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1.
Rigorous bed rest (RBR) induces significant electrolyte changes, but little it is not known about the effect of acute bed
rest (ABR) (i.e., abrupt confinement to a RBR). The aim of this study was to measure urinary and plasma electrolyte changes
during ABR and RBR conditions.
The studies were done during 3 d of a pre-bed-rest (BR) period and during 7 d of an ABR and RBR period. Thirty male trained
athletes aged, 24.4 ± 6.6 yr were chosen as subjects. They were divided equally into three groups: unrestricted ambulatory
control subjects (UACS), acute-bed-rested subjects (ABRS), and rigorous-bed-rested subjects (RBRS). The UACS group experienced
no changes in professional training and daily activities. The ABRS were submitted abruptly to a RBR regimen and without having
any prior knowledge of the exact date and time when they would be subjected to an RBR regimen. The RBRS were subjected to
an RBR regime on a predetermined date and time known to them from the beginning of the study.
Sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and phosphate (P) in plasma and urine, plasma renin activity (PRA)
and plasma aldosterone (PA), physical characteristics, peak oxygen uptake, and food and water intakes were measured. Urinary
Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P excretion and plasma Na, K, Mg, Ca, and P concentration, PRA, and PA concentration increased significantly
(p ≤ 0.01), whereas body weight, peak oxygen uptake, and food and water intakes decreased significantly in the ABRS and RBRS
groups when compared with the UACS group. However, urinary and plasma Na, K, Mg, P, and Ca, PRA, and PA values increased much
faster and were much greater in the ABRS group than in the RBRS group. Plasma and urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P, PRA and PA
levels, food and water intakes, body weight, and peak oxygen uptake did not change significantly in the UACS group when compared
with its baseline control values.
It was shown that RBR and ABR conditions induce significant increases in urinary and plasma electrolytes; however, urinary
and plasma electrolyte changes appeared much faster and were much greater in the ABRS group than the RBRS group. It was concluded
that the more abruptly motor activity is ended, the faster and the greater the urinary and plasma electrolyte change. 相似文献
2.
Zorbas YG Kakurin VJ Kuznetsov NA Yarullin VL Andreyev ID Charapakhin KP 《Biological trace element research》2002,85(1):1-22
Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces significant potassium (K) changes; however, little is known about K deposition and
deficiency during hypokinesia (HK). Using K supplements during and after HK, the aim was to establish body K deposition and
K deficiency during HK. Studies were done during the pre-HK period of 30 d, HK period of 364 d, and post-HK period of 30 d.
Forty male trained athletes aged 24.9 ± 8.0 y were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into four groups: unsupplemented
active control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented active control subjects (SACS), and
supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS). Hypokinetic subjects were limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 km/d. Control
subjects ran an average distance of 11.6 km/d. The SHKS and SACS groups took 95.0 mg elemental K/kg body weight daily.
Fecal K excretion, urinary sodium (Na) and K excretion, plasma K and Na levels, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone
(PA), food and fluid intake, and physical characteristics were measured. During HK, fecal K loss, urinary K and Na loss, and
plasma K, Na, PRA, and PA levels increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), whereas during the initial days of post-HK, the levels of the measured parameters decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the SHKS and UHKS groups as compared with the SACS and UACS groups, respectively. During HK, body weight, body
fat, peak oxygen uptake, food and fluid intake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), whereas during the initial days of post-HK period remained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) depressed and fluid intake increased in SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the SACS and UACS groups, respectively.
However, during HK and post-HK plasma, urinary, and fecal K changed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more in the SHKS group than in the UHKS group. The deposition of K was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower and K deficiency much higher in the SHKS group than in the UHKS group. Fecal K loss, urinary K and Na loss,
plasma K, Na, PRA, and PA levels, body weight, body fat, peak oxygen uptake, and food and fluid intake did not change significantly
in the SACS and UACS when compared with their baseline control values.
It was shown that plasma K concentration and urinary and fecal K excretion increased during HK and decreased significantly
(p ≤ 0.05) during post-HK. post-HK. Oral K supplements did not influence plasma or fecal and urinary K either during HK or post-HK.
It was concluded that the low plasma K level and fecal and urinary K loss during post-HK may indicate the presence of K deficiency,
and increased K in plasma, urine, and feces during HK and in the presence of K deficiency may suggest the body’s inability
to retain K during HK. 相似文献
3.
Zorbas YG Yarullin VL Denogradov SD Afonin VB Kakurin VJ 《Biological trace element research》2000,73(3):211-229
Electrolyte metabolism undergoes significant changes in trained subjects, but it is unknown if it undergoes significant changes
in untrained subjects during hypokinesia (decreased movement). The aim of this study was to measure calcium (Ca) changes in
trained and untrained subjects during prolonged hypokinesia (HK).
