陕北黄土区大气降水同位素特征及其水汽来源

为探究陕北黄土区大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源,以陕西省定边县为研究区,于2018—2020年共收集107次降水事件样品,分析了该区降水中δ¹⁸O和δ²H组成特征,并探讨了不同季节的水汽来源。结果表明: 定边氢氧稳定同位素存在明显的季节变化,湿季(6—9月)偏贫化,干季(4—5月、10—11月)偏富集;氘盈余呈现干季高湿季低的特点。当地大气降水线方程为δ²H=7.35δ¹⁸O+4.19 (R²=0.96, P<0.01),斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线,表明该区域降水受到一定程度的蒸发分馏影响。全年降水同位素组成表现出温度效应,而湿季和干季差异较大,仅干季存在温度效应,湿季降水同位素组成可能受温度和降水量的共同影响。HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型表明,干季水汽主要来自大西洋和极地北冰洋地区,而湿季降水主要来自印度洋和太平洋,同时受到西风带的影响。     

桂西北喀斯特小流域降雨稳定氢氧同位素组成及影响因素

气候变化背景下,降雨稳定氢氧同位素的变化对以快速的地表-地下水文过程为主要特征的喀斯特生态水文研究有重要意义。以桂西北典型喀斯特峰丛洼地小流域为研究对象,测定2013年至2018年日尺度及2019年至2020年8场大雨或特大暴雨的雨水稳定氢氧同位素组成,分析降雨稳定氢氧同位素变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区夏半年以海洋性水汽为主,冬半年以干燥的大陆性气团为主,导致夏半年降水δD、δ¹⁸O和氘盈余值显著(P<0.05)低于冬半年。降水的稳定氢氧同位素存在显著的反温度效应和雨量效应,即δ¹⁸O值与温度呈显著(P<0.001)负相关,与降雨量呈显著(P<0.001)正相关。次降雨过程中,持续时间较长(>9.5 h)的降雨存在显著的(P<0.05)雨量效应,特大暴雨则不存在雨量效应,与大气或地理因素有关。研究区水汽来源及降水强度存在明显的时间差异,因此在开展喀斯特小流域生态水文过程研究时,需要关注降水稳定氢氧同位素组成在不同时间尺度上的变化特征。     

水汽来源和环境因子对湖南会同大气降水氢氧同位素组成的影响

氘(D)和¹⁸O是水中常见的环境示踪剂,研究大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组成是研究区域及全球水循环过程的必要前提。为了揭示降水同位素组成对环境因子的响应机制,本研究在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站收集了2017年5月—2019年8月149次不同量级大气降水样品及环境因子数据,分析该地区大气降水氢氧同位素的时间变化特征,探讨水汽来源和环境因素对降水氢氧稳定同位素组成的影响。结果表明: 湖南会同大气降水线方程为: δD=(7.45±0.17)δ¹⁸O+(10.10±1.25) (R²=0.93,P<0.01),斜率比中国及全球大气降水线斜率略低;大气降水中稳定同位素组成与局地环境因子密切相关,并对季风气候中的水汽来源响应敏感,表现为夏季风期间¹⁸O和D贫化,冬季风期间¹⁸O和D富集;夏季风期间,受到孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋在夏季风和季风后3种不同气压下远距离海洋水汽的影响,过量氘均值接近全球平均值;冬季风期间,大气降水氢氧同位素值受到远距离西风气团、孟加拉湾退化热带海洋气团、季风前期内陆水汽和局地环境因子的共同作用,大气降水线斜率偏低,过量氘值偏大。     

江苏高邮大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

为了研究江苏高邮局地水循环特征,应对气候变化和减缓洪涝灾害.本研究采集江苏高邮自2015年7月—2017年10月的121个大气降水样品及环境因子数据,分析该区大气降水氢氧同位素特征,揭示不同季节水汽来源及影响因素.结果表明: 大气降水δD(δ¹⁸O)季节变化明显,冬半年偏正,夏半年偏负;过量氘值亦呈现冬高夏低;年尺度上,大气降水中δD(δ¹⁸O)与温度和降水量皆为负相关关系,呈现“反温度效应”和“降水量效应”;季节尺度上,均未呈现出“温度效应”,秋冬两季呈现出“降水量效应”;HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型结果进一步表明,江苏高邮夏季水汽主要来源于我国南海、印度洋及太平洋,而春、秋、冬季水汽主要来源于亚欧大陆、大西洋、北冰洋水汽混合及局地蒸发.大气降水δD(δ¹⁸O)值的季节变化主要受到季风活动以及厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)的影响,降水中氢氧同位素值清晰地记录了厄尔尼诺向拉尼拉之间的过渡.     

