大黍(Panicum maximum Jacq.)的胚珠附器

观察了大黍(Panicum,maximum Jacq．)胚珠附器的发生时间、位置和发育过程及其细胞化学特征。结果显示：(1)大孢子母细胞时期,珠孔端有一个或多个珠心表皮细胞开始伸长、膨大,特化为胚珠附器。(2)当胚珠附器伸长、膨大至最大程度时,胚珠附器细胞表现出显著的极性特征：细胞核位于细胞的珠孔端,大而清晰;细胞内同时形成了一个特大的液泡,几乎占据了整个细胞的合点端;细胞质则被挤到珠孔端一侧,集中分布在核的周围。(3)胚珠附器从开始出现到发育成熟,都没有淀粉粒的积累;但是,PAS反应显示胚珠附器细胞壁和细胞质都比普通珠心细胞的染色程度深,这说明其细胞壁和细胞内部富含可溶性多糖。     

外来植物坚尼草生态学研究

坚尼草（Panicm maximum Jacq.^-）是一种外来草本植物,已逸为野生,扩展迅速,对本地草本植物构成一定的影响。其扩展能力与其生长和繁殖特点有很大关系。研究表明,坚尼草对环境的适应能力较强;植株较高大,生长迅速,有较强的竞争能力;花期长,单丛坚尼草从始穗到终穗,花期可长达6－7个月;同一穗的果实熟期不同,而且边熟边脱落,从抽穗的5－7d起开始有果实脱落,脱落时间可持续1个月左右,以抽穗2－3周为脱落高峰;不同时间成熟的果实,明发率也不同,7月份成熟的果实比9成熟的果实萌发率高。同一穗中,以抽穗后2－3周（果实脱落的高峰期）成熟的果实萌发率较高。果实成熟后,不能立即萌发,储存1－6个月,种子萌发率较高。     

外来植物坚尼草生态学研究

坚尼草(Panicum maximum Jacq.)是一种外来草本植物,已逸为野生,扩展迅速,对本地草本植物构成一定的影响。其扩展能力与其生长和繁殖特点有很大关系。研究表明,坚尼草对环境的适应能力较强;植株较高大,生长迅速,有较强的竞争能力;花期长,单丛坚尼草从始穗到终穗,花期可长达6～7个月;同一穗的果实熟期不同,而且边熟边脱落,从抽穗的5～7d起开始有果实脱落,脱落时间可持续1个月左右,以抽穗2～3周为脱落高峰;不同时间成熟的果实,种子萌发率也不同,7月份成熟的果实比9月份成熟的果实萌发率高。同一穗中,以抽穗后2～3周（果实脱落的高峰期）成熟的果实萌发率较高。果实成熟后,不能立即萌发,储存1～6个月,种子萌发率较高。     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf tissues of Panicum maximum Jacq.

Summary Somatic embryogenesis was induced in proliferating leaf segments of Panicum maximum Jacq., cultured on Murashige and Skoog's nutrient medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and coconut milk. The embryoids gave rise to plants on a medium containing gibberellic acid. The plants were successfully transplanted to soil and grown to maturity. Histological examination of proliferating leaves showed that the embryogenic callus tissue was formed by divisions in cells of the lower epidermis as well as the mesophyll tissue. The regenerated plants showed the normal chromosome number of 2n=4x=32.Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Journal Series No. 2775     

热研8号坚尼草的光合特性研究

2006年9月上旬,在晴天用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定热研8号坚尼草的光合特性。结果显示,热研8号坚尼草的光合日变化呈"单峰型",无"午休"现象,13:00时出现峰值(Pn为26.9 μmol/m²·s),变化趋势与蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)等因子相同;叶片光饱和点(LSP)约为1 700 μmol/m²·s,光补偿点(LCP)约为46 μmol/m²·s,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.0535,CO₂饱和点(CSP)为600 μmol/mol,CO₂补偿点(CCP)为3.49 μmol/mol,羧化效率(CE)为0.1168。表明热研8号坚尼草是一种耐荫的C₄型阳性植物。     

The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency on flavonol accumulation in plant tissues

