大肠杆菌DH5α及其耐乙酸突变株DA19在氮源限制下的代谢和关键酶特性研究

在氮源限制的基本培养基中对大肠杆菌DH5α及其耐乙酸突变株DA19进行连续培养,通过测定中心代谢途径关键酶的活性分析二者代谢差异。结果表明,DA19的6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)和异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)活性高于DH5α,而磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)和乙酸激酶(ACK)活性低于DH5α,反映了DA19进入磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)的碳流增加,而进入酵解和乙酸产生(Ack-Pta)途径的碳流减少。因此,关键酶活差异与DA19菌体关于葡萄糖得率提高、副产物乙酸和丙酮酸的生成减少相一致。添加腺嘌呤后,DH5α的G6PDH和ICDH活性增加,PFK和ACK活性降低,而DA19各酶活变化不明显。乙酸钠的添加导致除PFK外的其他酶活性均降低,尤其是DH5α的ICDH明显降低,这些结果反映的中心代谢途径流量变化也与二者生长和代谢副产物积累的变化一致。     

不同浓度外源乙酸钠对耐乙酸大肠埃希菌DA19代谢和关键酶酶活的影响

为研究外源乙酸钠对大肠埃希菌DA19生长代谢的影响,将该菌株在氮源限制基本培养基及添加不同浓度乙酸钠的氮源限制基本培养基中连续培养,测定稳态时生长代谢参数和胞内关键酶酶活。与MN培养基相比,葡萄糖比消耗速率和延胡索酸比生成速率随外源乙酸钠质量浓度增加而逐渐下降,丙酮酸比生成速率则随外源乙酸钠质量浓度增加而明显增加,而乙酸比生成速率则明显降低(除9 g/L乙酸钠外)。磷酸果糖激酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸裂解酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和乙酸激酶酶活随外源乙酸钠质量浓度增加而呈先下降后上升的趋势,而6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶则随着外源乙酸钠质量浓度增加而逐渐降低。为了应对外源乙酸钠压力,大肠埃希菌DA19的生长代谢和中心代谢途径酶活都发生了明显改变。     

腺嘌呤对大肠杆菌DH5α及其耐乙酸突变株DA19生长和代谢的影响

大肠杆菌DH5α和DA19在碳源限制的基本培养基中进行分批培养和氮源限制的基本培养基中进行连续培养,发现添加腺嘌呤会使DH5α生长改善,乙酸产生减少;对DA19的生长和代谢影响不明显。连续培养细胞的蛋白质组分析结果显示:添加腺嘌呤后DA19 purH表达水平降低,而DH5α purH表达水平不变,表明DH5α嘌呤核苷酸从头合成能力差;DH5α yddS表达上调,gnd表达水平稍有提高,细胞生长改善。     

微量元素对大肠杆菌生长和乙酸生成的影响研究

大肠杆菌DA19的代谢特性与培养基中添加微量元素有较大的关系。在基本培养基中,当氮源限制时,添加微量元素可以在一定程度上改善DA19菌体的生长,提高菌体得率YX/G,大大减少乙酸的生成;当氮源充分时,与不添加微量元素相比,DA19在添加微量元素后,菌体浓度大大增加,虽然葡萄糖消耗速率加快,但产乙酸仍然很少,只有不添加时的13％,YX/G提高至少60％。基本培养基中添加0.1～1mL/L的微量元素混合溶液对DA19菌体生长、乙酸生成及葡萄糖消耗没有显著影响。在单独添加不同种类的微量元素时, BO33-、Zn2+、MoO42+、Cu2+没有特别明显的影响,Al3+会抑制菌体生长和葡萄糖利用,而Co2+、Mn2+、Fe2+可以改善细胞生长,特别是添加Fe2+时,细胞生长及乙酸生成等培养结果与添加微量元素混合溶液几乎相同。     

大肠杆菌ptsHIcrr操纵子的快速敲除及敲除菌生长性能测定

敲除大肠杆菌磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-糖磷酸转移酶系统(简称PTS系统)ptsHIcrr操纵子,考察敲除菌株生长特性并将其与ptsG敲除菌进行比较。利用I-SceⅠ特异性切割和Red同源重组方法成功构建了大肠杆菌DH5α△ptsHIcrr敲除菌。在LB培养基中,DH5α△ptsHIcrr的生长行为与DH5α和DH5α△ptsG明显不同,其最高菌密度是DH5α和DH5α△ptsG的近2倍,而DH5α△ptsG生长行为与DH5α无明显差异。但在含1%葡萄糖的LB中,DH5α△ptsHIcrr和DH5α△ptsG均表现出生长优势,最高菌密度依次是DH5α的2.8和2倍;培养液中最终乙酸含量分别是DH5α的12.2%、47%。在M9修饰培养基中,DH5α△ptsHIcrr比生长速率(1/h)和比葡萄糖消耗速率[g/(g.h)]明显低于DH5α,并略低于DH5α△ptsG。结果说明,ptsHIcrr操纵子敲除菌改变了葡萄糖的代谢速率,并呈现与ptsG基因敲除菌不同的代谢特点。     