陕甘宁地区降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

依据全球大气降水稳定同位素观测网络(GNIP)和已有研究中陕甘宁地区的大气降水氢氧稳定同位素资料,并结合相关气象数据,分析了陕甘宁地区大气降水氧稳定同位素的时空分布特征及其影响因子,并建立了大气降水线方程.结果表明:3省大气降水线的斜率、截距由小到大依次为:甘肃、陕西、宁夏,且均小于全球大气降水线方程的斜率、截距,表明3省的降水过程受蒸发作用影响程度沿宁夏、陕西、甘肃增强;陕甘宁地区大气降水中δ18O值在时间变化上,表现为夏秋季节富集、冬春季节贫化,从空间分布来看,由西北至东南,加权平均δ18O值呈减小趋势;3省降水中δ18O温度效应显著,但不存在降水量效应,这体现了中高纬度大陆性气候的特征;高程效应的定量关系为-0.12‰·(100 m)^-1,纬度效应更显著(纬度每增加1°,降水中δ18O相应贫化0.27‰);采用HYSPLIT模型对各站点的水汽来源进行追踪,气团聚类轨迹表明,夏半年主要有来自孟加拉湾的水汽、东南季风水汽和西风带水汽,冬半年以西风带水汽为主.     

哈尼梯田水源区大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

基于哈尼梯田水源区 2014 年 6—8 月和 2015 年全年(共 15 个月)采集的 89 个事件降水同位素数据, 结合相关气象资料, 分析了降水中氢氧同位素组成的变化及其影响因子。利用后向轨迹模型(HYSPLIT)追踪了梯田水源区降水的水汽来源。结果表明: 研究区大气降水中稳定同位素组成具有明显季节差异, 湿季(5 月—10 月)δ D 和 δ¹⁸O 贫化, d 值低; 干季(11 月至次年 4 月)δ D 和 δ¹⁸O 值相对偏正, d 值偏高。区域降水线的斜率和截距均低于全球和中国大气降水线。降水同位素组成存在一定的降水量效应, 但不存在温度效应。干季大气降水的水汽主要来源于西风带输送的印度洋水汽以及局地蒸发, 湿季的水汽主要来源于西太平洋和印度洋。     

渭河流域秋雨异常氢氧稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源

秋雨极端变化对渭河流域生态环境影响巨大。本研究根据2015—2021年在渭河流域腹地杨凌区采集的117个秋季降水样本和同期相关气象资料,开展秋雨异常氢氧稳定同位素组成及其水汽来源的研究。结果表明：1)近年来研究区秋雨极端变化频繁,根据秋雨指数(ARI)可分为秋季极端多雨年(HAP,2021年)、普通降雨年(GAP,2015—2017, 2019—2020年)和极端少雨年(LAP,2018年);2)不同类型秋雨氢氧稳定同位素组成差异明显,其中,δ²H、δ¹⁸O值呈现出LAP年>GAP年>HAP年的变化趋势,而d-excess值和秋雨降水线斜率、截距值的变化趋势与之相反。进一步分析不同类型秋雨同位素的影响因素和水汽来源发现,出现秋雨异常的主要原因并非当地气象要素,而可能是厄尔尼诺-南方涛动事件和印度洋偶极子事件,其分别解释了99%和93%的秋雨同位素异常变化。这些海气耦合现象影响海洋性气团水汽向西北内陆的输送强度,进而决定了秋雨雨量和氢氧稳定同位素组成。本研究结果有助于提高对华西秋雨异常的认识,为区域水文模型的构建提供了基础资料和理论...     

筑坝拦截对梯级水库水体氢氧同位素组成的影响:以嘉陵江为例

筑坝拦截导致河流天然属性的改变,进而影响了相关流域水循环过程。本研究以嘉陵江流域4座梯级水库为对象,于2016年1、4、7、10月份采集水样,分析水体氢氧同位素组成,以期通过氢氧同位素组成的时空变化特征来探讨大坝拦截对于流域水循环的影响。结果表明,表层水体的δ18O和δD沿河流流向上总体有偏正的趋势,应该是受纬度效应及筑坝拦截作用的共同影响;研究区水库库区水体在1、10月的δ18O均值较4、7月偏正,是降雨量与降雨来源不同导致的结果;具有热分层特征的水库(亭子口水库)在夏季分层期的18O值变化范围比其他季节大,其他水库则没有这种特点,另外,水库分层还会使得库区表层水与下泄水的氢氧同位素值出现较大差异;梯级水库的存在使得流域蒸发作用强烈,导致河水氢氧同位素组成大大偏离当地大气降水线,研究区夏季(7月)的蒸发作用最强,春季(4月)次之,冬秋季(1、10月)最弱。     