The flavonol content of Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato seedlings was assessed in conditions of reduced nitrogen or phosphorus availability. In both systems, a significant inverse relationship was observed between nutrient availability and flavonol accumulation, with nitrogen limitation promoting the greatest increase in flavonols. A trial was established to determine the effects of decreased nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the flavonol content of leaf and fruit tissues of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Chaser) in a commercial situation. Nutrients were supplied by a hydroponic system with nutrient regimes designed to provide the highest and lowest nitrogen and phosphorus levels with which it is possible to support plant growth and fruit set. Fruiting was abundant and tomato fruits were harvested at mature green, breaker and red stages of ripening; leaves were also harvested from the tops of the plants. All tissues were analysed for flavonol content using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Flavonol accumulation in the leaves of mature tomato plants was found to increase significantly in response to nitrogen stress, whereas phosphorus deficiency did not elicit this response. Reduced nitrogen availability had no consistent effect on the flavonol content of tomato fruits. Phosphorus deficiency elicited an increase in flavonol content in early stages of ripening. Effects of nutrient stress on the flavonol content of tomato fruits were lost as ripening progressed. The findings suggest that nutrient status may be employed to manipulate the flavonol content of vegetative tissues but cannot be used to elevate the flavonol content of tomato fruit.     

Influence of magnesium deficiency on rates of leaf expansion, starch and sucrose accumulation, and net assimilation in Phaseolus vulgaris

Twenty one-day-old Phaseolus vulgaris 'Saxa'plants were cultured in a growth chamber and the plants supplied with either a complete or a Mg-free nutrient solution. From 6 days after transfer to the Mg-free solution, the rate of increase of the area of the second trifoliate leaf was considerably reduced; by day 11 the sucrose concentration in the first trifoliate leaf had increased 6. 2-fold at the end of the dark period and 4. 6-fold after the light period as compared with the control plants. Corresponding starch concentrations increased 6. 6-fold and 2. 9-fold respectively. After days 5 to 6 the assimilation rates declined in the first trifoliate leaf of the plants showing deficiency, in comparison with the plants fully supplied with nutrients; respiration increased during darkness. The reduction in net assimilation rate was to a great extent reversible after resupply of magnesium.
The reduction of magnesium concentration in the deficient plants was much more marked in the expanding leaves than in the mature primary leaves and roots. Sucrose and starch accumulation did not occur when the first trifoliate leaf was partially shaded, although magnesium concentration, as in the unshaded leaves, was reduced to 13% of that of the control plants. The consequences of magnesium deficiency in the expanding first trifoliate leaf are discussed in terms of the possibility of sink limitation.     

Cadmium Removal Potential from Contaminated Soil by Tagetes erecta L. and Panicum maximum: Influence of Soil pH

The potential for cadmium (Cd) removal from contaminated soil by two species—marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)—was investigated in pot culture experiments in a greenhouse in triplicate. The concentration of Cd was varied from 50 to 200 mg kg^?1 and the pH was varied from 5.0 to 7.5 to investigate the effect of pH on Cd uptake. The results showed that total biomass of Guinea grass was around nine and seven times higher than that of marigold for Cd treatments of 50 and 100 mg kg^?1 at pH 5.0, respectively. Total cadmium uptake at Cd treatments of 50 and 100 mg kg^?1 at pH 5.0 by Guinea grass was 19.28 ± 3.14 and 36.06 ± 4.28 mg kg^?1, respectively, and for marigold was 15.66 ± 4.17 and 20.38 ± 3.24 mg kg^?1, respectively. The total Cd uptake by Guinea grass was 1.23 and 1.77 higher than that of marigold at Cd treatments of 50 and 100 mg kg^?1, respectively, at pH 5.0 due to higher biomass. The maximum Cd uptake by marigold and Guinea grass occurred at pH 5.0 at Cd treatment of 100 mg kg^?1. The results clearly show that the two species behave very differently for Cd uptake. Guinea grass is easy to grow, drought tolerant and, due to its higher biomass, it can be used for remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.     

Isozyme polymorphism and organization of the agamic complex of the Maximae (Panicum maximum Jacq., P. infestum Anders,and P. trichocladum K. Schum.) in Tanzania

The tribe Maximae (Panicum maximum Jacq., P. infestum Anders., P. trichocladum K. Schum.) includes two sympatric pools with different modes of reproduction and ploidy levels: an apomictic and tetraploid pool on the one hand, and a smaller, sexual and diploid pool on the other. From an analysis of isozyme polymorphism five main results were evident. First, overall polymorphism is considerable showing that apomixis does not lead to a reduction in diversity. Second, the isozyme polymorphism of the two pools is similar, and this may be explained by reciprocal gene flow (low, but continuous) between these two pools. Third, maximum local polymorphism is due to the simultaneous presence of P. maximum sexuals and P. infestum apomicts. A continuum exists between the two species. Fourth, a high proportion of rare alleles, arising from introgression from P. infestum, characterized the isozyme polymorphism. These rare alleles, strongly counter-selected at the diploid level, are maintained by apomixis; the frequency of triplex or quadruplex genotypes was nevertheless low. Fifth, the heterozygosity level within apomicts is not higher than that of sexuals, showing that the apomixis-polyploidy combination does not lead to a higher frequency of very heterozygous individuals.     

绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶研究述评

作物对氮素的吸收利用及氮素在土壤中的积累和运移,制约着绿洲农田生产力并对农田环境造成影响,是绿洲农田生态系统可持续发展和绿洲稳定性研究的一个重要方面。针对农田氮素积累和淋溶这一绿洲资源消耗量增加、耕作方式粗放结果下的环境问题,对其特征及引发的环境效应进行了详细阐述,并从不同的角度综述了缓减绿洲氮素淋失及环境污染的对策。指出在未来还需加强绿洲地下水氮污染调查及农田氮素积累和淋溶现状的区域评价,并针对一些在绿洲大面积推广的农田管理技术开展其对农田氮素积累和淋溶影响的研究,并强调人文因素在绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶调控中的重要性。     

Effects of sucrose on starch accumulation and rate of photosynthesis in Rosa cultured in vitro

Shootlets of Rosa multiflora L. cv. Montse were cultured in vitro with four different levels of sucrose (0, 1, 3 and 5%). Chloroplasts of shootlets grown in a medium without sucrose contained numerous, large plastoglobuli and were lacking in starch granules. The size and number of starch granules increased with the level of sucrose in the culture medium. Starch content in leaves of shootlets grown with 5% sucrose was higher (ca 1, 3%) than those grown with 3% (ca 0, 45%) and 1% sucrose (ca 0, 27%). Starch might be used by the in vitro shootlets during the acclimation period.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - Pi orthophosphate - S sucrose - Rubisco ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase - TEM transmission electron microscopy     

Lincomycin-induced alteration in the contents of chlorophyll-protein complexes of dimorphic maize chloroplasts and its effect on the temperature-induced spectral changes

The difference spectroscopy technique has been utilized to investigate the temperature-induced spectral changes in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Ganga-5) in order to assess the role of different pigment-protein complexes in the manifestation of temperature effect on the chloroplast membranes. Cooling and heating of both mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts resulted in absorbance difference (AA) bands at similar wavelengths but the degree of absorb-ance changes were significantly higher in bundle sheath chloroplasts. For example, upon cooling to 7-8°C, positive AA bands were observed at 440, 490 and 680 nm in mesophyll chloroplasts and at 440, 495–500 and 680 nm in bundle sheath chloroplasts but the absorbance change at 680 nm was ca 2% in mesophyll chloroplasts, whereas it was ca 5% in bundle sheath chloroplasts, which have a lower content of light-harvesting pigment-protein complex. The role of chlorophyll-protein complexes was further investigated by monitoring the temperature-induced spectral changes of mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts isolated from lincomycin-treated maize plants where lincomycin selectively inhibits the biosynthesis of specific chlorophyll-protein complexes. Results indicated that depletion of certain pigment-protein complexes in mesophyll chloroplasts made them more susceptible (a ca 4% vs ca 2% absorbance change upon cooling and a ca 6% vs ca 4% absorbance change upon heating) and less tolerant to temperature variation (a 76% vs 39% reversibility during ambient→Cooling→ambient temperature cycle). The data indicate that pigment-protein complexes play a significant role in protecting the chloroplast membranes against temperature variation.     

