中国块菌属研究概况

文献调查研究结果表明,自我国报道的块菌属(Tuber)有35个名称,其中21个具有标本引证的支持、有3个缺乏明确的标本引证、3个与国际上已有的描述存在明显差异1、个鉴定时使用的是暂定名而有待进一步查证、还有2个名称已被证明为异名、5个名称为不合格发表而不应再继续使用。作者对我国的块菌属研究概况进行了概述,并对有关种类的研究现状及其分布进行了介绍,同时也整理和修订了这些种的汉语学名。     

中国块菌属一新种

本文描述了块菌属(Tuber)的一个新种,巨孢块菌(Tuber gigantosporum)。这一新种1989年采于四川省会东县。它的子囊孢子特殊大,一般105—115×75μm,最大可达120×80μm,小者亦可达80×55μm。而块菌属已知种的子囊孢子的大小一般在21—52×15—38μm范围内,最大也不超过90×60μm。仅此一点已使其明显区别于该属任何已知种。此外,该种孢子壁异常厚,可达14μm,有三层,也是别于其它块菌已知种的重要特征。该块菌生于地下,与云南松有共生关系。模式标本保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态所植物标本室(IFS)。     

西藏块菌属的分类研究

首次报实于西藏的块菌属３种,包括２个新种和１个新记录种。新种是刘氏块菌Ｔｕｂｅｒ ｌｉｕｉＡ．ＳＸｕ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ和西藏块菌Ｔｕｂｅｒ ｘｉｚａｎｇｅｎｓｅ Ａ．ＳＸｕ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,新记录种是少孢块菌Ｔｕｂｅｒ ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｅｒｍｕｍ（Ｔｕｌ．＆ Ｃ．Ｔｕｌ）Ｔｒａｐｐｅ。标本全部保存于西藏庙的生态研究所标本室（ＪＸＡＥ）     

中国地下子囊菌新记录属——史蒂芬块菌属

文中首次报道了史蒂芬块菌属Stephensia在中国的分布.史蒂芬块菌发现于滇中地区呈贡县,生于l株栽培的天麻旁边,附近长有云南松和榛属植物.标本的特征与文献中对于该种的描述一致,即子囊果表面具褐色绒毛,产孢组织有曲折的脉沟,脉沟向中心辐聚,中心有时形成空腔,孢子球形,直径18～25 μm,无油滴,包被(外囊盘被)角胞组织.中国标本的ITS序列与北美和欧洲样品有99％的相似性,其LSU序列仅有3个碱基与北美样品不同.史蒂芬块菌在分子系统上与腔囊块菌属Hydnocystis和地杯菌属Geopxyis近缘.     

原块菌属的分类界线及其地理分布

报道了原鬼笔科Ｐｒｏｔｏｐｈａｌｌａｃｅａｅ我国的一个新记录种──日本原块菌ｐｒｏｔｕｂｅｒａｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａＫｏｂａｙ．,原记载其分布于日本,近来在我国云南南部发现,属于东亚特有分布种。并讨论了原块菌属ＰｒｏｔｕｂｅｒａＭｏｌｌｅｒ的分类界线,同意前人把ＰｒｏｔｏｐｈａｌｌｕｓＭｕｒｒｉｌｌ、ＰｒｏｔｕｂｅｒｅｌｌａＩｍａｉｅｔＫａｗａｍｕｒａ和ＫｏｂａｖａｓｉａＩｍａｉｅｔＫａｗａｍｕｒａ作为原块菌属的异名;亦根据现代地理分布格局推断原块菌属原是一个热带、亚热带分布属。     

中国块菌属多样性

在中国特别是西南地区块菌属Tuber资源调查的基础上,本文综合形态特征、生态特征以及分子系统学分析,对比研究了欧洲和北美的部分块菌属标本,对中国块菌属已知种类进行了分类订正和系统的总结.研究确认我国分布有17种块菌,其中3/4的种类分布于西南地区.尚有6种因未观察到可靠的标本而存疑,3种排除在我国分布.文中对该属在我国...     

地花菌属的研究概况和进展

地花菌属（Albatrellus Gray）是多孔菌类中具有突出特征和特殊地位的一个属,有极高的系统学和分类学研究价值,但专门的针对性研究很少。综述了地花菌属在分类学、系统学、牛态习性、经济价值、保护生物学等方面的研究概况和进展,并对该属的深入研究提出了针对性的建议。     

国产夏块菌(块菌科、子囊菌门)的比较研究

对在四川省会东县发现的夏块菌(TuberaestivumVittad.)标本进行了鉴别研究,并与产自欧洲的标本进行了宏微观比较,同时还讨论了该种与相近种类的主要区别。     

