基于机会成本法的海洋保护区生态保护补偿标准

建立海洋保护区已被公认为维持海洋生物多样性和防止海洋生态环境恶化的重要途径,而合理实施生态保护补偿是确保海洋保护区建设和管理成效、促进区域经济发展机会公平的关键手段。以土地、海域为载体,从机会成本补偿的角度出发,分别设置了机会成本补偿基数、区域调整系数、分区补偿系数和开发限度补偿系数,构建了海洋保护区生态保护补偿标准测算方法,并选取全国8个省(市)14个国家级海洋自然保护区开展了实证分析。结果表明:2015年案例区的机会成本补偿测算结果介于0.66×10⁴—10.69×10⁴元/km²之间,河北昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区和天津古海岸与湿地国家级自然保护区的补偿金额显著高于其他保护区,分别为10.69×10⁴元/km²和10.47×10⁴元/km²,相比之下,其余12个保护区的平均补偿金额为1.70×10⁴元/km²。     

海洋生态红线区划--以海南省为例

随我国沿海地区社会经济迅速发展,各种不合理的资源开发活动已使海洋生态系统遭受严重威胁,亟需实施海洋生态红线制度为海洋生态保护与生态建设、优化区域开发与产业布局提供合理空间边界。介绍了生态红线概念的起源和内涵,提出了海洋生态红线的定义和基本原则,并以海南省为例介绍了海洋生态红线区划的技术框架,同时针对海洋生态红线区划面临的若干问题进行探讨,以期为我国海洋生态红线区划研究提供参考。     

海洋保护区管理与保护成效评估的方法与进展

全球物种多样性的持续下降使得生物多样性保护面临巨大挑战, 海洋生物多样性的保护任务尤其艰巨。海洋保护区是保护生物多样性的有效方式之一, 如何对其成效进行评估是当前研究热点。然而, 目前针对海洋保护区的评估体系较少, 而且评估指标多侧重于管理成效。近年来随着全球生物多样性监测网络和数据库的建立, 以及多种新技术(如遥感、声呐系统、卫星追踪、基因组学等)在海洋生物多样性监测中的应用, 使得从生态系统到基因水平的多层次连续监测成为可能。基于此, 建议未来我国海洋保护区成效评估应在充分利用新技术方法的基础上, 加强长期科学监测, 建立并完善生物多样性监测数据库和信息共享机制, 发展跨学科的综合保护成效评估体系, 加强基于生物多样性监测的保护成效评估。     

四川省大熊猫保护区生态监测现状分析

四川的大熊猫保护区从1999年开始陆续开展野外监测工作。作者收集了开展生态监测保护区一些基本情况、近几年监测工作的发展情况和监测所面临的问题,并提出了一些建议。     

秦岭生态保护区鱼类多样性研究

实地鱼类资源考察、检视鱼类标本以及参考鱼类分类、分布文献表明,秦岭生态保护区现有鱼类7目16科79属共141种(亚种)。物种多样性G-F指数的比较分析显示,和秦岭其他区域相比,秦岭生态保护区鱼类的物种多样性最高:区内不同水系之间相比,则汉江水系最高。利用β多样性指数和Jaccard相似性系数对秦岭生态保护区4条水系的鱼类多样性进行分析,结果显示区内鱼类分布南北差异明显;南坡的3条水系中,南洛河水系和嘉陵江水系鱼类生境相似程度较高,鱼类种、属分化、隔离程度较低,而与汉江水系的生境差异显著,鱼类种属分化、隔离程度较高。根据区内自然地理及水系特征,对水系间鱼类β多样性出现的差异进行了分析。     

中国保护区事业发展的展望

近年来,中国保护区事业得到了迅速的发展,本文概略地总结发展过程中的经验和存在的问题,包括历史的回顾、当前的情况和今后的发展,以供有关方面参考。     

携手保护中国的海洋生态

从联合国教科文组织发起”人与生物圈”计划起至今．已经整整40年了。这40年的历程,恰好是人类自然保护意识空前提高的历史时期。人与生物圈计划在推动全球范围内自然保护发展中发挥了重要而独特的作用。特别是20年前联合国环境与发展大会之后。人与生物圈计划将其优先领域集中在生物多样性保护等四个方面．     

