鄱阳湖通长江水道鲢的生物学参数估算

利用2012年3月—2013年2月在鄱阳湖通长江水道进行的定置网渔获物调查的数据,运用软件Fi SATⅡ对鲢的生长参数以及种群补充模式进行了估算。结果表明:鄱阳湖通长江水道鲢体长范围为81~835 mm;体长(L/mm)和体质量(W/g)的关系式为W=3.987×10-5L2.850(R2=0.964,n=893),von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数为:渐近体长L∞=879.38 mm,生长系数K=0.100,理论生长起点年龄t0=-1.141。总死亡系数Z=0.520a-1,自然死亡系数M=0.245a-1,捕捞死亡系数F=0.275a-1。鄱阳湖通长江水道鲢开发率E=0.529,存在资源过度利用的趋势。种群补充模式表明,鄱阳湖通长江水道鲢种群补充期出现在6—10月份,因此,建议适当调整禁渔期,以利于其资源的恢复与保护。     

长江上游朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈种群参数和资源量

圆筒吻鮈为长江上游特有种,三峡、向家坝、溪洛渡等梯级水利工程的建设,可能对其物种生存产生较大影响。为了解三峡工程蓄水后、金沙江一期工程蓄水前该物种的种群动态,2007-2009年对长江上游朱杨溪江段的圆筒吻鮈进行了调查,利用体长频率数据对其种群参数和资源量进行了估算。长江上游朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈渔获群体体长范围为69.0-268.0mm,体重范围为3.9-230.4 g,平均体长为(181.4±26.9)mm,平均体重为(78.5±33.0)g;优势体长组为125.0-225.0 mm,约占总数的93.0%。圆筒吻鮈体长体重关系为:W=1.58×10~(-5)L~(2.95)(R~2=0.94,P0.01,n=401),为匀速生长类型,可用Von Bertalalfffy生长方程描述其生长规律。圆筒吻鮈生长参数为,L_∞=361 mm、k=0.21a~(-1)、t_0=-0.68;死亡系数为Z=1.70、M=0.50、F=1.20。其开捕体长为163.4 mm资源开发率为0.70超过了其资源最适开发率(0.60)而接近最大开发率(0.75)。2007-2009年朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈年渔获量分别为6716尾(0.50t)、22772尾(1.87 t)和16139尾(1.20 t),平均值为15209尾(1.19 t)。由体长股分析法估算出2007-2009年朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈年资源量分别为16361尾/km(1.25 t/km)、13922尾/km(1.74 t/km)和26836尾/km.(1.93 t/km)均值为19040尾/km(1.64 t/km)。目前圆筒吻鮈资源开发率偏高,建议提高开捕体长至193.5 mm,降低其开发率。建议逐步引导渔民转产转业,实施全年禁渔措施,加强筒吻鮈等特有鱼类的保护。     

军山湖黄尾鲴生物学参数及资源量估算

黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi是一种小型的经济鱼类。2013年12月—2014年3月在江西省军山湖采集746尾黄尾鲴,测量其体长和体质量,运用FiSATⅡ分析了军山湖黄尾鲴的生物学参数和生长特性,并初步估算其资源量。结果表明,军山湖黄尾鲴体长81~320 mm,平均体长197mm;体质量16.0~440.0 g,平均体质量144.9 g;体长与体质量生长关系式为W=0.000 1L~(2.6341)(R~2=0.985,P0.01,n=746);Von Bertalanffy体长、体质量生长方程分别为,L_t=341.25[1-e~(-0.38)(t+0.9929))]、W_t=470.29[1-e~(-0.38(t+0.992 9))]~(2.634 1),拐点年龄为1.96龄,对应体长230 mm,体质量166.6 g,平均丰满度为1.71±0.29,总死亡系数Z=1.43,自然死亡系数为M=0.74 a~(-1),捕捞死亡系数F=0.69 a~(-1),开发率E=0.48。军山湖黄尾鲴的初始资源质量估算高达210.45吨。利用这些参数可对其资源现状做出正确的判断,为制定军山湖合理的渔业管理措施、实现渔业的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

