae) in a tropical lake

SUMMARY. 1. Zooplankton populations in a small, natural, tropical lake are dominated by a few, small-sized taxa including the copepod Thermo- cyclops consimilis , the cladoceran Moina micrura and several rotifer species.
2. Moina micrura and adults of Thermocyclops consimilis undergo diel vertical migrations within the water column. Population densities of T. consimilis show marked intra-annual variations which may to some extent be related to variations in rainfall and to lunar periodicities In predator abundance.
3. The diets of Chaoborus lavae include other Chaoborus , Cladocera, Copepoda. Rotifera and the dinoflagellate Peridinium. The diets of late instars of the largest species, edulis , were dominated by Crustacea, while those of the two smaller species. C, ceratopogones and C. anomalus , were dominated by Rotifera and the dinoflagellate alga Peridinium , as were the diets of early instars of all species. Algae have not been previously reported to be a large component of the diet of Chaoborus populations in nature.
4. Some of the dietary differences among Chaoborus instars and species are related to the size of each prey species in relation to the mouth gape of each instar. However, there are also important differences in electivity among instars of different species of the same size.     

Effect of Aeolosoma sp. (Aphanoneura: Aeolosomatidae) on the Population Dynamics of Selected Cladoceran Species

Although oligochaete worms naturally coexist with cladocerans in many shallow freshwater ponds and lakes, their influence on the latter is not well established. In this work we studied the effect of Aeolosoma sp. on the population growth of Alona rectangula, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, Macrothrix triserialis and Moina macrocopa. Population growth studies were conducted at one algal food density (1 × 10⁶cells ml^–1 of Chlorella vulgaris). The experimental design was similar for all five cladoceran species, where we used 100 ml capacity transparent jars containing 50 ml of EPA medium with the desired algal density and three replicates for each treatment. The test medium was changed daily and fresh algal food was added. The initial density of each of the cladoceran species in the population growth studies was 0.4 ind ml^–1 while that of the worms 1.0 ind ml^–1. Following inoculation, we estimated daily the number of cladocerans and the worms for duration of 21 days. Regardless of the presence of worms, Moina macrocopa and Macrothrix triserialis showed rapid population growth while A. rectangula took more than 2 weeks to reach peak abundances. With the exception of M. triserialis, all the other our cladoceran species declined in the presence of Aeolosoma sp. The lowest peak population density (about 1 ind ml^–1) was observed for M. triserialisin controls. The remaining species had peak densities of about 3–5 ind ml^–1. The rates of population increase per day varied from 0.03 to 0.19 depending on the cladoceran taxa and the treatment. In general we found that pelagic taxa were more adversely affected by the presence of the worms than were the littoral cladocerans.     

Zooplankton in the Floodplains of a Tributary to the Paraná River in Mato Grosso Do Sul,Brazil

Zooplankton samples were taken monthly at five sites March 1992 through February 1993 of the Guaraná lake and Baía river in the Paran floodplain, Brazil. A total of 38 cladoceran and 12 copepod species was identified. Cladocerans were mainly collected amongst macrophytes in the lake. The most commonly encountered species were Bosminopsis deitersi, Moina minuta, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Ilyocryptus spinifer, Macrothrix spinosa, and Phryxura dadayi. The copepods were especially collected in the river with Thermocyclops minutus and Mesocyclops meridianus being abundant. The greatest number of microcrustacean species was detected during the high water period. Possible ecological conditions for the recorded distribution and abundance are discussed and compared with data from other study sites in the Neotropics.