灌水时期和灌水量对小麦氮代谢相关酶活性和籽粒蛋白质品质的影响

以高产强筋小麦品种'济麦20'为试验材料,在防雨池栽条件下研究了灌水时期和灌水量对小麦氮代谢相关酶活性和籽粒蛋白质品质的影响.结果表明,随灌水时期增多和总灌水量增加,小麦开花后旗叶硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性显著增高,旗叶蛋白质水解酶内肽酶(EP)、氨肽酶(AP)、羧肽酶(CP)活性降低;小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量增加,而籽粒谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量、成熟期籽粒谷醇/清球比值(谷蛋白+醇溶蛋白含量/清蛋白+球蛋白含量)降低;面粉沉降值和面团稳定时间显著降低,籽粒产量显著增加.研究发现,在本试验条件下,小麦全生育期灌水3次处理(底墒水+拔节水+开花水)在灌浆前中期旗叶NR和GS活性、灌浆中后期旗叶EP、CP、AP 活性均较高,且成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量、谷醇/清球比值、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量亦较高,是获得小麦高产优质的最佳灌水处理.     

不同环境条件下小麦氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒品质

研究了两种环境条件下3个不同蛋白含量小麦品种的氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒品质的差异.结果表明,龙口试验点的小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷胺酰氨合成酶(GS)和籽粒谷胺酰氨合成酶活性均显著高于泰安试验点,3个品种间的酶活性顺序均为：济麦20＞优麦3号＞PH971942.优质强筋小麦品种的籽粒综合品质性状在龙口试验点的表现优于泰安试验点. 灌浆期环境因素与小麦籽粒品质和酶活性存在显著的相关性,灌浆期间的较高气温、适当干旱和寡照环境有利于提高小麦籽粒品质.龙口试验点的中、强筋小麦品种和泰安试验点的中筋小麦品种蛋白质含量与旗叶NR和GS活性均达显著正相关.小麦品种用途不同,对环境条件的要求不同,适宜的环境条件提高了氮代谢关键酶的活性,利于改善小麦品质.     

硫营养对小麦籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

在田间条件下,研究了施硫对小麦籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响.结果表明:在0～20 cm土层土壤有效硫含量为5.84 mg/kg的地块上施硫不仅提高了小麦籽粒中蔗糖的含量,而且催化蔗糖降解代谢的蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性提高,利于籽粒蔗糖的降解.施硫显著提高了灌浆期间籽粒可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性,并使腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性在灌浆中、后期维持在较高水平,对直链和支链淀粉的合成都起促进作用, 使总淀粉积累增加,千粒重提高,产量增加.     

遮光对小麦植株氮素转运及品质的影响

以耐弱光性不同的冬小麦品种扬麦158(耐弱光品种)和扬麦11(不耐弱光品种)为材料,研究了拔节至成熟期遮光对小麦籽粒产量、植株氮素代谢及籽粒和面团品质的影响.结果表明:拔节至成熟期遮光22%和33%时,扬麦158和扬麦11籽粒产量分别比对照下降4.1%～9.9%和15.3%～25.8%;而小麦籽粒蛋白质产量分别下降3.0%～8.3%和10.4%～14.1%,且随着遮光程度的加重,小麦籽粒氮素积累对花后氮素积累的依赖性增强.遮光条件下各营养器官中花前贮存氮素转运量均下降,但叶片氮素转运效率(RENP)上升,从而补偿了茎鞘、穗壳中RENP的下降,因此营养器官总RENP未受遮光条件的显著影响.拔节至成熟期遮光提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,这与弱光下籽粒蛋白质积累量下降幅度小于产量下降幅度所形成的"浓缩效应"有关.弱光对成熟期小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量无显著影响,但显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,导致小麦湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和稳定时间提高,面团弱化度降低.     

花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理对2个小麦品种（扬麦12和淮麦17）籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累与组分的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦花前贮藏氮素（花前贮藏干物质）转运量和花后同化氮素（花后同化物）输入籽粒量,从而导致小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质和淀粉产量显著降低,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理表现更为明显.与对照和渍水处理相比,盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量及谷/醇蛋白比,显著提高了蛋白质组分含量;同时降低了小麦籽粒淀粉积累量、淀粉组分含量及直/支链淀粉比;盐胁迫处理对扬麦12的影响较盐渍处理明显,而盐渍处理对淮麦17的影响较盐胁迫处理明显.渍水条件下小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累量均下降,除淮麦17谷蛋白和清蛋白含量有所提高外,淮麦17其他蛋白组分含量和扬麦12各蛋白组分含量均下降.     

