陕西食源性沙门氏菌耐药及相关基因

【目的】研究食源性沙门氏菌对常用抗生素的药敏性及相关耐药基因,更好的了解耐药性的产生和传播途径,确保食品安全。【方法】使用the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute推荐的琼脂稀释法测定沙门氏菌的药敏性,PCR和基因序列测定方法确定耐药沙门氏菌中整合子及其携带的耐药基因、与头孢菌素抗性相关的基因、沙门氏菌基因岛及与氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药相关的基因突变。【结果】359株沙门氏菌中,67%的菌株对磺胺甲恶唑产生抗性,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑、四环素、卡那霉素、萘啶酮酸、氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、链霉素、氯霉素和庆大霉素、环丙沙星、头孢曲松、头孢西丁和头孢哌酮的耐药率分别为58%、56%、37%、35%、33%、32%、29%、26%、21%、16%、9%和8%。284株耐药菌中,79%的菌株可抗至少1种抗生素,25.9%可抗10种以上抗生素,2.5%可抗14种抗生素。耐药的Ⅰ类整合子以1.4kb最为常见,携带的耐药基因有aadA1、aadA2、aadA5、tetR、blaPSE-1、blaDHA-1、blaVEB-1、dhfrⅠ、dhfrⅤ、dhfrⅦ和dhfr17等。62株耐头孢曲松和/或头孢哌酮的沙门氏菌中,blaTEM和blaCMY-2基因的检出率分别为51.6%和56.5%。13.6%的沙门氏菌中检出了沙门氏菌基因岛。35株耐氟喹诺酮类抗生素的沙门氏菌的gyrA、parC和parE基因中共检出68个点突变,gyrA基因中常见突变为Ser83Phe、Ser83Tyr、Asp87Gly和Asp87Asn,parC基因中为Ser80Arg。parE基因中检出了Lys441Ile、Lys428Gln、Asp494Asn、Lys428Gln和Gly442Ser突变,这些点突变均为首次在食源性沙门氏菌中检出。【结论】陕西食源性沙门氏菌耐药状况严重,整合子、沙门氏菌基因岛和β-内酰胺酶编码基因的存在及解旋酶和拓扑异构酶基因突变是导致沙门氏菌耐药的重要机制。     

临床分离纹带棒状杆菌喹诺酮类耐药株gyrA和parC基因突变的研究

目的 探讨gyrA 、parC基因的改变与纹带棒状杆菌耐喹诺酮类抗生素的关系.方法 采用微量稀释法测试纹带棒状杆菌对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、万古霉素的敏感性.PCR扩增检测gyrA和parC基因喹诺酮类耐药决定区相关片段并测序,在GenBank中进行Blast及BlastX分析并观察氨基酸突变位点,用NcoI酶进行PCR-RFLP.结果 37株纹带棒状杆菌对环丙沙星和左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率为94.6％,30株菌发生双突变(87位Ser突变为phe,91位Asp突变为Ala),5株菌单点突变(87位Ser突变为phe).PCR-RFLP经NcoI酶切后显示,敏感株和耐药株均产生3个条带.结论 纹带棒状杆菌对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率较高,对万古霉素全部敏感.纹带棒状杆菌对喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药机制主要是gyrA突变引起的,尤以双突变占优势.纹带棒状杆菌不携带parC基因,不编码拓扑异构酶Ⅳ.     

食源性沙门氏菌耐药性及质粒介导喹诺酮耐药基因检测

随机采集的638份食品样品中沙门氏菌总检出率为9.7%(n=62株),共检出16种不同的血清型,其中最常见的为鸭沙门氏菌。受试菌株对磺胺甲基异噁唑、复方新诺明、链霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率较高。16株耐环丙沙星沙门氏菌按GyrA和ParC喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)不同氨基酸替代组合可分为5种突变型,其中GyrA亚基发生Ser83Phe和Asp87Gly变异,同时ParC亚基发生Ser80Arg变异为最常见的突变类型。62株食源性沙门氏菌中,qnr基因阳性的菌株共7株,占受试菌株的11.3%。qnrA和qnrS基因阳性菌株分别有2株和5株,没有菌株携带qnrB、qnrC和qnrD基因。aac(6')-Ib基因阳性菌株共有8株,其中3株经确认为携带其变体基因aac(6')-Ib-cr。结果表明,新乡市食源性沙门氏菌血清型分布呈多样性,耐药状况较为严重,并且一些菌株携带质粒介导喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因。     

