共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Stig S. Gezelius 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(5):587-599
While economic literature inspired by the “tragedy of the commons” has emphasised people’s tendency to increase fishing effort
beyond desirable levels, sociologists and anthropologists who have studied the social aspects of fishing have often emphasised
the capacity of these factors to restrict fishing effort. The article addresses the influence of social norms and communication
on fishing effort in an empirical study of the Atlantic blue whiting fishery. The data were generated at a time when this
fishery had yet to see efficient quota regulations, and had been subject to a rapid growth in fishing effort, making it the
largest fishery in the Atlantic. The article argues that social norms and communication patterns in the fishing fleet create
a synergic effect of co-operation and competition on fishing effort. The article questions the view that social norms and
communication necessarily represent a solution to the tragedy of the commons.
相似文献
Stig S. GezeliusEmail: |
2.
Amazon Forestry Tranformed: Integrating Knowledge for Smallholder Timber Managemet in Eastern Brazil
Robin R. Sears Christine Padoch Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(6):697-707
Recent discussions of local knowledge emphasize its dynamic nature invoking local peoples’ ability to effectively integrate
traditional or local with science-based or “modern” knowledges. The smallholder timber industry of the Amazon’s estuarine
floodplain provides an outstanding example of local patterns of resource management and economic activities transformed from
within by smallholder farmers who participated in the industrial timber boom of the 1970s and 1980s. These farmers of eastern
Amazonia have developed a vertically integrated local industry based on expertise reflecting profound locally developed knowledge
of specific forests and management of ecological processes, individual observation and experimentation, as well as concepts
and practices derived from temporary employment by large-scale industrial timber firms. At each stage of the smallholder forestry
process—from managing natural regeneration to running small sawmills and marketing lumber—local managers apply an innovative
set of practices reflecting their diverse experiences. This combination of technical, market, and ecological knowledge results
in forests, timber markets, and economic patterns that do not correspond to many of the widely-held generalizations concerning
either local or industrial tropical timber exploitation. This article uses data from 7 years of research in the Amazon floodplain.
相似文献
Christine PadochEmail: |
3.
Brett Calcott 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):639-657
According to Pigliucci and Kaplan, there is a revolution underway in how we understand fitness landscapes. Recent models suggest
that a perennial problem in these landscapes—how to get from one peak across a fitness valley to another peak—is, in fact,
non-existent. In this paper I assess the structure and the extent of Pigliucci and Kaplan’s proposed revolution and argue
for two points. First, I provide an alternative interpretation of what underwrites this revolution, motivated by some recent
work on model-based science. Second, I show that the implications of this revolution need to carefully assessed depending on question being asked,
for peak-shifting is not central to all evolutionary questions that fitness landscapes have been used to explore.
相似文献
Brett CalcottEmail: |
4.
5.
Risk Management by Communal Decision in Trans-Himalayan Farming: Manang Valley in Central Nepal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It is generally assumed that peasants optimize security of food supply rather than maximize profit. One way of securing the
survival of the household is to spread risk in farming by extending the planting and harvesting seasons in order to avoid
all crops being damaged if unfavorable production conditions should occur. It thus seems peculiar that some Himalayan peasant
communities act in the opposite manner by compressing peak agricultural activity into a minimum period, and furthermore that
all cultivators simultaneously start planting and harvesting on dates fixed by the village headman in consultation with a
lama (Buddhist priest). Rather than suggesting that any single explanation for this practice is the right one, however, this
article contends that specific farming system cannot be understood properly unless a combination of subsystems — or facets
— are included in the analyses.
相似文献
Ole R. Vetaas (Corresponding author)Email: |
6.
Philip Richard Sullivan 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):65-79
This paper demonstrates that the human visual system, the primary sensory conduit for primates, processes ambient energy in
a way that obligatorily constructs the objects that we ineluctably perceive. And since our perceptual apparatus processes
information only in terms of objects (along with the properties and movements of objects), we are limited in our ability to comprehend ‘what
is’ when we move beyond our ordinary world of midsize objects—as, for example, when we address the micro microworld of quantum
physics.