施磷对间套作玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累分配及磷肥利用效率的影响

通过2011、2012年连续两年田间试验, 研究了“小麦/玉米/大豆”间套作体系中不同施磷处理（小麦0、45、90、135、180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 记为WP₀、WP₁、WP₂、WP₃、WP₄; 玉米0、37.5、75、112.5、150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 记为MP₀、MP₁、MP₂、MP₃、MP₄）对玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累动态和磷肥利用效率的影响.结果表明: 在玉米与小麦共生期, 施磷明显增加了玉米叶面积指数（LAI）和群体光合势（LAD）, 促进了茎、叶干物质的积累（DMA）; 玉米拔节以后LAI、LAD、生长率（CGR）和DMA均随磷肥施用量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势, 最大值都出现在MP₂或MP₃处理; 玉米生殖生长期营养器官的干物质输出随着磷肥施用量的增加而增加.玉米籽粒产量和体系总产量均随磷肥施用量的增加先增大后减少,都以P₃处理为最高,分别为6588和11955 kg·hm^-2.玉米磷肥表观利用率（PARE）以MP₂处理最高（26.3%）,分别比MP₁（14.4%）、MP₃（19.0%）、MP₄（10.4%）处理高82.6%、38.4%和152.9%.综上,在麦/玉/豆间套作体系中,适量施用磷肥可促进玉米的生长、减轻小麦对玉米的影响,同时可提高玉米当季磷肥利用率,玉米的磷肥施用量在75～112.5 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2为宜.     

Relationship between activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis and accumulation in maize inbred lines during grain filling

Time course of starch production and the key enzyme activities in the grains of four maize inbred lines (two high-starch and two low-starch lines) were studied. Accumulation of grain starch and its components in four maize inbred lines rose continuously after pollination and increased as a sigmoid curve during grain filling. The accumulation rates showed single-peak curves. The accumulation rates of starch and its components reached their peaks on 25–32 days after pollination (DAP), respectively. Activities of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPPase) and starch synthase in the grains of four lines followed single-peak curves with the peaks on 24–31 DAP. The highest activity of the starch-branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) in the grains of both high-starch lines appeared on 23 DAP, but that of both low-starch inbred lines showed double-peak curves, the peaks being at 15–20 DAP and 30–35 DAP. There was significant positive correlation between AGPPase, soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch granule-bound synthase (GBSS) activities. The results indicated the Q-enzyme had different expression patterns in the high-and the low-starch maize inbred lines, and that AGPPase, SSS, and GBSS activities were significantly and positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch accumulation rates in all lines. This text was submitted by the authors in English     

葛根淀粉合成关键酶活性动态及其与块根产量和淀粉积累的相关性研究

为探讨葛根发育过程中淀粉合成关键酶活性与块根产量和淀粉积累的关系,以初步揭示其内在的生理机制。该研究以‘桂葛1号’粉葛和‘桂葛8号’野葛为材料,采取生理测定法对农艺性状、直链和支链淀粉的含量、淀粉合成关键酶活性等进行测定,并对葛根发育过程中淀粉合成关键酶活性、农艺性状和淀粉含量动态变化的关系进行相关性分析。结果表明：(1)块根发育过程中,两品种葛根腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚性结合淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性呈现先增大后降低的单峰曲线变化,与直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量由缓慢增长到快速增长后趋于稳定的变化趋势基本一致,即在块根形成期至膨大期逐渐增长,至膨大后期达到最大,之后迅速下降,至成熟期缓慢下降,并维持在较高水平。(2)‘桂葛8号’的淀粉含量和产量显著高于‘桂葛1号’,其酶活性也均显著高于‘桂葛1号’。(3)葛块根的根长、根粗、单株重、干物质含量、产量表现为“缓慢-快速-稳定”的变化趋势,淀粉含量表现出类似变化。(4)相关性分析结果显示,4个淀粉合成关键酶活性与块根直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量、根长均呈显著或...     

花后干旱或渍水下氮素供应对小麦光合和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

防雨池栽条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个土壤水分处理,每水分处理下再设置两个施氮水平,研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素水平对两个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,花后渍水和干旱处理显著降低小麦旗叶净光合速率和SPAD值,干物质积累量下降.干旱处理下,增施氮肥提高旗叶光合速率和SPAD值,渍水处理下则相反.水分逆境明显降低籽粒可溶性总糖含量,且渍水处理下增施氮肥降低小麦叶片和籽粒可溶性总糖含量,干旱状态下规律相反.渍水处理下增施氮肥降低淀粉积累速率.水分逆境明显降低小麦粒重、产量和淀粉产量,且干旱处理下增施氮肥有利于籽粒重、产量和淀粉产量的提高,而渍水下增施氮肥使粒重和产量进一步降低.试验结果表明,花后渍水和干旱逆境下施用氮肥对小麦旗叶光合速率和籽粒淀粉积累有明显的调节效应.     