华南地区外来鱼类革胡子鲶的年龄与生长

以2011年8月—2015年6月在华南地区主要水系采集的223尾革胡子鲶(Clarias gariepinus)为研究对象,以矢耳石磨片为主要年龄鉴定材料,对华南地区革胡子鲶种群的年龄结构和生长特征进行研究。结果表明:采集样本由1~3龄3个龄组组成,以1龄鱼为主,占样本总量的60.19%;雌、雄鱼体长与体重关系式分别为:W_♀=5.763×10~(-5)L~(2.737)(n=87,R~2=0.989)、W_♂=9.239×10~(-5)L~(2.631)(n=122,R~2=0.942),均为等速生长类型。选用Von Bertalanffy生长方程描述其生长,雌、雄鱼体长生长方程分别为:L_t=455.566(1-1877.112e~(-8.036t))、L_t=475.187(1-1.48e~(-0.908t))。体重生长方程分别为:W_t=1089.19(1-1877.112e~(-8.036t))~(2.737)、W_t=1019.66(1-1.48e~(-0.908t))~(2.631)。雌、雄鱼生长拐点年龄分别为1.07和1.64龄,拐点年龄处雌、雄鱼的体长分别为297.75和316.79 mm,体重分别为340.08和350.88 g;革胡子鲶野生种群的生长速度随着年龄增长而逐年降低,且性成熟年龄较低的个体生长速度大于性成熟年龄较高的个体,种群年龄结构简单,生产量大,种群数量呈上升趋势。     

网湖乌鳢年龄和生长的研究

网湖乌鳢的鳞径与体长关系为:L=0.2423 13.6935S,体长和体重的关系为:W=0.01387L~(3.1694)。Von Bertalanffy生长方程的主要参数为:L_∞=72.8cm,W_∞=11064.1g,k=0.2263,t_0=-0.8014,拐点年龄t_i=4.30a,拐点体重W_i=3331.9kg。综合分析结果表明现行捕捞应作适当调整。     

绥芬河大麻哈鱼个体生物学研究

研究以2012至2017年在绥芬河东宁段采集的447尾大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum)为材料,对其年龄与生长及繁殖特性等个体生物学特征进行研究分析。结果表明:绥芬河大麻哈鱼种群由1~+-5~+龄5个年龄组构成,其中雌性个体以3~+龄为主,雄性个体以2~+龄为主。大麻哈鱼雌、雄个体的体长-体重关系分别为:W=0.0082×L~(3.0604);W=0.0076×L~(3.0746),均属匀速生长类型;采用Von Bertalanffy生长方程拟合得到3~+龄大麻哈鱼雌、雄个体的叉长生长方程分别为:L_(t,F)=141.64×e~(-0.11)·(t+1.55));L_(t,M)=119.51×e~(-0.13·(t+1.45))。利用逻辑斯蒂方程估算大麻哈鱼雌、雄个体初次性成熟叉长(L_(50))分别为51.53和42.15 cm。ARSS分析显示雌、雄个体的L_(50)差异显著;大麻哈鱼的绝对繁殖力(F)、相对叉长繁殖力(F_L)和相对体重繁殖力(F_W)分别为3412粒、52.42粒/cm和1.17粒/g;F与叉长、体重、性腺重呈显著正相关关系,GSI与叉长、体重、F成显著负相关关系;F与叉长、体重的幂函数关系方程式分别为:F=0.0311×L~(2.7745)(R~2=0.638)和F=1.946×W~(0.9374)(R~2=0.704)。本研究为绥芬河大麻哈鱼资源保护工作提供基础资料。     

长江靖江段沿岸刀鲚的生长、死亡参数及种群补充

刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是长江中下游最重要的经济鱼类之一。根据2003年1月—2004年12月、2008年1月—2009年12月、2012年1月—2013年12月3个调查期长江靖江段沿岸定置张网捕捞数据,运用Fi SAT II软件对刀鲚种群参数进行估算。结果表明:3个研究期靖江沿岸带刀鲚体长(L,mm)与体质量(W,g)幂函数关系分别为:W_(2003-2004)=2.72×10~(-6)L~(3.030)(r=0.974,n=218),W_(2008-2009)=3.75×10~(-6)L~(2.961)(r=0.925,n=823),W_(2012-2013)=2.27×10~(-6)L~(3.061)W_(2012-2013)=2.27×10~(-6)L~(3.061)(r=0.936,n=837)。本研究3个研究期中von Bertalanffy生长方程描述的刀鲚群体的生长参数K、t0和ti均较为接近,沿岸带刀鲚群体以当年孵化的幼体为主要组成成分,表现为生长速度较快(K=0.54~0.56 a~(-1))、拐点年龄较小(ti=1.49~1.54 a)的生长特征。年际比较显示,近年来靖江沿岸带刀鲚的捕捞死亡系数和开发率较早年均有所下降。但根据Beverton-Holt动态综合模型显示,靖江段沿岸刀鲚仍处于过度开发状态。种群补充模式表明,每年4—9月为沿岸带刀鲚的主要补充期。为了有效保护珍贵的刀鲚幼鱼资源,建议将沿岸水域禁渔期延长至9月(即4—9月),以实现刀鲚资源的恢复和可持续发展。     