相似文献
Philip Richard SullivanEmail: |
7.
T. Ryan Gregory 《Evolution》2008,1(3):259-273
The occurrence, generality, and causes of large-scale evolutionary trends—directional changes over long periods of time—have
been the subject of intensive study and debate in evolutionary science. Large-scale patterns in the history of life have also
been of considerable interest to nonspecialists, although misinterpretations and misunderstandings of this important issue
are common and can have significant implications for an overall understanding of evolution. This paper provides an overview
of how trends are identified, categorized, and explained in evolutionary biology. Rather than reviewing any particular trend
in detail, the intent is to provide a framework for understanding large-scale evolutionary patterns in general and to highlight
the fact that both the patterns and their underlying causes are usually quite complex.
相似文献
T. Ryan GregoryEmail: |
8.
Xiaoyun Zhu Donald Young Brian J. Watson Zhikui Wang Jerry Rolia Sharad Singhal Bret McKee Chris Hyser Daniel Gmach Robert Gardner Tom Christian Ludmila Cherkasova 《Cluster computing》2009,12(1):45-57
Recent advances in hardware and software virtualization offer unprecedented management capabilities for the mapping of virtual
resources to physical resources. It is highly desirable to further create a “service hosting abstraction” that allows application
owners to focus on service level objectives (SLOs) for their applications. This calls for a resource management solution that
achieves the SLOs for many applications in response to changing data center conditions and hides the complexity from both
application owners and data center operators. In this paper, we describe an automated capacity and workload management system
that integrates multiple resource controllers at three different scopes and time scales. Simulation and experimental results
confirm that such an integrated solution ensures efficient and effective use of data center resources while reducing service
level violations for high priority applications.
相似文献
Ludmila CherkasovaEmail: |
9.
T. Ryan Gregory 《Evolution》2008,1(2):121-137
Charles Darwin sketched his first evolutionary tree in 1837, and trees have remained a central metaphor in evolutionary biology
up to the present. Today, phylogenetics—the science of constructing and evaluating hypotheses about historical patterns of
descent in the form of evolutionary trees—has become pervasive within and increasingly outside evolutionary biology. Fostering
skills in “tree thinking” is therefore a critical component of biological education. Conversely, misconceptions about evolutionary
trees can be very detrimental to one’s understanding of the patterns and processes that have occurred in the history of life.
This paper provides a basic introduction to evolutionary trees, including some guidelines for how and how not to read them.
Ten of the most common misconceptions about evolutionary trees and their implications for understanding evolution are addressed.
相似文献
T. Ryan GregoryEmail: |
10.
The Cauchy problem for one-dimensional spiking neuron models 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Romain Brette 《Cognitive neurodynamics》2008,2(1):21-27
I consider spiking neuron models defined by a one-dimensional differential equation and a reset—i.e., neuron models of the
integrate-and-fire type. I address the question of the existence and uniqueness of a solution on for a given initial condition. It turns out that the reset introduces a countable and ordered set of backward solutions for
a given initial condition. I discuss the implications of these mathematical results in terms of neural coding and spike timing
precision.
相似文献
Romain BretteEmail: |
11.
Robert Sparrow 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2009,6(1):13-23
This paper attempts some predictions about the social consequences of nanotechnology and the ethical issues they raise. I
set out four features of nanotechnology that are likely to be important in determining its impact and argue that nanotechnology
will have significant social impacts in—at least—the areas of health and medicine, the balance of power between citizens and
governments, and the balance of power between citizens and corporations. More importantly, responding to the challenge of
nanotechnology will require confronting “philosophical” questions about the sort of society we wish to create and the role
that technology might play in creating it. This in turn will require developing institutions and processes that allow the
public to wield real power in relation to technological trajectories. My ultimate contention is that the immediate task established
by the likely social impacts of nanotechnology is not so much to develop an ethics of nanotechnology as to facilitate an ethical
conversation about nanotechnology.
相似文献
Robert SparrowEmail: |
12.