大肠杆菌DH5α耐乙酸突变株的选育及其代谢特性研究

大肠杆菌DH5α是基因工程常用的宿主菌之一,但由于对代谢副产物乙酸十分敏感,影响外源基因的表达效率。为了提高E. coli DH5α乙酸耐受力,采用60Co诱变结合连续培养,逐步提高稀释率和乙酸钠选择压力,于含乙酸钠平板进一步筛选,得到5株对乙酸耐受能力显著增强的突变菌株,具有良好的遗传稳定性,其中DA19显示最强的耐受性能。DA19与DH5α相比,在复合培养基YPS和YPS2G中菌体浓度分别提高17％和5％,最大比生长速率分别提高8％和27％,产乙酸分别减少为6％和59％;在基本培养基中的细胞浓度提高24倍,在含10g/L乙酸钠培养基中达到的细胞浓度与不加乙酸钠DH5α的细胞浓度相当。     

基因atpA、purHD和ndh的过量表达对大肠杆菌DH5a生长的影响

【目的】理解大肠杆菌DH5a及其耐乙酸突变株DA19在基本培养基中生长和乙酸积累差异的机理。【方法】根据前期针对两个菌株蛋白质组和培养中物料及能量平衡的分析,通过PCR分别扩增大肠杆菌DH5a及DA19的atpIBEFHAGDC基因、purHD基因和与NADH氧化代谢相关ndh基因及其各自的调节区,以及NADH脱氢酶Ⅰ基因（nuoA-N）的调节区。将atpA、purHD和ndh基因分别克隆到载体pTrc99a中,转化DH5a,研究基因过量表达对生长的影响。【结果】测序结果表明两个菌株的这些DNA序列与公布的大肠杆菌K-12的相应序列完全一致,在DH5a菌株中分别过量表达atpA、purHD或ndh基因可以在一定程度上改善菌体的生长。【结论】过量表达purHD或ndh基因比过量表达atpA基因的效果更好,但与DA19的生长相比仍然存在较大差距,反映了代谢全局调节的重要性。     

敲除aceE基因对猪链球菌丙酮酸代谢的影响

【目的】探究缺失编码丙酮酸脱氢酶蛋白的aceE基因对猪链球菌生长特性、三羧酸循环和丙酮酸代谢的影响。【方法】通过测量菌液的OD600值,绘制野生型菌株与aceE基因缺失突变株的生长曲线;利用试剂盒测定三羧酸循环和丙酮酸代谢旁路中乙酰CoA、琥珀酸CoA、延胡索酸、草酰乙酸、丙酮酸、乳酸和ATP的含量,通过荧光定量qRT-PCR确定柠檬酸合酶基因、苹果酸脱氢酶基因、琥珀酸脱氢酶基因、异柠檬酸脱氢酶基因、丙酮酸脱羧酶基因、乳酸脱氢酶基因、乙醇脱氢酶基因和乙醛脱氢酶基因的表达水平。【结果】与野生株相比,菌株ΔaceE在平台期OD600值下降;添加1g/L乙酸盐能够显著提升菌株ΔaceE平台期OD600值。菌株ΔaceE的丙酮酸含量上升,ATP含量下降;三羧酸循环代谢中乙酰CoA、琥珀酸CoA、延胡索酸含量降低;柠檬酸合酶基因和苹果酸脱氢酶基因表达水平上升,琥珀酸脱氢酶基因和异柠檬酸脱氢酶基因表达水平下调;在丙酮酸代谢旁路中丙酮酸脱羧酶基因、乳酸脱氢酶基因、乙醇脱氢酶基因和乙醛脱氢酶基因表达水平上升。【结论】结果显示,菌株ΔaceE三羧酸循环活性降低,虽然能够通过PDH旁路将部分丙酮酸分解为乙...     