肺炎克雷伯菌gyrA基因与parC基因的突变研究

目的探讨肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的药物敏感性,及对喹诺酮敏感和耐药菌株中gyrA与parC基因的突变情况。方法收集肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株231株,采用K-B纸片法测定肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的敏感性,随机选取对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星均耐药菌株4株和均敏感的菌株3株,分别PCR扩增gyrA基因和parC基因的耐药决定区,扩增片段长度分别为625、319bp,PCR扩增产物经纯化后测序并做序列分析。结果肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为51.1%（118/231）和45.9%（106/231）;gyrA和parC基因经序列分析显示,耐药株均有gyrA基因的突变,其中1株出现第83、87和27位氨基酸的改变,2株出现第83位氨基酸的改变,1株出现第47位点的改变;环丙沙星敏感株中未出现gyrA基因的突变。4株耐药株均有parC基因的突变,引起相应氨基酸Ser80→Arg的改变,2株环丙沙星敏感株也发生了同样的改变。结论哈尔滨地区肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药性显著,在喹诺酮耐药株中有gyrA和parC基因的同时突变,在敏感株中也发现了parC基因的突变。     

嗜水气单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药的分子机制

【目的】调查从浙、苏、皖等地水产动物中分离的23株致病性嗜水气单胞菌的耐药谱并探索喹诺酮类抗生素耐药菌株的耐药分子机制。【方法】根据美国临床实验室标准化协会药敏判断标准(2011版)测定23株嗜水气单胞菌耐药谱并筛选喹诺酮类抗生素耐药株;对筛选的耐药菌株和体外诱导耐药菌株的gyrA和parC基因耐药决定区进行分析;用二倍稀释法测定加入多重耐药外排泵抑制剂碳酰氰基-对-氯苯腙前后耐药菌株对恩诺沙星最小抑菌浓度的变化,同时检测喹诺酮类药物相关的外排泵基因qepA、oqxA和mdfA;并检测质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药的qnr家族基因qnrA、qnrB、qnrC、qnrD和qnrS。【结果】所有菌株都存在对5种以上药物的耐药性;39.1%(9/23)的嗜水气单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药,其中55.6%(5/9)对恩诺沙星耐药。耐恩诺沙星的5株菌株均携带qnrS,而不携带qnrA、qnrB、qnrC、qnrD基因,也不携带外排泵基因qepA、oqxA和mdfA。其中耐药菌株AH19同时存在gyrA与parC基因双突变、质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS和主动外排泵三种耐药机制,菌株AH4、AH7和AH20存在gyrA与parC基因双突变和质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS两种耐药机制,AH6存在gyrA基因突变和质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS机制,体外诱导耐药菌株ATCC7966-QR相对于原始菌株ATCC7966发生了gyrA与parC基因双突变。【结论】喹诺酮类药物作用靶位的改变和质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS的存在是本研究中涉及的嗜水气单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药的主要作用机制,主动外排泵机制是个别菌株存在的耐药机制。     