Livestock Acquisitions Dynamics in Nomadic Pastoralist Herd Demography: A Case Study Among Ngisonyoka Herders of South Turkana, Kenya 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Danny de Vries Paul W. Leslie J. Terrence McCabe 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(1):1-25
Despite the attention given to social relations in the pastoral literature, the role of livestock acquisitions—additions of
livestock to herds through bridewealth, exchanges, gifts, payments, and begging (requests)—in herd build up has usually been
assumed to be relatively minor compared to births and relevant mostly when the need for rebuilding arises after major losses.
This study is based on an unusual set of data—the reproductive histories of the female cattle, camels, and goats and sheep
of 13 Ngisonyoka Turkana nomadic herders in northwestern Kenya, collected in 1987. The article reports on the means by which
mothers were added to the herd and how these changed through time. The results suggest that for this population in the late
1970s and 1980s, acquisitions were not merely relevant when disaster struck, but instead were a continuously important component
of herd management. The results demonstrate the crucial role of social networks in the survival of Ngisonyoka pastoralists
in their non-equilibrial ecosystem. Social exchanges, such as bridewealth, provide a resource security well suited to the
challenges of coping with such unpredictable environments. Researchers and policymakers are urged to make efforts to support
such indigenous networks if they want nomadic pastoralists to continue their effective use of arid, marginal lands.
相似文献
J. Terrence McCabeEmail: |
13.
Germán N. Freire 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(6):681-696
This article argues against the idea that indigenous cultural change and knowledge loss are inevitably bonded to one another,
with particular reference to agro-productive transformations. This view has not only ignored the potential of these productive
systems—well documented in recent decades—but has often threatened them by promoting development policies based on mistaken
premises. It is suggested here that some indigenous peoples’ productive responses to market integration may in fact offer
alternatives to the paradoxes of development in seemingly fragile tropical environments. This article reports, in particular,
on the strategies developed by the Piaroa, from southern Venezuela. Contemporary large and permanent Piaroa communities, which
resulted from their involvement in aspects of national society, have been able to sustain the forests on which they depend
while satisfying their food and market necessities. This has been possible due to a series of market strategies based on their
agroforestal tradition, which have emphasised the commercialization of secondary forest products. The article proposes that
these strategies have been underestimated due to the market conditions in which Piaroa farmers are immersed, and from which
they have learnt the very principles of “capitalism.” Oil dependent and saturated with corruption, the Venezuelan market hampers
their full economic integration, contributing to the idea that their agroforestry system can only produce at subsistence levels.
相似文献
Germán N. FreireEmail: |
14.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
15.
Jacob M. Vigil 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2007,18(2):143-161
Several hypotheses on the form and function of sex differences in social behaviors were tested. The results suggest that friendship
preferences in both sexes can be understood in terms of perceived reciprocity potential—capacity and willingness to engage in a mutually beneficial relationship. Divergent social styles may in turn reflect trade-offs
between behaviors selected to maintain large, functional coalitions in men and intimate, secure relationships in women. The
findings are interpreted from a broad socio-relational framework of the types of behaviors that facilitate selective advertisement
and investment of reciprocity potential across individuals and within groups of men and women.
相似文献
Jacob M. VigilEmail: |
16.
Peter beim Graben Dimitris Pinotsis Douglas Saddy Roland Potthast 《Cognitive neurodynamics》2008,2(2):79-88
We construct a mapping from complex recursive linguistic data structures to spherical wave functions using Smolensky’s filler/role
bindings and tensor product representations. Syntactic language processing is then described by the transient evolution of
these spherical patterns whose amplitudes are governed by nonlinear order parameter equations. Implications of the model in
terms of brain wave dynamics are indicated.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Peter beim GrabenEmail: |
17.