海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制

在提炼生态保护补偿概念内涵的基础上,综合考虑政策目标、海洋环境自然属性、自然保护区区域特殊性以及我国制度环境,明确了海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的思路;根据相关法律法规,结合生态系统服务分析,对海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制的主体、客体和补偿标准进行了讨论。研究结果表明,海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿应该以持续的生态效益供给为目标,以正外部性内部化为基本原理;海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的主体是国家,由相关政府部门代表国家履行补偿责任;补偿客体为保护区周边居民和保护区管理机构,对周边居民的补偿标准以其为保护区牺牲的生态效益价值来确定,对管理机构的补偿标准以其使保护区增加的生态效益价值来确定。在构建补偿机制框架后,探讨了保护区运营资金支持和补偿标准公信力等问题,为后续的研究实践提供参考与借鉴。     

山西庞泉沟保护区原麝的一些生态资料

1982—1987年,我们在山西庞泉沟国家级自然保护区,对原麝(Moschug moschiferus)的数量现状及其保护进行了初步调查,现报道如下:工作区与方法本区位于山西省吕梁山脉中段,地处交城和方山两县交界,东经111°22′—111°33′,北纬37°45′—37°55′。全区总面积为10,443.5公顷。主峰关帝山海拔2830m。森林主要以华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)为代表的针叶林和针阔混交林,覆盖度74%。林外沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)、黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina)、绣线菊(Spiraea alpina)和灰栒子(Cotoneaster acutifolus)等灌丛。调查方法采用:一、…     

生物圈保护区的意义和作用

生物圈保护区的意义和作用王献溥生物圈保护区是国际保护学家们在探讨世界保护区有效管理,以加强自然资源的保护和持续利用密切结合的过程中,于１９７１年正式提出的一个崭新的概念和专门术语,并于１９７６年正式建立第一批生物圈保护区。至今已发展成为一个分布在８０...     

国外生态保护地体系对我国生态保护红线划定与管理的启示

中国共产党第十八届三中全会和《环境保护法》明确提出依法划定生态保护红线, 实施最为严格的源头保护制度。世界上大多数国家都实行了将天然或近天然的区域划作保护地、建立生态空间体系对物种及其生境进行保护。在国际上虽未有“生态保护红线”这一提法, 但是划定生态保护区域的做法是相似的。作者基于相关文献, 对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)保护地系统, 以及美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、日本等地区和国家的生态保护地(区)体系的保护地面积和管理实践进行了系统梳理和总结。大多数国家的生态保护地(区)的面积在5-40%之间, 并建立了专门的保护管理职能部门或成立了多部门分工负责的管理体制, 根据人类活动强度的不同制定差异化的管控措施。对比我国现有保护地体系的空缺分析以及保护地分类管理中存在的问题, 本文提出了整合与优化我国现有各类保护区域, 通过重要性、敏感性评价对在生态系统服务功能、生物多样性和生境保护方面作用最为重要的土地优先划入生态保护红线内, 面积比例以占到陆地国土总面积的30%以上为宜。为严守生态保护红线, 根据我国现有部门职能分工, 建议强化环境保护部门对生态保护红线区域的统一监督管理职能, 制定生态保护红线管理办法, 在生态保护红线区域内实行分级分类管理。     

福建省自然保护地管理有效性评估——基于保护地快速评估和优先性确定方法

在自然保护地管理体制改革之际,对保护地开展管理有效性评价可以识别保护地面临的威胁与压力,确定保护地管理工作的优先性。研究以保护地快速评估和优先性确定方法(Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management, RAPPAM)为基础,结合福建省省情优化管理评价指标体系,对福建省9个地级市的53处自然保护地开展管理有效性评估,识别自然保护地面临的主要压力与威胁,分析保护地管理上的优劣势,并选用斯皮尔曼相关性分析,识别有利于减轻保护地威胁的相关管理环节,为福建省保护地管理工作的优先性调整提供参考。结果表明：(1)福建省自然保护地面临的主要威胁和压力依次为火灾、种养殖、虫害、环境污染和旅游,其中,环境污染与旅游对保护地的影响严重。(2)福建省自然保护地体系管理水平总体一般,存在地域性差异。自然保护地普遍存在多头管理、管理投入不足、管理实施计划缺失等问题。(3)由斯皮尔曼关联性分析可知,保护地管理过程与投入的提升有助于降低火灾、虫害、种养殖的威胁。环境污染和旅游威胁受宏观经济发展、保护地及周边用地规划影响显著。     

Conservation “identity” and marine protected areas management: A Mediterranean case study

