鸟类应激反应的诱发和影响因素

应激反应是动物应对环境变化或社会压力的重要机制,表现为下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)被激活并产生糖皮质激素。鸟类的糖皮质激素主要是皮质酮。通过检测鸟类体内的皮质酮水平,可以了解鸟类的应激状态水平,进而了解诱发和影响鸟类应激反应的因素,这有助于理解鸟类如何适应环境、如何权衡生活史各阶段的能量分配等。而通过长期监测动物个体的生存和应激状况,对濒危鸟类的保育工作也具有重要参考价值。本文综述了诱发鸟类应激反应的因素,包括天气、捕食压力、食物可获得性、人为干扰和城市化以及社会压力等。归纳出影响鸟类应激反应程度的主要因素,包括光周期、生境、性别、年龄、社会等级和早期经历等8个方面。提出了应激反应在个性、认知、系统发育等领域的应用,以及慢性应激、羽毛皮质酮检测等值得关注的内容。     

氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响

目的：探讨氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响。方法：选择我院行全麻下腹式子宫全切术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。两组均采用相同的麻醉诱导和维持方案,观察组于手术开始前10min缓慢静注氟比洛芬酯脂微球注射液1mg·Kg。记录诱导前、切皮时、探查时和术毕的平均动脉压和心率;放射免疫分析法测定患者血浆中血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度变化。结果：观察组心率、平均动脉压在切皮时、探查时、术毕时均较对照组低,但无显著性差异（p〉0．05）;观察组切皮时、探查时、术毕时血浆肾素、血管肾张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇浓度均较对照组低,且差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组术中的四种麻药用量均有不同,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：氟比洛芬酯术前预处理能降低腹式子宫全切术中机体的应激反应,值得推广应用。     

氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响

目的:探讨氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响。方法:选择我院行全麻下腹式子宫全切术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。两组均采用相同的麻醉诱导和维持方案,观察组于手术开始前10min缓慢静注氟比洛芬酯脂微球注射液1mg.Kg。记录诱导前、切皮时、探查时和术毕的平均动脉压和心率;放射免疫分析法测定患者血浆中血浆肾素、血管紧张素II、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度变化。结果:观察组心率、平均动脉压在切皮时、探查时、术毕时均较对照组低,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);观察组切皮时、探查时、术毕时血浆肾素、血管紧张素II、醛固酮、皮质醇浓度均较对照组低,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术中的四种麻药用量均有不同,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:氟比洛芬酯术前预处理能降低腹式子宫全切术中机体的应激反应,值得推广应用。     

生长素与植物逆境胁迫关系的研究进展

生长素(IAA)是一种重要的植物激素,与植物的逆境胁迫反应关系密切。综述近年来国内外对生长素与植物逆境胁迫关系研究的一些最新进展,重点分析生长素和生长素响应基因及其相关转录因子在植物响应盐害、干旱、低温等胁迫中的反应。     

ERFs转录因子及其在植物胁迫应答中的作用

ERFs(ethylene-responsive factors)是植物特有的一类转录因子,位于乙烯信号转导途径的下游,具有一个高度保守的含58或59个氨基酸的DNA结合域,通过结合相关基因的启动子顺式作用元件调控植物生物和非生物胁迫反应。综述ERF转录因子的结构特征和分类及其在植物抗逆作用中的研究进展。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与小切口胆囊切除术治疗胆结石的临床效果及对应激反应的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术与小切口胆囊切除术治疗胆结石的临床效果及对应激反应的影响。方法:选取2016年1月至2016年12月于我院行胆囊切除术治疗的胆结石患者80例作为研究对象,根据治疗方案不同将研究对象分为腹腔镜组和小切口组,腹腔镜组采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术,小切口组采用小切口胆囊切除术,比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、住院时间以及术后并发症的发生情况,检测并比较两组患者术前、术后1d、3d的白细胞(WBC)计数、中性粒细胞(NE)百分数、空腹血糖(Glu)、血清皮质醇(Cor)含量、C-反应蛋白(CRP)含量。结果:腹腔镜组的手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、住院时间均明显短于小切口组(P0.05),并发症发生率显著低于小切口组(P0.05)。术前,两组的WBC、NE、Glu、Cor、CRP水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);腹腔镜组术后1 d的WBC、NE、Glu、Cor、CRP水平均显著高于术前(P0.05),术后3 d的Glu、Cor、CRP恢复至术前水平(P0.05),WBC、NE也有所降低但仍高于术前(P0.05);小切口组术后1 d的WBC、NE、Glu、Cor、CRP水平均显著高于术前(P0.05),且高于同期腹腔镜组(P0.05),术后3 d的WBC、NE、Glu、Cor、CRP水平有所降低但仍高于术前(P0.05),且高于同期腹腔镜组(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术引起的应激反应更轻,并有利于胆结石患者术后快速恢复,并减少并发症的发生。     