黄河三角洲降水同位素变化特征及水汽来源

为揭示黄河三角洲盐碱地地区的降水来源、形成及影响机制,利用降水稳定同位素,特别是δ¹⁷O、¹⁷O-excess,以及气团轨迹模型HYSPLIT,研究黄河三角洲东营地区5—10月不同时间尺度及降水强度[(<5、5～10、10～25、25～50、>50 mm·d^-1)]的降水同位素变化特征及水汽来源。结果表明：5—10月降水同位素的变化范围较大,旱季降水的同位素变化范围小于雨季,且比雨季富集。降水强度<5 mm·d^-1的降水,δ′¹⁸O[δ′¹⁸O=ln(δ¹⁸O+1)]与δ′¹⁷O[δ′¹⁷O=ln(δ¹⁷O+1)]的降水线斜率最小,为0.5211,降水易受水汽源地蒸发作用的影响;10 mm·d^-1≤降水强度<25 mm·d^-1时,斜率最大,为0.5268。对于0～50 mm·d^-1...     

北京土石山区水分在土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)中的稳定同位素特征

氢氧稳定同位素是广泛存在于自然界水体中的环境同位素,其在不同水体中组成特征的差异可以指示水分循环过程及植物用水机制.本研究在北京山区选取了两种主要的绿化树种——常绿针叶林侧柏和落叶阔叶林栓皮栎为研究对象,通过对降水、土壤水、泉水、植物茎干水和叶片水同位素的变化特征进行分析,讨论了水分在大气-土壤-植物连续体中的运动过程.结果表明: 研究区大气降水线方程为δD=7.17δ¹⁸O+1.45(R²=0.93), 土壤蒸发线方程为δD=3.85δ¹⁸O-38.02(R²=0.76), 降水入渗补给土壤水的过程中存在一定程度的蒸发分馏.在不同季节,降水、土壤水和泉水δD和δ¹⁸O值变化规律不同;雨季,δD和δ¹⁸O平均值大小为降水>地下水>土壤水,降水和土壤水共同补充地下水;旱季,δD和δ¹⁸O值大小排序为降水> 土壤水>地下水,降水和地下水都对土壤水有贡献.侧柏和栓皮栎年内茎干水分δD和δ¹⁸O的拟合线性方程分别为δD=5.03δ¹⁸O-30.78 和δD=3.0δ¹⁸O-48.92,栓皮栎利用的土壤水分相对于侧柏更加富集,其水分来源深度更浅.栓皮栎叶片水分同位素变化特征相对于侧柏对大气微环境的反应更加敏感,且其叶片水分蒸发和同位素动力分馏程度更强,但是它们对环境条件的变化反应一致.     

Internal radiotherapy of painful bone metastases

Internal radiotherapy is effective in the treatment of metastatic bone pain and can improve quality of life. A number of controlled studies using various agents have shown a mean response rate in pain relief of 70–80% of treated patients. Some investigators prefer radionuclides which emit low beta particles for the treatment of bone pain, because the assumption of lower bone marrow toxicity of this agents. However, neither dosimetric data for radiation absorbed dose to the bone marrow nor clinical blood count depression have shown any significant differences between these agents. Other researchers suggest enhanced antitumoral effects using high-energy beta emitters and propose aggressive first-line treatment in the early disease stage instead of using these radiopharmaceuticals only in end-stage patients suffering intractable bone pain. Another approach consists of including other treatment modalities such as autologous stem cell rescue or in combination with chemo or bisphosphonate therapy to a radionuclide treatment scheme. Future research should focus more on the curative effects of combination with radiosensitizer, for example, chemotherapy, or repeated treatments with bone seeking agents.     

Retention of radionuclides by some aquatic fresh water plants

The uptake of radionuclides ⁶⁰Co, ³²P and ¹³⁴Cs by some aquatic plants (Lemna gibba, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton crispus) present in the Ismailia Canal at different pH values and for different contamination periods was studied. The experimental results showed that the uptake generally decreases as the water pH increased. The tested macrophytes proved to be reliable biological indicators.     

13C-31P Couplings in the Study of Conformational Properties of Some Diastereomeric Nucleoside-3′-Thiophosphate Derivatives

Synthesis and stereochemical characterization of enantiomerically pure nucleoside-3′-phosphorothioate esters and salts are reported. Vicinal carbon–phosphorus couplings reflect different predominance of the ? conformation in the isomeric (Rp and Sp) esters, while for the salts the ?^t conformation prevails in both stereoisomers. The influence of solvent and temperature on the conformational preferences is also described.     