花后土壤水分状况对小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累关键调控酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,以2个不同蛋白质含量的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L．)品种皖麦38和扬麦9为材料,研究了花后第4天开始的土壤干旱(SRWC=45％～50％)和渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累关键调控酶活性的影响。小麦叶片和籽粒的测定结果均表明,小麦源库器官中籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键调控酶活性变化趋势在2个品种间基本一致。与对照(SRWC=75％～80％)相比,干旱和渍水均明显降低了花后旗叶中蔗糖含量和磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性,而氨基酸含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性略有下降。干旱和渍水均降低了籽粒库蔗糖合成酶(SS)和结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性降低尤甚。其中干旱处理下SS的下降比渍水更为明显。与对照相比,渍水明显降低了籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和GS活性,而干旱的影响较小。相关性分析结果表明籽粒淀粉产量和含量与SPS,SSS和GBSS活性的关系比与SS活性的关系更为密切,籽粒蛋白质产量和含量与叶中GS和籽粒中GPT活性的关系比与籽粒中GS关系活性更为密切。这些结果表明小麦源库器官中调控籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键酶活性变化是花后不同水分状况影响籽粒淀粉和蛋白质特性的重要因素。     

氮、钾水平对小麦籽粒蛋白质合成关键酶活性的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以蛋白质含量差异的两个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种宁麦9号(低蛋白)和扬麦10号(中蛋白)为材料,研究了不同氮、钾施肥水平对小麦旗叶与籽粒中游离氨基酸含量、蛋白质合成关键酶活性和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其与开花期旗叶氮、钾营养的关系.结果表明,氮、钾施肥显著提高了小麦花后旗叶与籽粒中游离氨基酸和籽粒蛋白质含量、旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)及籽粒GS和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,其中氮肥的作用大于钾肥、氮钾肥配合达到最大,对扬麦10号的效应大于宁麦9号.开花期旗叶氮/钾比随施氮水平的增加呈二次曲线变化,随施钾水平的增加呈下降趋势.旗叶GS活性和成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量与氮/钾比均呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系.因此,旗叶和籽粒中蛋白质合成关键酶活性受开花期旗叶氮/钾比的显著影响,是氮、钾素影响小麦籽粒蛋白质形成的重要生理原因.     

模拟酸雨对小麦产量及籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量及组分的影响

以宁麦13和徐麦31两种小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值酸雨对小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明:模拟酸雨抑制了小麦的生长,减少了生物量的积累。pH值2.0酸雨处理后宁麦13的单穗粒数和单茎产量分别较对照下降了48.6%和56.7%,徐麦31则分别下降了31.2%和39.7%,差异显著。小麦籽粒主要营养成分对酸雨胁迫响应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒氨基酸、蛋白质含量,pH值2.0酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量分别比对照高36.6%和30.9%,总蛋白含量分别比对照高20.6%和15.1%,均与对照差异显著。而小麦可溶性糖、淀粉和脂肪含量较对照降低,且总体表现为酸度增强变化幅度增大。不同蛋白组分也对酸雨胁迫反应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒中清蛋白和球蛋白含量,而降低了谷蛋白含量和谷/醇。pH值2.0的酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31的清蛋白含量较对照分别增加了13.1%和23.9%,但与对照差异不显著。酸雨胁迫降低了总淀粉和支链淀粉含量,宁麦13和徐麦31的pH值2.0酸雨处理总淀粉含量分别较对照下降了11.8%和20.2%,与对照差异显著,但对直链淀粉含量影响不明显。可见酸雨不仅影响小麦的产量,而且对品质也有明显影响。酸雨处理尽管提高了籽粒总蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白和谷/醇,降低了其加工品质。     