莱州湾中国对虾生长特性及其空间分布

根据2010年5月—10月调查资料,对山东莱州湾中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的资源状况、生长特性及其空间分布进行了研究。莱州湾放流前本底调查资料表明,目前山东莱州湾中国对虾捕捞产量主要来源于增殖放流,且在一定条件下捕捞产量与放流数量成正相关关系。依据2010年中国对虾生物学数据,应用R语言命令对中国对虾体长体重关系和体长生长方程进行了拟合,并对拟合系数进行了显著性检验,结果表明中国对虾体长与体重系数a、b处于显著水平(P0.05),中国对虾体长生长方程拟合系数K、t_0、L_∞处于极显著水平(P0.001),故拟合效果明显,获得为中国对虾生长参数雌虾为K=0.0226、t_0=37.45d、L_∞=200.77 mm、W_∞=80.50 g、t_r=85.18d(8月4日),雄虾为:K=0.0419、t_0=40.25d、L_∞=145.81 mm、W_∞=23.37 g、tr=67.24d(7月18日),与20世纪80年代相比,中国对虾个体明显减小,生长速度加快,生长拐点提前了1个月。另外,根据大面调查体长数据,对各个站位体长组出现频率进行Ward聚类分析,利用R语言聚类树的融合水平值定义划分水平,选择具有最大跳跃的分组水平,将中国对虾虾群大致可分为两个组群,河口组和深水组,同时按照各体长组的多度值大小,探讨了各组内具有代表性的分类体长组,结果表明,河口组的中国对虾以体长125—135 mm为主,深水组以体长115—125 mm和105—115mm为主,河口组个体明显大于深水组;河口组分布区入海河流较多,饵料生物丰富,以软泥底质为主,有利于中国对虾的摄食和前期保护,深水组分布于莱州湾中东部,蟹类资源相对较高,且以沙质底质为主,对中国对虾的生长与保护产生一定的影响。     

养殖美洲鲥的生长特性

通过对各周年生长阶段的养殖美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)体长、体重的测量与分析,研究了工厂化养殖美洲鲥的周年生长特性。养殖美洲鲥雌雄鱼的体长与体重关系均呈幂函数增长相关,其方程分别为,雌:W=0.8062×10~(-5) L~(3.1113)(n=122,R~2=0.997 5,P0.01);雄:W=1.0047×10~(-5) L~(3.0574)(n=125,R~2=0.997 5,P0.01),b均接近于3,呈等速生长;雌雄鱼生长均可分快速生长期(0~+龄)、稳定生长期(1~+龄)、生长衰老期(2~+龄)三个时期,雌鱼生长快于雄鱼。拟合出von Bertallanffy生长方程,雌:Lt=467.92(1﹣e~(-0.5748(t+0.1710))),Wt=1637.72(1﹣e~(-0.5748(t+0.1710)))~(3.1113);雄:Lt=389.21(1﹣e~(-0.7374(t+0.1975))),Wt=834.08(1﹣e~(-0.7374(t+0.7189)))~(3.0574)。雌雄鱼体重生长拐点分别位于1.517 8 a和1.224 7 a,属性成熟拐点,拐点前生长较快;拐点后,特别是性成熟后(2龄),2~+龄鱼的生长速度明显降低;同时,2龄鱼繁殖季节过后会出现大量死亡。建议商业化工厂化养殖美洲鲥以2龄前上市为宜。     

长江上游长鳍吻鮈的种群特征及其物种保护

根据2005—2007年对长江上游攀枝花、宜宾、合江、木洞、万州江段渔业资源调查资料,运用体长频率分析法(FiSATⅡ软件)对长鳍吻鮈的生长、死亡参数进行估算。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈的体质量与体长的关系式为W=8×10-6L3.1577;用Shepherd技术拟合vonBertalanffy生长方程的各参数为L∞=530.5mm,K=0.21a-1,t0=-0.5a;根据Pauly经验公式得出自然死亡系数M=0.24,以长度变换渔获曲线法估算总死亡系数Z=2.67,捕捞死亡系数F=2.43;种群补充模式表明,长鳍吻鮈每年5—9月为主要补充期,开发率E=91.2%,长鳍吻鮈处于资源过度利用状态。     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

Antibiotic Susceptibility as a Taxonomic Characteristic of Proteobacteria of the Genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Marinomonas, and Marinobacter

Type strains of bacteria of the genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Marinomonas, and Marinobacterand symbiotrophic bacteria isolated from the Far Eastern bivalve mollusks Crenomytilus grayanusand Mizuhopecten yessoensisand identified as Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciensand P. citreawere tested for susceptibility to antibiotics. Of the ten antibiotics used in this study, benzylpenicillin, polymyxin, lincomycin, and oleandomycin were valuable for the polyphasic taxonomy of marine aerobic proteobacteria. Marine bacteria of the genera studied exhibited characteristic antibiotic susceptibility profiles, which were useful for the differentiation of the genera.     