嗜水气单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药的分子机制

摘要:【目的】调查从浙、苏、皖等地水产动物中分离的23 株致病性嗜水气单胞菌的耐药谱并探索喹诺酮类抗生素耐药菌株的耐药分子机制。【方法】根据美国临床实验室标准化协会药敏判断标准(2011 版)测定23株嗜水气单胞菌耐药谱并筛选喹诺酮类抗生素耐药株;对筛选的耐药菌株和体外诱导耐药菌株的gyrA和parC基因耐药决定区进行分析;用二倍稀释法测定加入多重耐药外排泵抑制剂碳酰氰基-对-氯苯腙前后耐药菌株对恩诺沙星最小抑菌浓度的变化,同时检测喹诺酮类药物相关的外排泵基因qepA、oqxA和mdfA;并检测质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药的qnr家族基因qnrA、qnrB、qnrC、qnrD和qnrS。【结果】所有菌株都存在对5种以上药物的耐药性;39.1%(9/23)的嗜水气单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药,其中55.6%(5/9)对恩诺沙星耐药。耐恩诺沙星的5株菌株均携带qnrS,而不携带qnrA、qnrB、qnrC、qnrD基因,也不携带外排泵基因qepA、oqxA和mdfA。其中耐药菌株AH19同时存在gyrA与parC基因双突变、质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS和主动外排泵三种耐药机制,菌株AH4、AH7和AH20存在gyrA与parC基因双突变和质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS两种耐药机制,AH6存在gyrA基因突变和质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS机制,体外诱导耐药菌株ATCC7966-QR相对于原始菌株ATCC7966发生了gyrA与parC基因双突变。【结论】喹诺酮类药物作用靶位的改变和质粒介导的耐药基因qnrS的存在是本研究中涉及的嗜水气单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药的主要作用机制,主动外排泵机制是个别菌株存在的耐药机制。     

肺炎克雷伯杆菌对氟喹诺酮耐药的机制研究

目的研究肺炎克雷伯杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物（FQNs）的耐药机制。方法筛选临床分离的对环丙沙星耐药的肺炎克雷伯杆菌共10株,采用微量肉汤稀释法检测菌株对5种氟喹诺酮类药物的MIC值;采用PCR方法检测菌株染色体和质粒携带的喹诺酮耐药基因（gyrA基因、parC基因和qnr基因）并测序;质粒接合试验验证qnr基因的转移性。结果 10株肺炎克雷伯杆菌对5种氟喹诺酮类药物均产生耐药性。扩增产物经测序发现10株肺炎克雷伯杆菌染色体的gyrA基因和parC基因均有突变;有2株菌株（K79和K107）携带qnrA基因,这2株菌的接合菌对喹诺酮抗菌药的MIC值上升了5～30倍;未检测到qnrB阳性的菌株。结论 gyrA和parC基因突变是肺炎克雷菌对氟喹诺酮类产生耐药机制的主要原因,质粒上qnrA基因的存在,也是产生喹诺酮耐药的一个重要因素。     

铜绿假单胞菌parC基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮的关系

研究了成都地区临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌拓扑异构酶ⅣparC基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系。测定临床分离的55株铜绿假单胞菌的MIC值,从中筛选出1株敏感菌和8株耐药菌,以标准敏感菌株ATCC27853作为质控菌株。用PCR反应扩增parC基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),扩增产物片段长度为396bp,同时对上述10株菌的PCR产物进行测序分析。临床分离敏感菌和标准菌株ATCC27853的parC基因序列与国外报道的序列相同,而R25,R42,R43,R44等4株耐药菌株在87位(TCGCG→TTG)均有突变,该单位点突变引起氨基酸由Ser→Leu的改变,此外,新发现在所有耐药菌株115位有一静止突变(GCT→GCG),该突变未引起氨基酸的改变。拓扑异构酶ⅣparC基因突变是铜绿假单胞菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药性的机制之一,以87位的突变最为常见。     

氟喹诺酮类药物体外诱导肺炎克雷伯菌耐药后GyrA和ParC的变异

目的了解3种氟喹诺酮类（FQS）体外诱导肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae,Kpn）耐药性的差异,研究肺炎克雷伯菌DNA旋转酶A亚单位（GyrA）和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚基（ParC）的变异与其耐喹诺酮类药物的关系。方法采用环丙沙星（CW）、左氧氟沙星（LEX）和加替沙星（GAT）对从临床分离8株Kpn进行体外分步诱导,采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定CIP、LVF及GAT对Kpn诱导前、后的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,并对诱导成功的17株Kpn的GyrA的基因（gyrA）和ParC的基因（parC）进行PCR扩增,选取其中8株KpnDNA测序并进行序列分析比较。结果8株耐FQS菌株都存在GyrA变异,同FQS耐药性相关的变异有Ser83（TCC）→Phe（TTC）、Ile（ATC）和Tyr（TAC）,Asp87（GAC）→Ala（GCC）、ma（GCC）和Glu（GAA）,5株Kpn同时存在ParC的变异：丝氨酸Ser80（AGC）→Ile（ATC）。结论本研究体外实验证实了Kpn可在长期低剂量的接触抗菌药物后形成耐药菌株。在高度耐FQS的Kpn中同时存在GyrA和ParC变异。     