基因atpA、purHD和ndh的过量表达对大肠杆菌DH5α生长的影响

[目的]理解大肠杆菌DH5α及其耐乙酸突变株DA19在基本培养基中生长和乙酸积累差异的机理.[方法]根据前期针对两个菌株蛋白质组和培养中物料及能量平衡的分析,通过PCR分别扩增大肠杆菌DH5α及DA19的atpIBEFHAGDC基因、purHD基因和与NADH氧化代谢相关ndh基因及其各自的调节区,以及NADH脱氢酶Ⅰ基因(nuoA-N)的调节区.将atpA、purHD和ndh基因分别克隆到载体pTrc99a中,转化DH5α,研究基因过量表达对生长的影响.[结果]测序结果表明两个菌株的这些DNA序列与公布的大肠杆菌K-12的相应序列完全一致,在DH5α菌株中分别过量表达atpA、purHD或ndh基因可以在一定程度上改善菌体的生长.[结论]过量表达purHD或ndh基因比过量表达atpA基因的效果更好,但与DA19的生长相比仍然存在较大差距,反映了代谢全局调节的重要性.     

一株新型同型产乙酸菌Clostridium sp.的自养和异养生长特性

【背景】同型产乙酸菌是一类利用乙酰辅酶A途径固定CO_2合成自身细胞物质并生成乙酸、乙醇等代谢产物的厌氧菌群,其分布广泛、种类繁多且代谢多样。深入研究同型产乙酸菌菌株的代谢能力及特性,对探索该种群的生理生化特性及其环境作用至关重要。【目的】研究一株同型产乙酸菌Clostridium sp. BXX的最适培养条件及其自养与异养生长特性。【方法】设置BXX菌株培养温度10-55°C、初始pH 6.0-9.0、NaCl浓度0-2.0%、不同氮源,测定菌体细胞含量和产物生成浓度,确定菌株最适培养条件。研究BXX菌株分别以H_2/CO_2、合成气、CO、葡萄糖、1,2-丙二醇、甲酸钠、乙二醇甲醚、甘油、丙酮酸和乳酸为底物时的底物消耗、产物生成、菌体细胞含量和pH等,探究其自养和异养生长特性。【结果】BXX菌株的最适培养温度为30°C,初始pH为7.0,NaCl浓度为1.0%,氮源为酵母粉。BXX菌株能以H2/CO2、合成气、葡萄糖、1,2-丙二醇、甲酸钠、乙二醇甲醚和甘油为底物生长,不能以CO、丙酮酸或乳酸为底物生长。【结论】BXX菌株既能自养生长产乙酸,又能异养生长产乙醇。BXX菌株是乙酸发酵的优良菌种资源,有较好的工业应用潜力。     

Continuous culture and proteomic analysis of Escherichia coli DH5�� and its acetate-tolerant mutant DA19 under conditions of nitrogen source limitation

Escherichia coli DH5α grows poorly in a chemically defined medium, but its acetate-tolerant mutant, DA19, grows fast and produces less acetate. To investigate the differences in metabolism between the two strains, the samples of continuous cultures at steady state were analyzed by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE (2-D SDS-PAGE) and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). The results indicated that in DA19, expression of gnd, yddS, and purH (except for adenine supplement) was up-regulated, and expression of atpA, glnK, and ompR, which encode membrane proteins, was significantly up-regulated. Expression of ackA and yahK in DA19 was down-regulated. In the presence of acetate, hchA and ydcW in DH5α were significantly down-regulated. This study shed light on the differences in metabolic properties between DH5α and DA19, and provided some ideas for improving strains through metabolic engineering.     

Comparative study on central metabolic fluxes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus megaterium</Emphasis> strains in continuous culture using <Superscript>13</Superscript>C labelled substrates

Fluxes of central carbon metabolism [glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), biomass formation] were determined for several Bacillus megaterium strains (DSM319, WH320, WH323, MS941) in C- and N-limited chemostat cultures by ¹³C labelling experiments. The labelling patterns of proteinogenic amino acids were analysed by GC/MS and therefrom flux ratios at important nodes within the metabolic network could be calculated. On the basis of a stoichiometric metabolic model flux distributions were estimated for the different B. megaterium strains used at various cultivation conditions. Generally all strains exhibited similar metabolic flux distributions, however, several significant changes were found in (1) the glucose flux entering the PPP via the oxidative branch, (2) the reversibilities within the PPP, (3) the relative fluxes of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA fed to the TCA cycle, (4) the fluxes around the pyruvate node involving a futile cycle.     