Enhancement of sporulation in species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum by growth on cellulose-containing substrates

Nine species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum were compared for sporulation on agar media and for enhancement of sporulation by growth on four cellulose-containing substrates (index card, filter paper, cheesecloth, cotton fabric). On two natural and one synthetic agar media, sporulation varied from profuse to nonexistent among three isolates of each species. Growth of all species on cellulose substrates resulted in large and significant increases in sporulation. Growth on index card pieces often provided the greatest increases, but no single substrate was superior for all species, and significant substrate × isolate interactions were observed within species. Overlay of filter paper onto whole colonies in agar plates resulted in 2 to 18-fold increases in sporulation for eight of nine species and production of spores in sufficient quantity for most experimental purposes. Overlay of soil dilution plates with filter paper to promote sporulation of colonies enabled detection of B. spicifera, B. hawaiiensis, C. lunata, and E. rostratum at relatively low population levels (≤1.3 × 10³ colony-forming units per gram of soil) in samples of a naturally infested soil. Results indicate that enhancement of sporulation by growth of species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum on cellulose substrates may facilitate (i) their identification in culture, (ii) production of spores at relatively high concentrations, and (iii) detection and enumeration of these fungi in soil.     

Identification of b,c, and d cytochromes in the membrane of Vitreoscilla

Cytochromes b, c, d, and o were identified by spectroscopic analysis of respiratory membrane fragments from Vitreoscilla sp., strain C1. Carbon monoxide difference spectra of the reduced membranes had absorption maxima at 416, 534, and 571 nm (ascribed to cytochrome o) and 632 nm (cytochrome d). Derivative spectra of the pyridine hemochromogen spectra of the membranes identified the presence of b- and c-type cytochromes in Vitreoscilla. The cyanide binding curve of the membranes was biphasic with dissociation constants of 2.14 mM and 10.7 mM which were assigned to cytochrome o and cytochrome d, respectively. Membranes bound carbon monoxide with dissociation constant 3.9 M, which was assigned to cytochrome o. Cytochrome c ₅₅₆ and a NADH-p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet reductase component were partially purified from Vitreoscilla membranes.Abbreviations INT p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet - RMF respiratory membrane fragments - K _d dissociation constant - CHAPS 3-[(3-cholamido propyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate - DOC sodium deoxycholate - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate     

Introduction,distribution, spread,and impacts of exotic freshwater gastropods in Texas

We examined the patterns of distribution, vectors of introduction, and potential ecological impacts of freshwater exotic species in Texas over the last 45 years. Currently, five species of exotic gastropods are established: channeled-type applesnail (Pomacea insularum), red-rim melania (Melanoides tuberculatus), quilted melania (Tarebia granifera), giant rams-horn snail (Marisa cornuarietis), and Chinese mysterysnail (Cipangopaludina chinensis). In contrast to the northern part of the US, where shipping appears to be the most important vector for the introduction of aquatic invasive species, aquarium and ornamental trade dominated among unintentional vectors of introduction of all freshwater exotics in Texas, resulting in different patterns of distribution, spread, and ecological impacts. The rate of spread of exotic gastropods in Texas varied from 39 waterbodies colonized over 18 years for P. insularum to only three waterbodies during last 45 years for C. chinensis. Four of five exotic gastropods were found in highly vulnerable aquifer-fed springs and rivers, which contain numerous endemic and endangered species. The fifth species, Pomacea insularum, is an agricultural pest. Potential negative ecological effects of exotic gastropods include impacts on wetlands and wetland restoration, competitive exclusion of native snails, and the introduction of exotic parasites, trematodes, which could infect fish and waterfowl, including federally protected species. Aquifer springs with stable temperature regimes are refuges for both cold and warm intolerant species. Handling editor: D. Dudgeon     

Caucasalia, a new genus of theAsteraceae, Senecioneae

The new genusCaucasalia is described. Four species are included, previously referred toSenecio, Cacalia, Cineraria, Pojarkovia orAdenostyles. The latter genus may be the closest relative, being similar in habit and chromosome number, but different in floret colour and style morphology. The new genus is centered in the Caucasus mountains, with extensions into Anatolia.Dedicated to emer. Univ.-Prof. DrFriedrich Ehrendorfer on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Lack of relationship between gliding cyanobacteria and filamentous gliding heterotrophic eubacteria: comparison of 16S rRNA catalogues of Spirulina,Saprospira, Vitreoscilla,Leucothrix, and Herpetosiphon

Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima were characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA oligonucleotide cataloguing. Both species are highly related. They fall into the main group of the cyanobacteria, showing a remote relationship to Nostoc, Fischerella, Aphanocapsa, and also to Prochloron. Low similarity coefficients were found between the Spirulina species and certain organotrophic and sulfide oxidizing bacteria, viz. Saprospira grandis, Vitreoscilla stercoraria, Leucothrix mucor, Herpetosiphon aurantiacus, and Beggiatoa leptomitiformis, respectively. This result does not support the classical hypothesis that certain filamentous gliding bacteria are apochlorotic cyanobacteria.