灌浆期高温和水分逆境对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响

灌浆期高温和水分逆境是影响小麦籽粒产量和品质的关键气候因子。以扬麦9号、徐州26和豫麦34三个小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温和水分胁迫环境,研究了花后高温及温度和水分互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉形成的影响。结果表明,高温显著提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白含量,导致麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值降低。高温显著降低了籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量及支／直比。籽粒蛋白质和淀粉及其组分形成所需的适宜昼夜温差随小麦品质类型而异,但温度水平对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的影响较温差大。在高温和水分逆境下,温度对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响较水分逆境大,且存在显著的互作效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为干旱〉对照〉渍水,以高温干旱最高,适温渍水最低;淀粉含量为对照〉干旱〉渍水,以适温对照最高,而高温渍水最低。高温和水分逆境显著提高了籽粒醇溶蛋白含量而降低了谷蛋白含量及支链淀粉含量,使蛋白质谷／醇比和淀粉支／直比降低,以高温渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分的影响最为显著。不同品种之间,高蛋白小麦籽粒蛋白质和组分的形成受高温和水分逆境的影响更大,而低蛋白品种籽粒淀粉形成显著受温度和水分逆境的调节。分析表明,在高温和水分逆境下籽粒蛋白质含量与清蛋白和醇溶蛋白显著正相关,籽粒淀粉含量与谷蛋白、支链淀粉含量及支／直比显著正相关。     

花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦植株钾钠吸收和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

以扬麦12和淮麦17为材料,研究花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍逆境条件对离子平衡、小麦籽粒淀粉及营养器官碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫和盐渍处理下,小麦叶片和茎鞘Na+含量快速上升,K+含量相对下降,K+/Na+比快速下降,导致离子平衡失调和Na+离子毒害;花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍处理降低了籽粒总糖、蔗糖、游离氨基酸含量及花前营养器官可溶性总糖转运量和转运率,从而抑制籽粒灌浆,导致籽粒干物质积累下降,淀粉含量降低,尤以盐胁迫和盐渍处理更为严重;盐胁迫和盐渍处理对淮麦17的抑制作用大于扬麦12,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理导致成熟期淮麦17籽粒重分别下降60.3%和61.1%,而扬麦12下降46.6%和43.7%;此外,盐胁迫对扬麦12影响大于盐渍处理,而盐渍处理对淮麦17影响大于盐胁迫处理。     

Waterlogging and simulated acid rain after anthesis deteriorate starch quality in wheat grain

The synthesis and accumulation of starch is greatly affected by environmental stress. Wheat grown in the downstream area of the Yangtze River is easily subjected to stress of waterlogging and acid rain. In order to probe the effect of waterlogging and acid rain on yield and starch characteristic, we used winter wheat cultivars of Yangmai 16 (more resistant) and Wennong 17 (relatively sensitive) to sole stress of acid rain or waterlogging and to their combinations during grain filling. The responses of grain yield, the physiochemical properties and morphology of starch granules in endosperm to the stresses were investigated. Compared with CT (control), grain yield in Wennong 17 were significantly decreased by both pH 4.0 acid rain and pH 2.5 acid rain, while in Yangmai 16 only by pH 2.5 acid rain. Waterlogging combined with acid rain significantly reduced grain weight and grain yield in both wheat cultivars. Acid rain, waterlogging and their combination depressed activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase (SSS) in grains of both cultivars. Acid rain and waterlogging damaged endosperm cell structure and caused abnormal starch granules. Starch granules at maturity became fragile and failed to keep in shape and some granules were even totally submerged in the protein matrix and other tissue under acid rain and waterlogging. Content of amylopectin and amylopectin/amylose ratio was also decreased, while content of amylose was increased under acid rain and waterlogging. As a result, swelling power and most viscosity parameters decreased, while the pasting temperature increased in both cultivars due to stresses. In sum, acid rain and waterlogging and their combination damaged cell structure and depressed synthesis of amylopectin, and led to the formation of abnormal fragile starch granules, and finally reduced grain weight and then yield, and deteriorated starch quality.     