Studies were done during 30 d of a pre-HK period and 364 d of a HK period. Forty male trained and untrained volunteers aged
23–26 yr were chosen as subjects. All subjects were equally divided into four groups: trained ambulatory control subjects
(TACS), trained hypokinetic subjects (THKS), untrained hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), and untrained ambulatory control subjects
(UACS). The THKS and UHKS groups were kept under an average running distance of 0.7 km/d.
Fecal Ca excretion, urinary Ca and magnesium (Mg) excretion, serum ionized calcium (CaI), Ca, Mg, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25 (OH)2 D] concentration, body weight, and peak
oxygen uptake were measured. Fecal Ca loss, urinary Ca and Mg excretion, and serum CaI, Mg, and Ca increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01), whereas serum iPTH and 1,25 (OH)2 D concentration body weight and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the THKS and UHKS groups when compared with the TACS and UACS groups. The measured parameters were much greater
and much faster in the THKS group than in the UHKS group. By contrast, the corresponding parameters did not change significantly
in the TACS and UACS groups when compared with the baseline control values.
It was concluded that prolonged HK induces significant fecal, urinary, and serum Ca changes in the hypokinetic subjects when
compared with control subjects. However, fecal, urinary, and serum Ca changes were much greater and appeared much faster in
the THKS group than the UHKS group. 相似文献
4.
Zorbas YG Petrov KL Kakurin VJ Kuznetsov NA Charapakhin KP Alexeyev ID Denogradov SD 《Biological trace element research》2000,73(3):231-250
Calcium (Ca) supplements may be used to normalize Ca-balance changes but little is known about the effect of Ca supplements
on Ca balance during hypokinesia (decreased kilometers per day). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of daily
intakes of Ca supplements on Ca balance during hypokinesia (HK).
Studies were done during 30 d of a pre-HK period and during 364 d of a HK period. Forty male athletes aged 23–26 yr were chosen
as subjects. They were divided equally into four groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented
hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS), and supplemented ambulatory control subjects (SACS).
The SHKS and UHKS groups were kept under an average running distance of 0.7 km/d. In the SHKS and SACS groups supplemented
with 35.0 mg Ca lactate/kg body weight.
Fecal Ca loss, urinary excretion of Ca and phosphate (P), serum concentrations of ionized calcium (CaI) total Ca, P, and Ca balance, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), anthropometric
characteristics and peak oxygen uptake were measured. Fecal Ca excretion, urinary Ca and P excretion, serum CaI, total Ca, and P concentration, and negative Ca balanced increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the SACS and UACS groups. Serum, urinary, and fecal Ca changes were
much greater and appeared much faster in the SHKS group than in the UHKS group. Serum iPTH and 1,25 (OH)2 D, body weight,
and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with the SACS and UACS groups. In contrast, the corresponding parameters
remained stable in the SACS and UACS groups when compared with the baseline control values.
It was concluded that during prolonged HK, urinary and fecal Ca excretion and serum Ca concentration increased significantly
despite the presence of a negative Ca balance; thus, Ca supplements cannot be used to normalize negative Ca balance during
prolonged HK. 相似文献
5.
Zorbas YG Kakurin VJ Afonin VB Charapakhin KP Yarullin VL Deogenov VA 《Biological trace element research》2000,76(2):113-131
Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces significant calcium (Ca) changes, but little is known about the effect of hypokinesia
(HK) on Ca deficiency. Measuring Ca changes during and after HK the aim of this study was to determine Ca deficiency during
prolonged HK.
Studies were done on 12 male Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkeys) aged 3–5 yr (5.58–6.42 kg) during a 90-d pre-HK period, a 90-d HK period, and a 15-d post-HK period. Monkeys
were equally divided into two groups: vivarium control monkeys (VCM) and hypokinetic monkeys (HKM). Hypokinetic monkeys were
kept in small individual cages that restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intakes.
Urinary, fecal, and serum Ca, urinary and serum magnesium (Mg) and phosphate (P), serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH),
and calcitonin (CT) concentration, body weight, food intake, fluid consumed and eliminated in urine were measured. During
the HK period, fecal Ca loss, urinary Ca, P, and Mg excretion, fluid elimination, and serum P, Ca, and Mg concentration increased
significantly (p≤0.01), whereas serum iPTH and CT concentration, food and fluid intakes, and body weight decreased significantly (p≤0.01) in the HKM group when compared with the VCM group. During the initial days of the post-HK period, serum Ca, Mg, and
P concentration, fecal Ca loss, urinary Ca, Mg, and P excretion, and fluid elimination decreased significantly (p≤0.01), whereas fluid intake increased significantly (p≤0.01) in the HKM group when compared with the VCM group. Food intake, body weight, and serum iPTH and CT concentrations remained
significantly (p≤0.01) depressed in the HKP group when compared with the VCM; however, they increased as the duration of the post-HK period
increased. By contrast, the corresponding parameters remained stable in the VCM group when compared with the baseline control
values.