丙泊酚与异氟醚麻醉对妇科腹腔镜手术患者血流动力学及应激反应的影响

目的:探究丙泊酚与异氟醚麻醉对接受妇科腹腔镜手术的患者应激激素以及血流动力学的影响。方法:选取我院妇科收治的需要进行腹腔镜手术的患者90例,根据麻醉用药不同,将其分为丙泊酚组、异氟醚组及实验组,每组各30例。观测患者不同时段去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、皮质醇(COS)的浓度及心率、平均动脉压、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度等血流动力学参数的变化情况。结果:三组患者麻醉前及气腹20 min的去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素以及皮质醇含量比较均无显著差异(P0.05);气腹前,实验组患者去甲肾上腺素含量显著低于丙泊酚组及异氟醚组(P0.05);放气10 min,实验组患者肾上腺水平显著高于丙泊酚组及异氟醚组(P0.05);三组患者麻醉前及气腹前的心率、平均动脉压、呼吸以及血氧饱和度比较均无显著差异(P0.05);气腹20 min,实验组患者的心率、平均动脉压、呼吸显著优于丙泊酚组及异氟醚组(P0.05);术后放气10 min,实验组患者的心率、平均动脉压、呼吸显著优于丙泊酚组及异氟醚组(P0.05);实验组患者术后出现恶心、呕吐等症状显著优于丙泊酚组及异氟醚组(P0.05)。结论:丙泊酚复合异氟醚可有效改善接受妇科腹腔镜手术的患者麻醉期间的应激反应和血流动力学,患者术后恶心、呕吐等不良反应少,值得推广使用。     

输尿管软镜碎石术与经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾结石的临床效果及对患者炎症反应、应激反应的影响

目的:探讨输尿管软镜碎石术与经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾结石的临床效果及对患者炎症反应与应激反应的影响。方法:收集2018年1月至2019年5月我院收治的96例肾结石患者作为研究对象,依据治疗方式分为观察组与对照组,每组48例。观察组患者采用输尿管软镜取石术,对照组采用经皮肾镜碎石术,比较两组患者的手术相关指标、并发症的发生情况、治疗前后血清白介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、皮质醇(Cor)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)及去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平的变化。结果:观察组的手术时间明显长于对照组(P0.05),术中出血量及术后住院时间低于对照组(P0.05);两组的结石清除率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。观察组的并发症发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。术后24 h,两组患者的血清IL-6、CRP、Cor、ACTH、NE水平均较治疗前显著升高,且对照组以上指标均明显高于观察组(P0.05)。结论:输尿管软镜碎石术与经皮肾镜碎石术治疗直径≤2 cm的肾结石的临床效果相当,但输尿管软镜碎石术导致的术中出血量更少,引起的炎症反应及应激反应更轻,安全性更高。     

Daily Rhythms in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis and Acute Stress Responses in a Teleost Flatfish,Solea senegalensis