血清IL-6、IL-8、IgM抗体及T细胞亚群水平对新生儿先天性梅毒的诊断价值

目的:探讨血清白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8)、IgM抗体及T细胞亚群对先天性梅毒新生儿的诊断价值。方法:选择2015年5月至2017年5月在我院进行临床治疗的先天性梅毒新生儿81例为观察组,另选同期来我院进行健康体检81例新生儿为对照组。比较两组患者血清IL-6、IL-8、T细胞亚群中CD~(3+)、CD~(4+)、CD~(8+)、CD~(4+)/CD~(8+)细胞及IgM抗体的阳性率。结果:治疗后,观察组血清IL-6、IL-8水平均明显高于对照组(P0.05),T细胞亚群中CD~(3+)、CD~(4+)、CD~(4+)/CD~(8+)明显低于对照组,而CD~(8+)T细胞比例高于对照组(P0.05)。19S-IgM-TP ELISA法检测出IgM的阳性率92.59%,明显高于TRUST法(74.07%)及TP-ELSA法(70.37%)(P0.05)。ROC曲线中,血清IL-8特异度为88.34%明显高于血清IL-6特异度81.48%、IgM抗体特异度60.13%、T细胞亚群特异度65.34%;IgM抗体的曲线面积88.91 cm~2明显大于IL-6的曲线面积45.09 cm~2、IL-8的曲线面积76.19 cm~2、T细胞亚群的曲线面积77.35 cm~2;T细胞亚群准备性67.89%明显高于IL-6准确性60.39%、IL-8准确性51.09%、IgM抗体准确性50.12;IgM抗体的灵敏度60.13%高于IL-6灵敏度59.19%、IL-8灵敏度42.35%、T细胞亚群灵敏度59.37%。具有比较意义(P0.05)。结论:血清IL-6、IL-8水平、T细胞亚群中CD~(3+)、CD~(4+)、CD~(8+)、CD~(4+)/CD~(8+)及IgM抗体阳性率是诊断先天性梅毒新生儿的重要指标。     

Synthesis, characterisation and solution behaviour of fluoroalkyl phosphoryl complexes of tin tetrachloride

The synthesis, characterisation and solution behaviour of a series of octahedral complexes SnCl₄·2L (L = R₂NP(O)(OCH₂CF₃)₂; R = Me (1); Et (2) or L = P(O)(OCH₂R_f)₃; R_f = CF₃ (3); C₂F₅ (4)) are described. Complexes 1-4 were prepared from SnCl₄ and 2 equiv. of the ligand, L, in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ solution. The adducts have been characterised by multinuclear (¹H, ³¹P and ¹¹⁹Sn) NMR, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In dichloromethane solution, the NMR data showed the presence of a mixture of cis and trans isomers for 1 and 2 and only the cis isomer for 3 and 4. The difference could be interpreted in terms of the electronic effects of the substituents on the phosphorus atom of the ligand. In addition, the solution structure of the complexes studied by variable temperature ³¹P-{¹H} and ¹H NMR in the presence of excess ligand indicated that the ligand exchange on the cis isomer dominates the chemistry. The metal-ligand exchange barriers were estimated to be 13.38 and 11.39 kcal/mol for 1 and 3, respectively. The results are discussed and compared with those previously reported for the related hexamethylphosphoramide adduct, SnCl₄·2HMPA.     

Ischemic changes in myocardial ionic contents of the isolated perfused rat hearts as studied by NMR

Using³¹P-,²³Na- and³⁹K-NMR, we assessed ischemic changes in high energy phosphates and ion contents of isolated perfused rat hearts continuously and systematically. To discriminate intra- and extracellular Na⁺, a shift reagent (Dy(TTHA)^3–) was used in²³Na-NMR study. In³⁹K-NMR study, the extracellular K⁺ signal was suppressed by inversion recovery pulse sequence in order to obtain intracellular K⁺ signal without using shift reagnets. During the early period of ischemia, increases in intracellular Na⁺ and inorganic phosphate (Pi) were observed in addition to the well-documented decreases in creatine phosphate and ATP and a fall of intracellular pH, suggesting an augmented operation of Na⁺–H⁺ exchange triggered by a fall of the intracellular pH resulted from breakdown of ATP. At around 15 min of ischemia, a second larger increase in intracellular Na⁺ and a decrease in intracellular K⁺ were observed in association with a second increase in Pi. This was accompnanied by an abrupt rise of the ventricular end-diastolic pressure. As there was a depletion of ATP at this time, the increase in intracellular Na⁺ and associated decrease in intracellular K⁺ may be explained by inhibition of the Na⁺–K⁺ ATPase due to the depletion of ATP. A longer observation with³¹P-NMR revealed a second phosphate peak (at lower magnetic field to ordinary Pi peak) which increased its intensity as ischemic time lengthened. The pH of this 2nd peak changed in parallel with the changes in pH of the bathing solution, indicating the appearance of a compartment whose hydrogen concentration is in equilibrium with that of the external compartment. Thus, the peak could be used as an index of irreversible membrane damage of the myocardium.     