Examination of primary metabolic pathways in a murine hybridoma with carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Primary metabolism of a murine hybridoma was probed with (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Cells cultured in a hollow fiber bioreactor were serially infused with [1-(13)C] glucose, [2-(13)C] glucose, and [3-(13)C] glutamine. In vivo spectroscopy of the culture was used in conjunction with off-line spectroscopy of the medium to determine the intracellular concentration of several metabolic intermediates and to determine fluxes for primary metabolic pathways. Intracellular concentrations of pyruvate and alanine were very high relative to levels observed in normal quiescent mammalian cells. Estimates made from labeling patterns in lactate indicate that 76% of pyruvate is derived directly from glycolysis; some is also derived from the malate shunt, the pyruvate/melate shuttle associated with lipid synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway. The rate of formation of pyruvate from the pentose phosphate pathway was estimated to be 4% of that from glycolysis; This value is a lower limit and the actual value may be higher. Incorporation of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle appears to occur through only pyruvate dehydrogenase; no pyruvate carboxylase activity was detected. The malate shunt rate was approximately equal to the rate of glutamine uptake. The rate of incorporation of glucosederived acetyl-CoA into lipids was 4% of the glucose uptake rate. The TCA cycle rate between isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate was 110% of the glutamine uptake rate. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Metabolic control at the cytosol–mitochondria interface in different growth phases of CHO cells

Metabolism at the cytosol–mitochondria interface and its regulation is of major importance particularly for efficient production of biopharmaceuticals in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells but also in many diseases. We used a novel systems-oriented approach combining dynamic metabolic flux analysis and determination of compartmental enzyme activities to obtain systems level information with functional, spatial and temporal resolution. Integrating these multiple levels of information, we were able to investigate the interaction of glycolysis and TCA cycle and its metabolic control. We characterized metabolic phases in CHO batch cultivation and assessed metabolic efficiency extending the concept of metabolic ratios. Comparing in situ enzyme activities including their compartmental localization with in vivo metabolic fluxes, we were able to identify limiting steps in glycolysis and TCA cycle. Our data point to a significant contribution of substrate channeling to glycolytic regulation. We show how glycolytic channeling heavily affects the availability of pyruvate for the mitochondria. Finally, we show that the activities of transaminases and anaplerotic enzymes are tailored to permit a balanced supply of pyruvate and oxaloacetate to the TCA cycle in the respective metabolic states. We demonstrate that knowledge about metabolic control can be gained by correlating in vivo metabolic flux dynamics with time and space resolved in situ enzyme activities.     

Respirometric 13C flux analysis--Part II: in vivo flux estimation of lysine-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum

A novel method for metabolic flux studies of central metabolism which is based on respirometric (13)C flux analysis, i.e., parallel (13)C tracer studies with online CO(2) labeling measurements is applied to flux quantification of a lysine-producing mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum. For this purpose, 3 respirometric (13)C labeling experiments with [1-(13)C(1)], [6-(13)C(1)] and [1,6-(13)C(2)] glucose were carried out in parallel. All fluxes comprising the reactions of glycolysis, of TCA cycle, of C3- and C4-metabolite interconversion and of lysine biosynthesis as well as the net reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway could be quantified solely using experimental data obtained from CO(2) labeling and extracellular rate measurements. At key branch points, 68+/-5% of glucose 6-phosphate were observed to be metabolized into pentose phosphate pathway and 48+/-1% of pyruvate into TCA cycle via pyruvate dehydrogenase. The results showed a good agreement with the previous studies using (13)C tracer cultivation and GC/MS analysis of proteinogenic amino acids. Also, respiratory quotient calculated from flux estimates using redox balance showed a high accordance with the value determined directly from the measured specific rates of O(2) consumption and CO(2) production. The results strongly support that the respirometric (13)C metabolic flux analysis is suited as an alternative to the conventional methods to study functional and regulatory activities of cells. The developed method is applicable to study growing or non-growing cells, primary and secondary metabolism and immobilized cells. Due to the non-accumulating nature of CO(2) labeling and instantaneous nature of the resulting fluxes, the method can also be used for dynamic profiling of metabolic activities. Therefore, it is complementary to conventional methods for metabolic flux analysis.     

Pyruvate sparing by butyrate and propionate in proliferating colonic epithelium

1. The effects of fasting and fasting followed by refeeding on the relative activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in isolated rat colonocytes were estimated by the rate of production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]pyruvate and [3-14C]pyruvate, respectively. 2. Decarboxylation of pyruvate by the PDH complex exceeded that by the TCA cycle in both fasted and fasted/refed colonocytes, was higher in distal than in proximal colon, and was stimulated by refeeding following a fast. 3. Oxidation of pyruvate by both the PDH complex and the TCA cycle was inhibited by butyrate. 4. Propionate alone had no effect, but synergized with butyrate to further reduce pyruvate decarboxylation by the TCA cycle. 5. Preferential utilization of butyrate by proliferating colonic epithelial cells is postulated to maximize the energy yield and spare pyruvate and its precursors for alternative synthetic roles necessary for active cell division.