The endocrine axis controlling the stress response displays daily rhythms in many factors such as adrenal sensitivity and cortisol secretion. These rhythms have mostly been described in mammals, whereas they are poorly understood in teleost fish, so that their impact on fish welfare in aquaculture remains unexplored. In the present research, the authors investigated the daily rhythms in the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in the flatfish Solea senegalensis, which has both scientific and commercial interest. In a first experiment, hypothalamic expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and its binding protein (crhbp), both pituitary proopiomelanocortin A and B (pomca and pomcb) expression, as well as plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate levels were analyzed throughout a 24-h cycle. All variables displayed daily rhythms (cosinor, p?<?.05), with acrophases varying depending on the factor analyzed: crh and cortisol peaked at the beginning of the dark phase (zeitgeber time [ZT]?=?14.5 and 14.4?h, respectively), pomca and pomcb as well as glucose at the beginning of the light phase (ZT?=?1.2, 2.4, and 3.4?h, respectively), and crhbp and lactate at the end of the dark phase (ZT?=?22.3 and 23.0?h, respectively). In a second experiment, the influence of an acute stressor (30 s of air exposure), applied at two different time points (ZT 1 and ZT 13), was tested. The stress response differed depending on the time of day, showing higher cortisol values (96.2?±?10.7?ng/mL) when the stressor was applied at ZT 1 than at ZT 13 (52.6?±?11.1?ng/mL). This research describes for the first time the daily rhythms in endocrine factors of the HPI axis of the flatfish S. senegalensis, and the influence of daytime on the stress responses. A better knowledge of the chronobiology of fish provides a helpful tool for understanding the circadian physiology of the stress response, and for designing timely sound protocols to improve fish welfare in aquaculture. (Author correspondence: jflopez@um.es)     

预防性应用不同剂量羟考酮对腹腔镜胆囊手术拔管期应激反应的影响

目的:探讨预防性应用不同剂量羟考酮对腹腔镜胆囊手术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)拔管期应激反应的影响。方法:将75例接受LC的患者随机分为低、中、高剂量组,每组均25例。术毕15 min,低、中、高剂量组分别预防性静脉注射盐酸羟考酮0.1 mg/kg、0.15 mg/kg、0.2 mg/kg。比较各组拔管前(T_1)、拔管时(T_2)、拔管后5 min(T_3)、拔管后10 min(T_4)、拔管后30 min(T_5)血流动力学改变、麻醉苏醒时间、拔管情况及不良反应的发生情况。结果:与T_1时刻比较,各组T_2时刻收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)均明显升高(P0.05),但中、高剂量组T_3时刻后SBP、DBP、HR均显著下降,恢复至T_1时刻水平(P0.05),各指标水平明显低于低剂量组(P0.05)。中剂量组与高剂量组各指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。随着剂量羟考酮的增加,患者苏醒时间、拔管时间逐渐延长(P0.05);中、高剂量组拔管质量评分显著低于低剂量组(P0.05),而中、高剂量组间拔管质量评分比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。高剂量组恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制的发生率明显高于低剂量组,中、高剂量组追加镇痛药物的比例明显低于低剂量组(P0.05)。结论:预防性使用羟考酮可不同程度抑制LC术后拔管期应激反应,0.15 mg/kg羟考酮能够更好地维持患者血流动力学的稳定,促进患者早期苏醒,且安全性较高。     

Stress sensitivity and the development of affective disorders

Depressive disorders are the most common form of mental illness in America, affecting females twice as often as males. The great variability of symptoms and responses to therapeutic treatment emphasize the complex underlying neurobiology of disease onset and progression. Evidence from human and animal studies reveals a vital link between individual stress sensitivity and the predisposition toward mood disorders. While the stress response is essential for maintenance of homeostasis and survival, chronic stress and maladaptive responses to stress insults can lead to depression or other affective disorders. A key factor in the mediation of stress responsivity is the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Studies in animal models of heightened stress sensitivity have illustrated the involvement of CRF downstream neurotransmitter targets, including serotonin and norepinephrine, in the profound neurocircuitry failure that may underlie maladaptive coping strategies. Stress sensitivity may also be a risk factor in affective disorder development susceptibility. As females show an increased stress response and recovery time compared to males, they may be at an increased vulnerability for disease. Therefore, examination of sex differences in CRF and downstream targets may aid in the elucidation of the underlying causes of the increased disease presentation in females. While we continue to make progress in our understanding of mood disorder etiology, we still have miles to go before we sleep. As an encouraging number of new animal models of altered stress sensitivity and negative stress coping strategies have been developed, the future looks extremely promising for the possibility of a new generation of drug targets to be developed.     