Protection of natural environments sought through management plans varies greatly between countries; characterizing these differences and what motivates them can inform future regional and international conservation efforts. This research builds on previous work addressing the spatial distribution of marine protected areas in the Mediterranean Sea. Particularly, it examines the relationship between a “protection level” (PL) score and a set of variables pertaining to each country's conservation efforts, economic conditions and human impact along the coast using regression analysis. Four sets of models demonstrated country characteristics that correlate with higher protection levels within marine protected areas (MPAs). Certain contextual factors – economic dependence on the marine environment, efforts at terrestrial conservation and greater human impact – were found to be significantly associated with higher PLs among the northern littoral countries of the Mediterranean. Such findings can inform policy makers about where efforts and investments should be directed for marine conservation.     

Spillover from marine protected areas to adjacent fisheries has an ecological and a fishery component

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), if well designed and managed, can produce conservation benefits to fish assemblages within no-take zones and fishery benefits in neighboring areas through ‘spillover’. However, although plenty of studies have provided evidence of the benefits produced within MPA boundaries, overall benefits to local fisheries, especially via spillover, seem to be still unclear. Because of the lost fishing grounds following an MPA establishment, local fishermen usually oppose MPAs. There is, therefore, the urgent need for a better understanding of the mechanism(s) through which MPAs can export fishable fish biomass towards adjacent fished areas, a process that could counterbalance the loss of fishing grounds. Here we review the literature on spillover for refining the terminology, detailing the underlying mechanisms and identifying both the existing and needed methodological approaches to measure spillover. Operationally, two types of spillover should be considered: ecological spillover (i.e. the net export of juvenile, subadult and adult biomass from MPAs outwards driven by density-dependent processes) and the fishery spillover (i.e. the proportion of this biomass that can be fished, taking into account regulations and accessibility). Underwater visual census and tagging/tracking may allow getting evidence of ecological spillover, while experimental catch data are essential to assess and monitor fishery spillover, which is the main component of MPAs that can provide direct benefit to local fisheries.     

生态保护红线战略视域下自然保护地如何划界和分区管控?

本文在生态保护红线战略背景下, 探讨自然保护地如何通过合理划界、分区管控及相应管理措施来处理人地关系。主要观点包括: 在国家生态保护红线战略指导下开展自然保护地边界划定及分区管控, 不仅是单一的自然科学问题, 同时也是多目标管理问题; 生态保护红线并不仅是一条静态物理空间划线, 而且也是生态系统动态管控的基线(baseline); 在生态保护红线战略思想下, 自然保护地分区管控需要考虑地理差异性, 应因地制策、因时施策。生态保护红线内区域的人地关系的处理需要明确保护地可建设范围、科学许可自然资源可利用方式, 应当对保护地的生态系统特征进行研究, 充分论证其对人类活动的承受能力, 在保护自然生态系统的前提下, 最终将人类活动控制在生态系统稳定性可以接受的“基线”之内。     

Spatial analysis of Protected Areas of the coastal/marine environment of Brazil

This study analyses the spatial distribution pattern of the Protected Areas (PA) of the Brazilian coastal and marine environments using Ripley's function. The PA are classified in accordance with the three Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) of the Brazilian coast, also incorporating the divisions provided in the National Coastal Management Plan. The similarity among management strategies in the three LME was analysed by the Morisita-Horn index. The assumptions are as follows: (i) the PA will be aggregated in the coastal environment for the three LME and (ii) differences exist with regard to the similarities within and between the LME. The analysed PA showed an aggregate pattern for shorter distances and a uniform pattern for longer distances. These patterns were significant for the East Coast and the South Platform. The management similarity was greater between the East Coast and the South Platform, suggesting that these two LME use similar strategies to manage natural resources. The coastal environment is more protected than the marine environment. Results indicate that the marine environment has a small number of protected environments. Both environments use more frequently the management model of Sustainable-Use Protected Area, with the participation of several social players in the management area. The country is still far from reaching the Targets of Aichi and of the Ministry of the Environment.     