Microsampling of Fish Otoliths: A Comparison Between DM 2800 and Dremel in Stable Isotope Analysis

This paper describes and compares two microsampling methods, DM 2800 and Dremel, which were used in taking aragonite samples from otolith zones of cod, Gadus morhua, for stable isotope analysis. There were no significant differences between the two sampling methods both in carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (¹³C/¹²C, ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) and in annual and seasonal otolith zones. The possible finite effect with Dremel could be minimized or negligible by selecting otoliths of younger fishes. Thus, Dremel may be accepted as a convenient microsampling method in stable isotope analysis of otoliths.     

The sodium cycle: A novel type of bacterial energetics

The progress of bioenergetic studies on the role of Na⁺ in bacteria is reviewed. Experiments performed over the past decade on several bacterial species of quite different taxonomic positions show that Na⁺ can, under certain conditions, substitute for H⁺ as the coupling ion. Various primary Na⁺ pumps ( generators) are described, i.e., Na⁺-motive decarboxylases, NADH-quinone reductase, terminal oxidase, and ATPase. The formed is shown to be consumed by Na⁺ driven ATP-synthase, Na⁺ flagellar motor, numerous Na⁺, solute symporters, and the methanogenesis-linked reverse electron transfer system. InVibrio alginolyticus, it was found that , generated by NADH-quinone reductase, can be utilized to support all three types of membrane-linked work, i.e., chemical (ATP synthesis), osmotic (Na⁺, solute symports), and mechanical (rotation of the flagellum). InPropionigenum modestum, circulation of Na⁺ proved to be the only mechanism of energy coupling. In other species studied, the Na⁺ cycle seems to coexist with the H⁺ cycle. For instance, inV. alginolyticus the initial and terminal steps of the respiratory chain are Na⁺ - and H⁺-motive, respectively, whereas ATP hydrolysis is competent in the uphill transfer of Na⁺ as well as of H⁺. In the alkalo- and halotolerantBacillus FTU, there are H⁺ - and Na⁺-motive terminal oxidases. Sometimes, the Na⁺-translocating enzyme strongly differs from its H⁺-translocating homolog. So, the Na⁺-motive and H⁺-motive NADH-quinone reductases are composed of different subunits and prosthetic groups. The H⁺-motive and Na⁺-motive terminal oxidases differ in that the former is ofaa ₃-type and sensitive to micromolar cyanide whereas the latter is of another type and sensitive to millimolar cyanide. At the same time, both Na⁺ and H⁺ can be translocated by one and the sameP. modestum ATPase which is of the F₀F₁-type and sensitive to DCCD. The sodium cycle, i.e., a system composed of primary generator(s) and consumer(s), is already described in many species of marine aerobic and anaerobic eubacteria and archaebacteria belonging to the following genera:Vibrio, Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Propionigenum, Clostridium, Veilonella, Acidaminococcus, Streptococcus, Peptococcus, Exiguobacterium, Fusobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanosarcin, etc. Thus, the sodium world seems to occupy a rather extensive area in the biosphere.     

Multielement Isotope Ratios of Vegetables from Integrated and Organic Production

In this paper we discuss the use of isotope ratios as indicators of organic production. Few studies have investigated the influence of plant nutrition on the isotopic signatures of plants. As plant nutrition is often significantly different between integrated and organic production systems the isotope ratios in the plants may reflect this. Plant samples from a 2-year field-experiment were analyzed for ¹⁵N, ¹³C and ³⁴S content of the bulk-material and ¹⁸O-content of the leaf water. In this experiment cabbages (Brassica oleracea v. capitata f. alba cv. Rolly), onions (Allium cepa cv. Alisa Craig), lettuces (Lactuca sativa v. capitata cv. Ponchito) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinesis cv. Parkin) were cultivated according to good agricultural practices for integrated and organic production. No differences in the δ ³⁴S and δ ¹⁸O values of the plants grown under the two production systems were observed. The organically produced vegetables were significantly enriched in ¹⁵N and depleted in ¹³C compared to those grown under the integrated system.