木蜂属分类学研究概况

木蜂隶属于膜翅目蜜蜂总科蜜蜂科木蜂亚科木蜂族的木蜂属。其个体较大且粗壮,种类多,世界分布广泛,我国种类丰富。该物种在形态、外貌和采食行为上都与木蜂亚科的其他种类有较大差别。简述了木蜂属的分类学和系统发育学研究进展,为进一步研究、保护和利用木蜂资源奠定基础。     

钝头蛇属Pareas（蛇亚目：钝头蛇科）系统分类研究进展

钝头蛇属（Pareas）蛇类形态高度保守,种间形态差异微弱。以分子系统学方法为中心的整合分类方法的应用,为本类群分类难题的解决作出了重要贡献,近8年有9个新种得以描述,其中,仅在近3年就增加了7个新种,并有6个同物异名被恢复。本文依据最新研究成果,对近期钝头蛇属蛇类系统分类研究成果进行了综述,并斟酌中文种名,整理了物种名录,并编制了分类检索表。截止目前,钝头蛇属共有26种,其中在我国有分布的18种,中国特有种9种。同时,对研究中存在的问题进行了探讨,并对下一步工作提出了建议：本属物种多样性估计过低、标本采集覆盖范围不足、证据使用不甚全面,大范围密集采样以及系统发育基因组学方法的应用有助于本类群系统关系的最终解决。     

Phylogenetic study of two truffles, Tuber formosanum and Tuber furfuraceum, identified from Taiwan

Truffles are one of the most valuable edible fungi and have drawn extensive research interests worldwide. In Taiwan, two species of truffle, Tuber formosanum and Tuber furfuraceum , have been identified and reported. Although the morphological features of these two truffles have been described, lack of molecular identification has led to difficulties with firmly establishing their relatedness to other truffles. In this study, we utilized the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin gene sequences to generate the phylogenetic relationship of T. formosanum and T. furfuraceum with other taxonomic relatives. Our analysis revealed five/three major phylogenetic clades according to the 5.8S-ITS2/β-tubulin gene sequences and corroborated with their morphological characterization. Tuber formosanum highly resembles the Tuber indicum B complex, while T. furfuraceum is most similar to Tuber huidongense . Based on a molecular clock, we estimated that T. furfuraceum and T. formosanum would have diverged from their close relatives in mainland China between 10.2 and 4.1 Ma, respectively. Based on the results, we propose that these two Tuber species found in Taiwan might originate from the common ancestors with some truffle species in China. However, due to a long divergence time and geographical separation, they have evolved into indigenous species of Taiwan.     

昆明地区印度块菌子囊果的解剖结构研究

通过印度块菌子囊果石蜡切片的显微观察,对印度块菌子囊果包被及子实层的显微结构、子囊及子囊孢子的发育过程进行研究.结果表明:(1)印度块菌子囊果是由包被和子实层构成,子囊果的表面密被大量大小不一的疣状突起,包被由外皮层和内皮层构成;子实层由封闭的、大小不一的产孢组织构成,在产孢组织中包含有侧丝、产囊丝、子囊和子囊内的子囊孢子;(2)成熟印度块菌子囊果横切面上有明暗相间的迷宫状纹脉;(3)子囊卵形,由产囊丝顶端的细胞发育而来;(4)成熟子囊孢子红褐色,椭圆形至近球形不等,子囊孢子双层壁,外壁密布有刺状纹饰.子囊孢子在子囊内的发育过程中常出现败育现象,每个成熟子囊中含有1～5个子囊孢子(常见4个).     

Cloning and characterization of PKC-homologous genes in the truffle species Tuber borchii and Tuber magnatum

The protein kinases C (PKCs) define a growing family of ubiquitous signal transducting serine/threonine kinases that control ion conductance channels, release of hormones and cell growth and proliferation. Degenerated oligonucleotides were used as primers for polymerase chain reactions to amplify PKC-related sequences from the white truffle species Tuber magnatum and Tuber borchii. The deduced amino acid sequences of cloned sequences reveal domains homologous to the regulatory and kinase domains of PKC-related proteins, but lack typical Ca(2+)-binding domain and therefore should be classified as nPKCs. Both contain a large extended N-terminus which is found exclusively in fungi PKCs. Phylogenetic analysis of the kinase domain demonstrates high homology with known filamentous fungi isoenzymes.     

珍稀名贵食药用真菌块菌属的化学成分及药理活性研究进展

块菌属Tuber是一类珍贵的地下生外生菌根食药用真菌,能与多种高等树木的根系形成互利共生关系,具有重要的经济和生态价值.一些种类因其地下生的子囊果具有独特的香味被认为是美食界的奢侈品而享誉全球.作为国际著名贸易真菌种类,块菌的研究在最近的二三十年里受到国内外的广泛关注.本文重点从块菌的化学成分及药理活性2个方面对近10...     