单核细胞增生李斯特菌喹诺酮耐药机制研究

以食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌(LM)环丙沙星耐药株为研究对象,旨在调查LM对喹诺酮产生耐药的分子机制。采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定菌株对环丙沙星的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);通过PCR检测喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)基因突变以及质粒介导喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因的分布;实时荧光定量PCR检测lde基因在LM菌株中的相对表达量;利用SOE-PCR技术构建lde基因缺失突变株,调查外排泵Lde的作用。结果表明,15株LM耐药菌株GyrA、GyrB、ParC和ParE亚基的氨基酸序列与敏感株100%相似;所有菌株中均未检出PMQR基因。加入外排泵抑制剂利血平后,菌株L28和L47对环丙沙星的MIC值分别下降为原来的1/8和1/4。lde基因在耐药株和敏感株中均有表达,且表达量相近;在环丙沙星的作用下,lde基因在耐药株中的相对表达量增加显著,而在敏感株中的表达量基本没有变化;加入利血平后,lde在耐药株中的表达明显受到抑制。缺失lde基因后,菌株对环丙沙星由耐药转为敏感;利血平存在下突变株对环丙沙星的MIC值不受影响。本研究证明外排泵Lde介导LM对喹诺酮类药物耐药。     

脲原体拓扑异构酶基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药的相关性研究

脲原体对喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药性与拓扑异构酶的基因突变有关。本研究在前期提出的棋盘稀释法脲原体药敏试验的基础上,对拓扑异构酶基因进行序列分析。结合既往的文献资料,确认了ParCS83L是脲原体喹诺酮类耐药性相关突变;而GyrAE112D和ParCT125A属于菌株的多态性表现。同时,本研究还发现了一些新的可能和喹诺酮类耐药相关的基因突变,这些突变以及多个基因突变是否存在叠加效应尚需进一步研究。     

Plasmid-Related Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Epidemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Uropathogenic Escherichia coli,and Marine Bacteria from an Aquaculture Area in Chile

Marine bacteria from aquaculture areas with industrial use of quinolones have the potential to pass quinolone resistance genes to animal and human pathogens. The VPA0095 gene, related to the quinolone resistance determinant qnrA, from clinical isolates of epidemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus conferred reduced susceptibility to quinolone after cloning into Escherichia coli K-12 either when acting alone or synergistically with DNA gyrase mutations. In addition, a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene from marine bacteria, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, was identical to aac(6′)-Ib-cr from urinary tract isolates of E. coli, suggesting a recent flow of this gene between these bacteria isolated from different environments. aac(6′)-Ib-cr from E. coli also conferred reduced susceptibility to quinolone and kanamycin when cloned into E. coli K-12.     

Characterization of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolated from processed bison carcasses

AIM: To determine the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli from bison carcasses. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The antimicrobial resistance of 138 E. coli isolates recovered from processed bison carcasses was determined by using the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System panels, polymerase chain reaction assays, plasmid analysis and conjugation studies. RESULTS: Resistance to 14 of the 16 antimicrobials was observed. Twenty-three (16.7%) isolates displayed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. The most prevalent resistances were to tetracycline (13.0%), sulfamethoxazole (7.9%) and streptomycin (5.8%). No resistance was observed to amikacin and ciprofloxacin. Further analysis of 23 antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates showed the presence of resistance genes corresponding to their phenotypic profiles. Results of conjugation studies carried out showed most isolates tested were able to transfer their resistance to recipients. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates are present in bison. However, the resistance rate is lower than that reported in other meat species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The beneficial effects of antimicrobial-free feeding practice in bison may be promoting a reduction in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal flora of bison.     

Characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes of Salmonella serovars collected at a commercial turkey processing plant

Aims:  To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, distribution of class 1 integrons, virulence genes and genes encoding resistance to tetracycline ( tetA , tetC , tetD and tetE ) and streptomycin ( strA , strB and aadA1 ) in Salmonella recovered from turkeys.
Methods and Results:  The antimicrobial susceptibility of 80 isolates was determined using National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. The distribution of resistance genes, class 1 integrons and virulence genes was determined using PCR. Resistances to tetracycline (76·3%) and streptomycin (40%) were common. Sixty-two (77·5%) isolates displayed resistance against one or more antimicrobials and 33 were multi-drug resistant. tetA was detected in 72·5% of the isolates, while tetC , tetD and tetE were not detected. The strA and strB genes were detected in 73·8% of the isolates. Two isolates possessed class 1 integrons of 1 kb in size, containing the aadA1 gene conferring resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin. Fourteen of the virulence genes were detected in over 80% of the isolates.
Conclusions:  This study shows that continuous use of tetracycline and streptomycin in poultry production selects for resistant strains. The Salmonella isolates recovered possess significant ability to cause human illness.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Information from this study can be employed in guiding future strategies for the use of antimicrobials in poultry production.     

Contribution of multi-antimicrobial resistance to the population of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolated from apparently healthy pigs in Japan

The aim of this study was to clarify the involvement of tetracycline usage in resistance rates against other antimicrobials. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out on 545 porcine Escherichia coli isolates throughout Japan. As the result of analyzing by regions, resistance rates against kanamycin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim in the Kanto/Koshinetu district were higher than those in some other districts. High resistance rates against kanamycin or trimethoprim in oxytetracycline-resistant isolates were also observed in the Kanto/Koshinetu district. The prevalence of multi-antimicrobial resistance through co-selection of resistances against kanamycin or trimethoprim by tetracycline usage could be the cause of regional differences in these resistances in porcine E. coli. By a communicative surveillance, kanamycin- and trimethoprim-resistance rates were likely to be elevated with tetracycline usage. Thus, usage of specific antimicrobial(s) is a remarkable viewpoint to control antimicrobial resistant bacteria.     

Mini-review: Antimicrobial peptides and enzymes as promising candidates to functionalize biomaterial surfaces

Biomaterial-associated infections remain a serious concern in modern healthcare. The development of materials that can resist or prevent bacterial attachment constitutes a promising approach to dealing with this problem. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and enzymes have been recognized as promising candidates for the new generation of antimicrobial surfaces. AMPs have been the focus of great interest in recent years owing to a low propensity for developing bacterial resistance, broad-spectrum activity, high efficacy at very low concentrations, target specificity, and synergistic action with classical antibiotics. Biofilm-dispersing enzymes have been shown to inhibit biofilm formation, detach established biofilm, and increase biofilm susceptibility to other antimicrobials. This review critically examines the potential of these protein-like compounds for developing antibacterial coatings by reporting their immobilization into different substrata using different immobilization strategies.     

Primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolated from Beijing children

Background: The antimicrobials resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was able to sharply decline the eradication rate of H. pylori both in adults and children, but there are limited studies about the primary antibiotic resistance and the related gene mutations, specifically in China. Materials and Methods: The primary resistance to 9 antibiotics of 73 H. pylori strains isolated from gastric biopsies of children recruited at Beijing Children’s Hospital was assessed, and the mutations in 23S rRNA gene of 65 macrolide‐resistant strains and in gyrA and gyrB of 12 quinolone‐resistant strains were investigated. Results: The resistance rate to clarithromycin, azithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin was 84.9%, 87.7%, 61.6%, 13.7%, 15.1%, and 6.8%, respectively. No resistance to amoxicillin, gentamicin, and tetracycline was observed. Dual, triple, and quadruple antibacterial resistant percentage was 46.6% (34/73), 15.1% (11/73), and 2.7% (2/73), respectively. The gene mutation rate of A2142C, A2142G, and A2143G in 23S rRNA gene was 1.5% (1/65), 6.2% (4/65), and 84.6% (55/65), respectively. The detection rate of mutations of Asn87, Asp91, and Met191 in GyrA was 41.7% (5/12), 25% (3/12), and 25% (3/12), respectively. Conclusion: The high prevalence of primary antibiotic resistance was out of expectation in H. pylori strains isolated from the children in Beijing. Antibiotic susceptibility should be made clear before the antibiotic was used in the anti‐H. pylori therapy in this population. The A2143G was the most populated mutation in macrolide‐resistant strains, and Asn87 and Asp91 of GyrA were the most common mutation points in quinolone resistance strains.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria spp. recovered from processed bison