Nitrate accumulation and growth of Aster tripolium L. with a continuous and intermittent nitrogen supply*

Abstract The ‘tidal salt marsh’ ecotype of the halophyte Aster tripolium L. was grown in a nutrient solution with either a continuous or an intermittent NO₃^? supply with either Cl^? or SO₄^2? as the alternative anion. With increasing periods of NO₃^? supply per week the rate of the dry weight increment increased. When NO₃^? was supplied for longer than 48 h per week, the dry weight and the organic-N content in the shoots hardly increased, whereas the NO₃^? content in shoots and roots increased further. With alternated supply of a nutrient solution containing NO₃^? with one containing Cl^?, the internal NO₃^? content in the shoot was lower than in shoots grown in solutions in which NO₃^? alternated with SO₄^2?. It is concluded, that NO₃^? does not have a specific function in osmoregulation.     

Enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism in Zea mays leaves

Mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of maize leaves were separated and enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism assayed. The starch content and activities of ADPglucose (ADPG) starch synthetase and phosphorylase expressed both on a chlorophyll and a protein basis were much lower in mesophyll cells compared to bundle sheath preparations. Exposure of the leaves to continuous illumination for 2·5 days caused the starch content of mesophyll cells to rise greatly and led to considerable increases in ADPG starch synthetase and phosphorylase activity. In glasshouse grown leaves the bulk of invertase, sucrose phosphate synthetase, sucrose phosphatase, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and amylase was situated in the mesophyll layer. Sucrose synthetase, ADPG starch synthetase and phosphorylase were largely confined to the bundle sheath. No enzyme could be completely assigned to one particular cell layer. Upon continuous illumination both ADPG starch synthetase and phosphorylase increased in the mesophyll bythe same relative amount. The mesophyll is likely to be a major site for sucrose synthesis in maize leaves.     

木薯蔗糖合成、转运与块根淀粉积累关系研究

该研究以淀粉含量不同的两个木薯品种(辐选01和华南124)为材料,通过测定各品种不同生育期叶、茎和根的蔗糖含量及块根淀粉含量,分析了蔗糖合成、转运和块根淀粉积累过程的相关性.结果表明:与华南124相比,在整个生育期内辐选01叶、茎的蔗糖含量均较高,块根蔗糖含量在块根膨大初期以前高于华南124,块根膨大初期以后则相反.在木薯的整个生育期,与辐选01相比,华南124的淀粉合成量和淀粉合成速率均较低.叶和茎蔗糖含量的变化规律与淀粉合成速率的变化规律相反,即块根淀粉积累明显加快时叶和茎的蔗糖含量略呈下降趋势,而块根淀粉合成减慢时叶、茎的蔗糖含量又开始上升.随着生育期的延后,块根蔗糖含量越来越低.在块根形成初期,蔗糖含量最高的组织部位为块根,其次为茎秆,最低的是叶片;而在块根成熟期时则相反,即蔗糖含量最高的部位是叶片,其次为茎杆,块根的蔗糖含量最小.相关性分析结果表明,木薯叶片蔗糖含量与块根淀粉含量呈显著的正相关;茎秆蔗糖含量与块根淀粉积累量呈不显著的正相关;块根蔗糖含量与淀粉积累量呈显著的负相关.由此可见,木薯叶、茎和根蔗糖与块根淀粉积累过程密切相关,其中叶片合成蔗糖的能力与块根利用蔗糖的能力在淀粉的积累过程中发挥关键作用.该研究结果为木薯的生产选育与高效栽培提供了理论依据.     

三江平原湿地小叶章群落磷素积累动态与生物量动态分析

采用野外定位观测结合室内分析的方法,对三江平原典型小叶章湿地两种类型小叶章生长季磷的积累及植物生物量的季节动态进行研究,以揭示三江平原湿地中磷在植物中积累的季节动态变化及其与植物生物量积累之间的关系,进一步认识磷在湿地系统中通过植物吸收迁移转化的机制。结果表明,两种小叶章群落地上、地下生物量以及植物体磷储量有明显的季节动态变化,但二者季节变化特征不同。此外,植物体地上、地下部分磷素积累量和生物量在整个植物体所占的比重两种类型也存在一定差异,这与植物所处的生境及其生态适应有一定关系。分析两种小叶章群落的生长速率(AGR)以及磷素的积累速率(Vp),表明在生长初期,磷是植物生长的重要营养元素。两种小叶章的AGR、Vp的变化曲线相似,说明对于这两种小叶章群落,生境不是磷积累速率的主要影响因素。