A Study on the Genus Acidosasa of Bambusoideae

The genus Acidosasa was published by the present authors in 1979. It only had one species at that time, Acidosasa chinensis C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao. Since then species number of the genus steadily increases. The authors have rather comprehensively studied this genus and its related genera for F1. Reip. Pop. Sin. The present paper deals mainly with morphological characteristics of the genus Acidosasa and the differences from its related genera i. e. Arundinaria, Sasa and Indosasa. The genus Acidosasa is closely related to the genus Arundinaria in the type and origin of inflorescences and the vegetative appearance. But it differs from Arundinaria in the structure of florets. In Acidosasa, each floret is provided with six stamens, while in Arundinaria each floret is of only three stamens. The genus Acidosasa is similar to the genera Indosasa and Sasa in the numbers of stamens, but it is distinguished from lndosasa by its semelauctant (determinate) inflorescence, not iterautant (indeterminate) one, from Sasa by its taller stature and branch complement with three branches. We have carefully examined all the type specimens of Acidosasa and its related genera. A conclusion reached is that there are six species in the genus Acidosasa, most of which are native to S. China, with only one species in Viet Nam. Five specific binomials are reduced and one species is transferred into this genus. Two keys to species, respectively based on the flowering and vegetative characters, are given as follow: Key to species of the genus A cidosasa (1)(based on the flowering state) 1. Lemmas glabrous. 2. Spikelets stout, 3-6mm broad, pedicels 1.5-4cm long; lemmas large, 1.5-2.2cm long, with 15-19 nerves, subcoriaceous, not glaucous, shiny. 3. Lemmas up to 2.2cm long with conspicuously transverse veinlets, tessellate; palea and rhachilla entirely. glabrous, lodicules elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous ... 1. A. chinensis 3. Lemmas 1.5-1.8cm. long, slightly tessellate; palea puberulous at apex of carina, rhachilla puberuous at apex, lodicules obovate, ciliate at apex ............ 2. A. brilletii 2. Spikelets rather slende, 2-4mm broad, pedicels 0.5-1cm long; lemmas small, about 1.3 cm long, with 7-13 nerves, more or less glaucous .......... 3. A. chienouensis 1. Lemmas pubescent. 4. Glumas and lemmas densely pubescent ........................ 4. A. hirtiflora 4. Glumas subglabrous, lemmas sparsely pubescent. 5. Spikelets large, 3-7 cm long, lemmas 1.6-1.7 cm long, pedicels 2-13 mm long ................................................. 5. A. longiligula 5. Spikelets small, 2-3.7 cm long, lemmas about 1.3 cm long, pedicels 1-3 cm long ................................................... 6. A. venusta Key to species of the genus A cidosasa (2) (based on the vegetative state) 1. Ligules of leaf-sheaths strongly elevated, usually 2-8 mm long. 2. Young culms with bristly sheath scars; culm-sheaths without auricles and oral setae, not spotted, sheath-blades erect ................. 4. A. hirtiflora 2. Young culms with glabrous sheath scars; culm-sheaths with small auricles and oral setae, sparsely spotted, sheath-blades reflexed .......... 5. A. longiligula 1. Ligules of leaf-sheaths inconspicuous, less than 2 mm long. 3. Young culms more or less bristly, or sheath-scars bristly: 4. Culm-sheaths without auricles and oral setae, not farinose, without hairs at base. 5. Young culms densely bristly; culm-sheaths attenuate at apex and as wide as sheath-blades, with conspicuously transverse veinlets; leaf-blades large, usually 2.5-3.5 (-6.5) cm broad, conspicuously tessellate ..................................................... 1. A. chinensis 5. Young culms sparsely bristly; culm-sheaths truncate at apex and broader than sheath-blades, without transverse veinlets or inconspicuous; leaf-blades small, 1.5-2.5 cm broad, without visible transverse veinlets .................................................... 6. A. venusta 4. Culm-sheaths with auricles and oral setae, slightly farinose, densely bristle at base; leaf-blades rather narrow, 0.8-1.8 cm broad ............ 3. A. chienouensis 3. Young culms entirely glabrous; leaf-blades rather narrow, 1.2-1.8 cm broad ....................................................................................... 2. A. brilletill     

Effect of Temperature,pH, and Media on the Mycelial Growth of Tuber koreanum

Members of the genus Tuber are ectomycorrhizal fungi; this genus includes more than 180 species worldwide. In the present study, the optimal pH, temperature, and medium suitable for the mycelial growth of the Korean truffle, Tuber koreanum, were determined. Mycelium of T. koreanum, isolated from fruiting bodies collected in Korea, was used to investigate the effects of these environmental factors. The results showed that malt extract agar and potato dextrose agar were the most suitable for the mycelial growth of T. koreanum when cultured at a pH of 6.0 at 25 °C for 30 days.