Making Sense in Time: Remote Sensing and the Challenges of Temporal Heterogeneity in Social Analysis of Environmental Change—cases from Malawi 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article contributes to the encouraging recent trend toward more critical examination of the linkages between remote sensing
and social analysis of environmental change. Using two case studies from Malawi, we explain the importance of thinking about
temporal scale when using remote sensing data. Specifically, from our on-the-ground research, we came to appreciate three
important issues: (1) multiple causation and multiple temporal scales operating simultaneously—making inference of casual
relations between particular social factors and observed land use changes difficult; (2) ‘visible’ vs. ‘invisible’ processes
and events; and (3) ‘continuous’ vs. ‘punctuated’ social and environmental processes. We observe that in each case, social
differentiation is key to understanding which temporal frames are most relevant in understanding observed land use dynamics.
We conclude that, while these are not entirely new observations, research on the applications of remote sensing in social
analysis of environmental change could be enriched by more rigorous examination of linkages between environmental change,
temporal scale, and the social relations (including social differentiation) that can help to explain how and why particular
temporal frames are most salient.
相似文献
Pauline E. PetersEmail: |
18.
Temporal Heterogeneity in the Study of African Land Use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jane I. Guyer Eric F. Lambin Lisa Cliggett Peter Walker Kojo Amanor Thomas Bassett Elizabeth Colson Rod Hay Katherine Homewood Olga Linares Opoku Pabi Pauline Peters Thayer Scudder Matthew Turner John Unruh 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(1):3-17
This paper introduces a set of four collaborative papers exploring temporal heterogeneity in the analysis of African land
use over a decadal time period, from 10 to 50 years, in the second half of the twentieth century. The four cases were chosen
amongst the seven teams of anthropologists, human geographers and remote sensing specialists who had carried out long-term
research and who met to discuss their findings at a workshop in 2003. All seven teams’ work and the collective discussion—on
Casamance (Senegal), Brong Ahafo (Ghana), Southern Niger/Northern Cote d’Ivoire, Oyo State (Nigeria), Maasai Mara (Kenya and
Tanzania), Gwembe (Zambia), and Malawi—inform this introduction. We identify several temporal processes in all the cases,
each operating on its own temporal frame: population growth and, above all, mobility; livelihood change through crop and occupational
change; tenure ambiguity; powerful though “punctuated” interventions by state policy; and climate change. Conceptual and methodological
implications are disussed.
相似文献
John UnruhEmail: |
19.
Michael Weisberg 《Biology & philosophy》2006,21(5):623-645
This paper is an interpretation and defense of Richard Levins’ “The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology,” which
has been extremely influential among biologists since its publication 40 years ago. In this article, Levins confronted some
of the deepest philosophical issues surrounding modeling and theory construction. By way of interpretation, I discuss each
of Levins’ major philosophical themes: the problem of complexity, the brute-force approach, the existence and consequence
of tradeoffs, and robustness analysis. I argue that Levins’ article is concerned, at its core, with justifying the use of
multiple, idealized models in population biology.
相似文献
Michael WeisbergEmail: |
20.
Karen E. Chambers Ryan McDaniell Jeremy D. Raincrow Maya Deshmukh Peter F. Stadler 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2009,128(2):109-120
Large-scale—even genome-wide—duplications have repeatedly been invoked as an explanation for major radiations. Teleosts, the
most species-rich vertebrate clade, underwent a “fish-specific genome duplication” (FSGD) that is shared by most ray-finned
fish lineages. We investigate here the Hox complement of the goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), a representative of Osteoglossomorpha, the most basal teleostean clade. An extensive PCR survey reveals that goldeye has
at least eight Hox clusters, indicating a duplicated genome compared to basal actinopterygians. The possession of duplicated Hox clusters is uncoupled to species richness. The Hox system of the goldeye is substantially different from that of other teleost lineages, having retained several duplicates
of Hox genes for which crown teleosts have lost at least one copy. A detailed analysis of the PCR fragments as well as full length
sequences of two HoxA13 paralogs, and HoxA10 and HoxC4 genes places the duplication event close in time to the divergence of Osteoglossomorpha and crown teleosts. The data are
consistent with—but do not conclusively prove—that Osteoglossomorpha shares the FSGD.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Chi-hua ChiuEmail: |