Relationships of endogenous plant hormones to accumulation of grain protein and starch in winter wheat under different post-anthesis soil water statusses

Accumulation of protein and starch in grain is a key process determining grain yield and quality in wheat. Under drought or waterlogging, endogenous plant hormone levels will change and may have an impact on the yield and quality of wheat. In a greenhouse experiment, four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in grain protein content, Heimai 76, Wanmai 38, Yangmai 10 and Yangmai 9, were subjected to drought (SRWC = 4550%, DR), waterlogging (WL) and moderate water supply (SRWC = 7580%, CK), beginning from 4 days post-anthesis (DPA) to maturity. On the 10 (grain enlargement stage) and 20 (grain filling stage) DPA, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GA₁₊₃), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) were determined in sink and source organs of wheat plants by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patterns of hormonal changes were similar in four varieties. The ABA levels were much higher under DR and WL than under CK. Compared with CK, GA₁₊₃ levels in whole-plant under DR and WL changed a little at 10 DPA, but markedly decreased under DR and WL at 20 DPA. Changes of endogenous IAA level under DR and WL exhibited a complicated pattern, depending on organs and growth stages. Particularly at the 20 DPA, the mean levels of IAA in roots, leaves and grains decreased significantly under DR and WL. In comparison with CK, ZR levels in all organs significantly decreased under DR and WL at both stages. The correlation analyses between yields and contents of starch and protein in grains and levels and ratios of four hormones in source and sink organs indicated that the changes in yield and content of grain starch and protein under DR and WL were associated with the reduced IAA, ZR and GA₁₊₃ levels and elevated ABA level in plants, especially in grains. It was proposed that the changed levels of endogenous hormones under post-anthesis DR and WL might indirectly affect protein and starch accumulation in grains by influencing the regulatory enzymes and processes.     

Effects of exogenous ABA and cytokinin on leaf photosynthesis and grain protein accumulation in wheat ears cultured <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

A detached culture system and steady-state ¹⁵N labeling technique were used to study the effects of exogenous ABA and ZR on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen remobilization and the activities of key enzymes for nitrogen metabolism in detached wheat parts during grain protein accumulation. The differences in net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and soluble protein content in the flag leaves of detached culture system between the treatments of ABA and ZR showed that ABA facilitates the post-anthesis senescence course compared to the ZR treatment. The differences in the changes of ¹⁵N amount in different organs in the detached culture system between the ABA and ZR treatments showed that nitrogen remobilization from vegetative organs to the grain is accelerated by the ABA treatment but is delayed by ZR. The activities of GS and GPT in grains treated with ABA were significantly higher than those with the control treatment at 5 DAC, but reduced significantly compared with control at 11 DAC. The two enzyme activities in grains were reduced significantly by ZR at 5 DAC and increased significantly at 11 DAC, compared with those treated with ABA. The above changes of enzyme activity showed that the ABA treatment hastens amino acid conversion into grains and protein accumulation in grains, whereas the ZR treatment delays these processes. A significant reduction in grain weight with ABA treatment is associated with the reduction of net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and soluble protein content in flag leaves. Compared with the control and ZR treatments, a significant increase in grain protein content with the ABA treatment may result from the accelerating effects of ABA on N remobilization, amino acid conversion into grains and protein accumulation in grains.     

Wheat nitrogen metabolism during grain filling: comparative role of glumes and the flag leaf

The mobilization of nitrogen (N) compounds and the roles played by glumes and the flag leaf during grain filling were studied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Florida) grown under field conditions. Glumes lost twice as much of their total N content as that lost by the flag leaf between the milk and early dough stages. In the flag leaf, glumes and grains, Glu, Asp, Ser and Ala accounted for 85% of all the reductions in the free amino acid pool. Principal component analysis of free amino acid pools separated grains from the glumes and the flag leaf, suggesting grain specific regulations in the use of free amino acids in protein synthesis. In all three organs, no decrease in Gln was detected, probably due to steady glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activities per soluble protein in both the flag leaf and glumes. Compared with the flag leaf, glumes presented relatively smaller amounts of the chloroplast GS associated isoform. This we show is due to a lower relative number of mesophyll cells in glumes as supported by the different anatomy and the cellular pattern of the GS immunolocalization. We argue that cellular distribution plays a key role in supporting metabolism to enable the various functions undertaken by glume tissue.     