国家重点生态功能区生态环境质量变化动态分析

国家重点生态功能区是保障国家生态安全、提升生态环境质量的重要区域。基于国家重点/非重点生态功能区生态环境质量变化的对比分析,结合土地覆被变化,对国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策执行之前的生态环境质量状况形成全面的认识。结果表明:国家重点/非重点生态功能区土地覆被类型均以生态用地为主,2000—2010年生态用地占比下降。国家重点生态功能区各年生态用地占比均高于非重点生态功能区,且土地覆被类型转换程度相对于非重点生态功能区要小。重点/非重点生态功能区的植被覆盖度、生物量密度、NPP均由东南向西北逐渐降低。水土保持型重点生态功能区的植被覆盖度最高,生物多样性维护型重点生态功能区的平均生物量密度、平均NPP最高,水源涵养型重点生态功能区的生物量总量、NPP总量最高,防风固沙型重点生态功能区由于多位于西北内陆,整体上植被覆盖度最低,生物量密度和生物量总量、平均NPP和NPP总量也最低。总的来说,2000—2010年间国家重点生态功能区的生态系统质量有所改善,但是改善的幅度不及非重点生态功能区。表明实施生态保护工程与转移支付,进一步改善重点生态功能区的生态环境质量,对提升全国整体生态安全水平具有重要的作用。     

Changes in fish assemblages following 10 years of protection in Tasmanian marine protected areas

Most studies examining effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) on fish assemblages are potentially confounded, either because they are once off comparisons between fished and unfished locations, or because they are snapshot studies over a fixed period. Here we compare long-term changes within fully protected Tasmanian marine reserves with changes at external reference sites on an annual basis over the first ten years of protection. The results highlight the importance of long-term datasets for differentiating changes occurring over differing time scales. Notable results include a statistically significant increase in abundance of Latridopsis forsteri and large fish (> 300 mm) when examined across all reserves relative to controls, and a 10-fold increase in the abundance of large fish and a doubling of per site species richness of large fish within the Tinderbox Marine Reserve relative to controls. Short-term resident species that recruit sporadically show very different patterns in reserves compared to those that recruit regularly and have long-term age-class storage. While several recent reviews have suggested size of MPAs and duration of protection has little influence on the extent of recovery, our results suggest this is not the case and that responses can be slow, complex and species-specific. The extent of localised fishing pressure appeared to have a substantial influence on the degree of change detected, potentially confounding meta-analyses of recovery rates in MPAs if overlooked as a relevant parameter.     

The unpredictability of favourability: condition assessment and protected areas in England

The probability that protected areas will deliver their potential for maintaining or enhancing biodiversity is likely to be maximised if they are appropriately and effectively managed. As a result, governments and conservation agencies are devoting much attention to the management of protected areas. In the U.K., the demand for performance accountability has resulted in Public Service Agreements (PSA) that set out targets for government departments to deliver results in return for investments being made. One such target for England is to ensure that all nationally important wildlife sites are in favourable condition by 2010. Here, we tested the hypothesis, of potential strategic importance, that the ecological condition of these sites is predictable from relationships with a range of physical, environmental and demographic variables. We used binary logistic regression to investigate these relationships, using the results of English Nature’s 1997–2003 condition assessment exercise. Generally, sites in unfavourable condition tend to be larger in area, located at higher elevations, but with higher human population density and are more spatially isolated from units of the same habitat. However, despite the range of different parameters included in our models, the extent to which the condition of any given site could be predicted was low. Our results have implications for the delivery of PSA targets, funding allocation, and the location of new protected areas.     

Increased isolation of two Biosphere Reserves and surrounding protected areas (WAP ecological complex, West Africa)

Protected areas such as nature reserves have been found to be effective in preventing habitat destruction and protecting ecosystems within their borders. Recent studies however found extensive loss of tropical forest habitat around protected areas, vastly contributing to increase the levels of ecological isolation. Using high-resolution satellite data we investigated the isolation trend occurring in the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) ecological complex in West Africa. A land-cover change analysis was performed for the period 1984–2002: savanna vegetation extension and loss were derived within the complex and in a 30 km peripheral buffer. Sample regions in the buffer were also analysed using selected spatial indicators to quantify temporal trends in habitat fragmentation. Implications for change in relative capacity to conserve biodiversity were discussed through the calculation of the species richness capacity (SRC). More than 14.5% of savanna habitat was lost in the WAP peripheral areas, while 0.3% was converted inside the complex. The degree of fragmentation of remnant savanna habitat has also drastically increased. Despite the effectiveness of the park conservation programme, we found through the SRC approach that the WAP complex is decreasing its potential capacity to conserve species richness. This process is mainly due to the rapid and extended agricultural expansion taking place around the complex. A better understanding of the ecological dynamics occurring in the peripheral regions of reserves and the consideration of development needs are key variables to achieve conservation goals in protected areas.