AIMS: The current study examined the antimicrobial susceptibility of 86 Listeria spp. isolated from processed bison carcasses. MATERIALS AND METhods: Susceptibility to 25 antimicrobial agents was determined using E-test and National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) panels. Most Listeria isolates (88-98%) exhibited resistance to bacitracin, oxacillin, cefotaxime, and fosfomycin. Resistance to tetracycline (18.6%) was also common. Of the 16 tetracycline-resistant Listeria isolates, 15 carried tetM and 2 contained integrase of Tn1545 transposons. Rifampicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were the most active antimicrobial agents against Listeria spp., with a MIC(90) of 0.38 microg ml(-1). Ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin, gentamicin, and tobramycin also exhibited good activity against Listeria spp., with MIC(90) not exceeding 1 microg ml(-1). Differences in resistance among Listeria spp. was displayed, as Listeria innocua strains were more resistant than other Listeria species. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that Listeria monocytogenes strains from bison were susceptible to the antibiotics most commonly used to treat human listeriosis. However, the presence of antimicrobial resistance in L. innocua indicates the potential for transfer of resistance and a conjugative transposon to L. monocytogenes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The findings of our study will provide useful information for the development of public health policy in the use of antimicrobials in food animal production.     

动物用芽孢杆菌微生态制剂中蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离及安全性

【背景】芽孢杆菌是仅次于乳酸菌常用于微生态制剂中的菌种,然而部分芽孢杆菌微生态制剂规范不严,应用存在安全隐患。【目的】调查我国在售动物用芽孢杆菌微生态制剂中蜡样芽孢杆菌携带情况,揭示蜡样芽孢杆菌应用的潜在风险。【方法】对微生态制剂预处理,选择性筛选分离蜡样芽孢杆菌,通过全基因组测序测绘细菌毒素基因谱与耐药基因谱,细胞计数试剂盒-8法测定菌株对细胞的毒性,利用微量肉汤稀释法确定菌株耐药值。【结果】从50份微生态制剂产品中筛选分离得到23株蜡样芽孢杆菌群细菌,它们对氨苄西林、林可霉素和泰妙菌素3种抗生素均耐药,主要毒力基因nhe、hbl、cytK、ces的检出率分别为100%、30%、39%和4%,分离株均有溶血性且39%菌株产生热稳定毒素,不同菌株对非洲绿猴肾细胞呈现出不同程度的毒性。【结论】微生态制剂来源的蜡样芽孢杆菌毒性与耐药性严重,携带毒素基因与耐药基因广泛,多株菌株呈高细胞毒性且产生热稳定毒素。芽孢杆菌微生态制剂存在安全性问题,应加强对蜡样芽孢杆菌的质量安全监管力度,规范微生态制剂的市场秩序,杜绝安全隐患。     

How to fight antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial misuse results in the development of resistance and superbugs. Over recent decades, resistance has been increasing despite continuing efforts to control it, resulting in increased mortality and cost. Many authorities have proposed local, regional and national guidelines to fight against this phenomenon, and the usefulness of these programmes has been evaluated. Multifaceted intervention seems to be the most efficient method to control antimicrobial resistance. Monitoring of bacterial resistance and antibiotic use is essential, and the methodology has now been homogenized. The implementation of guidelines and infection control measures does not control antimicrobial resistance and needs to be reinforced by associated measures. Educational programmes and rotation policies have not been evaluated sufficiently in the literature. Combination antimicrobial therapy is inefficient in controlling antimicrobial resistance.