It was shown that fecal and urinary Ca loss and serum Ca concentration increases significantly during HK, whereas during post-HK
fecal, urinary, and serum Ca decreases significantly. It was concluded that significant decrease of serum, urinary, and fecal
Ca during post-HK may suggest the presence of Ca deficiency during prolonged HK. 相似文献
6.
Zorbas YG Kakurin VJ Afonin VB Charapakhin KP Denogradov SD 《Biological trace element research》2000,78(1-3):93-112
Electrolyte supplements may be used to prevent changes in electrolyte balance during hypokinesia (diminished movement). The
aim of this study was to measure the effect of potassium (K) supplements on K balance during prolonged hypokinesia (HK).
Studies were done during 30 d of a pre-HK period and during 364 d of an HK period. Forty male athletes aged 25.1±4.4 yr were
chosen as subjects. They were divided equally into four groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented
hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS) and supplemented ambulatory control subjects (SACS).
The SHKS and UHKS groups were kept under an average walking distance of 0.7 km/d. The SACS and SHKS groups were supplemented
daily with 50.0 mg elemental potassium chloride (KCl) per kilogram body weight.
The K balance, fecal K excretion, urinary K, sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) excretion, plasma K, Na, and Cl concentration,
plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) concentration, anthropometric characteristics and peak oxygen uptake
were measured. Negative K balance, fecal K excretion, urinary K, Na, and Cl excretion, plasma K, Na, and Cl concentration,
and PRA and PA concentration increased significantly (p≤0.01), whereas body weight and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly in the SHKS and UHKS groups when compared with
SACS and UACS groups. However, the measured parameters changed much faster and much more in SHKS group than UHKS group. By
contrast, K balance, fecal, urinary, and plasma K, plasma hormones, body weight, and peak oxygen uptake did not change significantly
in the SACS and UACS groups when compared with the baseline control values.
It was concluded that prolonged HK induces a significant negative K balance associated with increased plasma K concentration
and urinary and fecal K excretion. However, negative K balance appeared much faster and was much greater in the SHKS group
than UHKS group. Thus, K supplementation was not effective in preventing negative K balance during prolonged HK. 相似文献
7.
Zorbas YG Kakurin VJ Denogradov SD Luzhkov SH Neofitov AC 《Biological trace element research》2002,90(1-3):155-173
Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces muscle mineral depletion. However, the mechanism of muscle mineral depletion during
hypokinesia (HK) remains unknown. Measuring electrolyte retention and electrolyte values in muscle, plasma, and urine during
and after HK, the aim of this study was to discover if HK could depress mineral retention and lead to muscle mineral depletion.
Studies were done on 204 13-wk-old male Wistar rats (370–390 g) during 10 d pre-HK period, 98 d HK period, and 15 d post-HK
period. Rats were equally divided into two groups: vivarium control rats (VCR) and hypokinetic rats (HKR). All hypokinetic
rats were kept for 98 d in small individual cages, which restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food
and water intakes. All control rats were housed for 98 d in individual cages under vivarium control conditions. Both groups
of rats were pair-fed.
During the HK period skeletal muscle sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and water content and electrolyte
retention decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while urinary and plasma electrolyte levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in HKR compared with their pre-HK values and their respective VCR. During the initial days of the post-HK period,
mineral retention increased significantly (p < 0.05), plasma and urinary electrolyte level decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while muscle electrolyte and water content remained significantly (p < 0.05) depressed in HKR compared with VCR. Muscle mineral and water content, electrolyte retention, plasma, and urinary
electrolyte values did not change in VCR compared with their pre-HK values.
It was concluded that during HK decreased muscle mineral content may suggest muscle mineral depletion, while increased urinary
electrolyte loss and muscle mineral depletion may demonstrate reduced mineral retention. Reduced electrolyte excretion and
depressed muscle mineral content during post-HK may indicate skeletal muscle mineral depletion during HK. Dissociation between
electrolyte retention and muscle mineral depletion may demonstrate the presence of decreased electrolyte retention as the
mechanism of muscle electrolyte depletion during prolonged HK. 相似文献