Studies on whey fermentation using lactic acid bacteria L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus

The fermentation process of acid curd whey using pure cultures of L. bulgaricus and L. acidophilus was investigated. The influence of the starter culture amount on the acidification rate in the fermentation was specified, the biological value of fermented and fermented-ammoniated curd whey was determined, and the ability of fermented whey to prevent the injurious effect of Bac. mesenthericus on the wheat bread quality was examined. Acid curd whey was fermented up to a titratable acidity of 19.8–21.6 g lactic acid/kg whey using L. acidophylus and L. bulgaricus. Mathematical equations were developed on the basis of experimental data to calculate the titratable acidity (A) as a functionof fermentation time (τ) and temperature (t). Fermentation and fermentation-ammoniation processes increase the biological value of whey (the content of the vitamins B₁, B₂, B₆, PP and the free amino acids increase). A new dry fodder BIOLAKTS was developed from fermented curd whey and was recommended for use in veterinary medicine. The fermentation-ammoniation process of curd whey was carried out by adding calculated amounts of non-protein nitrogen NH₄OH to increase the total protein equivalent and to achieve mutual proportions of protein and lactose 1:1.4, as in skimmed milk. Fermented-ammoniated curd whey was used to obtain a skimmed milk substitute. A dry flour lactic acid concentrate (FLC) was created as a mixture of high quality wheat flour and evaporated fermented whey in established ratios. As our experiments prove, it can be used as an additive in bread-making to prevent the spoiling of wheat bread by Bac. mesenthericus.     

Alterations in photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity in winter wheat subjected to post-anthesis water-logging

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Yangmai 9 (water-logging tolerant) and Yumai 34 (water-logging sensitive) were subjected to water-logging (WL) from 7 d after anthesis to determine the responses of photosynthesis and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in flag leaf. At 15 d after treatment (DAT), net photosynthetic rate under WL was only 3.7 and 8.9 μmol(CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹ in Yumai 34 and Yangmai 9, respectively, which was much lower than in the control. Ratios of variable to maximum and variable to initial fluorescence, actual photosynthetic efficiency, and photochemical quenching were much lower, while initial fluorescence and non-photochemical quenching were much higher under WL than in control, indicating damage to photosystem 2. WL decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in both cultivars, and activity of peroxidase (POD) in Yumai 34, while POD activity in Yangmai 9 was mostly increased. The obvious decrease in the amount of post-anthesis accumulated dry matter, which was redistributed to grains, also contributed to the grain yield loss under WL.     

Interactive Effects of Sulphur Dioxide and Mineral Nutrient Supply on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield in Four Wheat Cultivars

Field experiments were conducted on four cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to examine the variability in cultivar response to sulphur dioxide (SO₂) under different concentrations of mineral nutrients. Thirty-days-old plants were exposed for 8 weeks to 390±20 µg m^–3 (0.15 ppm) SO₂ for 4 h per day, 5 d per week. Decline in net photosynthetic rate, contents of pigments and nitrogen, biomass and grain yield of each cultivars were due to SO₂ at all the nutrient concentrations studied. However, the magnitude of reduction was higher in plants grown without nutrient application. On the basis of the reductions in photosynthesis and yield, the susceptibility of wheat cultivars to SO₂ was in the order of Malviya 213 > Malviya 37 > Malviya 206 > Malviya 234 at recommended dose of NPK, whereas the same without the nutrients was Malviya 206 > Malviya 234 > Malviya 213 > Malviya 37.     

Influence of the nitrogen source and concentration on N fractions and free amino acid levels of grape vine explants

The influence of the source of inorganic nitrogen (KNO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃) and its concentration (5, 10, 20 and 30 mM N) on total N incorporation, as well as on N distribution into different fractions (amminiacal, amino, amide and protein) and on free amino acid levels has been determined in grape vine explants cultured in vitro.Increasing concentrations of the nitrogen source resulted in increased total N content in tissues. This effect was small for KNO₃, higher for (NH₄)₂SO₄ and maximal for NH₄NO₃. In addition, nitrate promoted an increase in amino-N only, whereas ammonium increased both the ammoniacal-N and the amino-N fractions. Incorporation of N into amide-N and protein-N were not affected significantly by the N sources tested.The application of increasing quantities of N enhanced the accumulation of most free amino acids, especially arginine, alanine and proline, but to different extents, depending on both the N source and its concentration. The combination of ammonium and nitrate resulted in a higher accumulation of amino acids than that observed with either one of the two forms alone.