丙泊酚联合右美托咪啶对肺癌根治术患者镇痛及应激反应的影响

目的:研究丙泊酚联合右美托咪啶用于肺癌根治术患者中的镇痛效果及对应激反应的影响。方法:选取2014年8月至2016年7月本院收治的肺癌根治术患者78例,根据患者入院顺序分为观察组和对照组,39例每组。对照组采取咪达唑仑联合右美托咪啶进行麻醉,观察组采取丙泊酚联合右美托咪啶进行麻醉,两组均复合使用瑞芬太尼维持。比较两组患者镇痛效果、平均动脉压、心率、血糖、血清白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及白细胞总数(WBC)水平。结果:观察组患者在苏醒即刻、苏醒后10 min、苏醒后30 min的视觉模拟(VAS)评分显著低于对照组(P0.05),治疗后24小时血清IL-6、TNF-α、WBC、心率、平均动脉压、血糖水平均显著低于对照组(P0.05),血清白介素(IL-10)水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组和对照组的不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:丙泊酚联合右美托咪啶用于肺癌根治术患者中具有较好的镇痛效果,并能有效抑制应激反应,安全性高。     

A型行为者应激变量方程的图景

目的：建立A型行为者的应激测量模型方程和应激变量方程与相似性,并作控制分析;方法：A型行为类型问卷得分获得判分尺度,把安静状态与应激状态下测定血浆皮质醇水平的变量以及应激测量模型的应激量和基础量,再经矩阵反演出具体变化方程、并分析稳定性与可控性和能观性;结果：获得一组有生理意义的方程：(1)y=(s-0．839／s 1)X;(2)7．587d^2y／d^2s—(3．068 1．027y)dy／ds-0.1475y=0等,不同时可控性和能观性的特性,心理应激的反馈作用对稳定性有影响;结论：本文初步获得一组应激变量方程,应激反应在心理和生理方面都具有相似性．     

Stress coping style predicts aggression and social dominance in rainbow trout

Social stress is frequently used as a model for studying the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying stress-induced behavioral inhibition, depression, and fear conditioning. It has previously been shown that social subordination may result in increased glucocorticoid release and changes in brain signaling systems. However, it is still an open question which neuroendocrine and behavioral differences are causes, and which are consequences of social status. Using juvenile rainbow trout of similar size and with no apparent differences in social history, we demonstrate that the ability to win fights for social dominance can be predicted from the duration of a behavioral response to stress, in this case appetite inhibition after transfer to a new environment. Moreover, stress responsiveness in terms of confinement-induced changes in plasma cortisol was negatively correlated to aggressive behavior. Fish that exhibited lower cortisol responses to a standardized confinement test were markedly more aggressive when being placed in a dominant social position later in the study. These findings support the view that distinct behavioral-physiological stress coping styles are present in teleost fish, and these coping characteristics influence both social rank and levels of aggression.     

有机酸胁迫下厌氧污泥产氢效果

乙酸、丙酸、乳酸及丁酸是厌氧发酵产氢过程中4种主要的液相末端发酵产物,其积累对产氢过程有一定的抑制作用。实验利用多种有机酸胁迫提高污泥的酸耐受能力,并以污泥中脱氢酶活性为生化指标,对不同浓度酸胁迫下厌氧污泥活性变化进行了研究。通过对胁迫后污泥产氢量及末端产物进行对比。结果表明,酸胁迫后污泥产氢量有一定增加,其中乙酸和丁酸胁迫效果最好,较对照组提高了近一倍;末端产物分析研究表明,不同的有机酸胁迫后,其产量在发酵过程中都有一定的增加,而乙酸含量在酸胁迫后都有不同程度的提高。     

帕瑞昔布钠联合右美托咪定对开胸手术患者苏醒质量及应激反应的影响

目的:探讨帕瑞昔布钠联合右美托咪定对开胸手术患者苏醒质量及应激反应的影响。方法:选择2014年1月至2016年9月我院行开胸手术的90例患者,通过随机数表法分为观察组(n=45)和对照组(n=45)。观察组在术前30min静脉注射帕瑞昔布,术毕前5 min缓慢静脉注射右美托咪定;对照组在术前、30 min、术毕前5 min给予等容量生理盐水。比较两组苏醒时间、拔管时间以及麻醉诱导前(T1)、手术结束时(T2)、术后3 h(T3)时血糖(Glu)、皮质醇(Cor)、肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、运动活动评分(MAAS)的变化,并比较麻醉恢复期躁动的发生率。结果:两组苏醒时间、拔管时间比较差异上无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组T2、T3时Glu、Cor、E、NE水平以及MAAS评分均明显低于对照组(P0.05),躁动发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在开胸手术患者麻醉过程中,应用帕瑞昔布钠联合右美托咪定可有效抑制麻醉恢复期应激反应,减少躁动的发生,提高苏醒质量。