米曲霉原生质体的营养互补融合及二倍体的诱发分离*

采用1％溶壁酶加1％蜗牛酶的混合液获得的原生质体,以30％聚乙二醇(MW=6,000)、0.01M CaCl_2、0.05M Gly做为融合剂,对米曲霉进行了原生质体的营养互补融合,融合频率为0.27—0.47％。自4个菌株的4对杂交组合中获得了异核体,并分离到97株绿色融合株。二倍体的孢子经PFA和UV诱发分离后,获得了二株生长速度快、蛋白酶活性高和产孢能力强的单倍体菌株。     

金针菇原生质体分离制备、融合、再生及融合子检出

探讨了利用金针菇菌丝体分离、制备原生质体;不同的酶浓度和酶解时间对原生质体得率的影响;以及八种再生培养基的选择性试验.建立了金针菇原生质体的分离、制备、融合及再生的试验体系.试验共获得209株再生菌株,通过核染色检测,共获得37株具有双核和锁状联合的再生株.     

利用原生质体融合技术选育淀粉发酵产DHA的新型裂殖壶菌

以生产DHA的裂殖壶菌(Schizochxtrium)B4D1和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)CGMCC 3.316为出发菌株,利用原生质体融合技术选育可以利用淀粉发酵生产DHA的新型裂殖壶菌。用裂解酶制得了两亲本的原生质体,通过研究两亲本培养时间、培养方法、酶解时间等条件对原生质体产量影响的基础上,以PEG介导进行了原生质体的融合,最终确定了原生质体融合最佳条件为40%的PEG6000,融合温度30℃,融合时间为10 min,在此条件下融合率可达1.9%。通过比较菌落外观、颜色、形态以及分离培养筛选获得了一株利用淀粉裂殖壶菌融合子。经过RAPD验证表明B4D1与CGMCC 3.316发生了重组,融合菌株表达了更多源于B4D1的遗传信息。     

酿酒酵母缺陷型原生质体的形成再生及融合条件的探讨

营养缺陷型作为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces Cerevisiae)单倍体融合亲株的遗传标记。采用营养缺陷型LY—2和LY—4菌侏的对数生长前期的细胞,在0.5％的蜗牛酶作用时间40分钟,0.7MKCl高渗稳定剂的条件下,制备原生质体。两亲株的原生质体形成率分别为98.2％和91.0％。原生质体再生率为6.12％和2.13％。两亲株的原生质体在35％聚乙二醇(PEG, M.W.6000),50mMCaCl_2下诱导融合15分钟,在基本培养基上长出营养互补的融合菌株,融合频率为4.14x10_(-4)。本文就两亲株的原生质体形成和再生条件进行了初步的探讨,并进行了原生质体融合的尝试,     

棒状杆菌原生质体的形成、再生以及融合的初步探讨

Corynebacterium 属中的一些种是生产氨基酸的重要菌株。它们对蛋清I容菌酶和其他几种酶均不敏感。作者用0.4—0.8u／ml青霉素G处理对数期菌令菌体,可明显增加对蛋清溶菌酶的敏感性。继而用0.5—1.0mg／ml的蛋清溶菌酶,于37℃,12—15小时保温,渗透压敏感细胞可达99％以上。在丁二酸钠高渗完全培养平皿上,原生质体再生率可达20％。C. pekinenseAS 1.563与C. crenutum 82原生质体融合率为3×10-4 每对原生质体。融合菌株不稳定呈现出不同程度的分离现象。对融合菌株发酵产物——氨基酸进行了纸层析,70％的融合株同时产生两亲株所产的氨基酸,10％菌株不产生两亲株所产的氨基酸。通过光学显微镜和电镜技术,观察了原生质体的形成、再生和原生质体聚集现象。     

产黄青霉菌原生质体的营养互补融合和二倍体的形成

采用0.5％纤维素酶(来自Trichoderma pseudokoningii)加0.5％玛瑙螺酶(来自Achatina fulica Férussac)的混合酶液获得的原生质体,以国产30％聚乙二醇分子量6,000(自5,500—7,500),0.01M CaCl_2作融合剂,成功地获得了产黄青霉菌(Penicillium chrysogenum)原生质体的营养互补融合。自7个菌株组成的7对杂交组合中获得了异核体,并分离到深绿色原养型杂种。比较亲本及杂种的孢子体积及DNA含量,证明杂种是二倍体,二倍体稳定。原生质体融合频率为0.07—0.38％。二个菸酸缺陷型807和817可以发生营养互补,并形成异核体,可能是非等位基因变异的原因。 试验中观察了融合剂的pH,聚乙二醇的纯化,以及残留酶液对融合的作用。     

原生质体融合提高农抗武夷菌素的效价

从农抗武夷菌素产生菌不吸水链霉菌武夷变种菌株Co-N-31诱变获得两个突变株M35(Leu^-,孢子颜色灰色)和M46(ser^-.孢子颜色灰白色),并以此两突变株为直接亲本在25％ PEG1000诱导下进行种内原生质体融合。M35和M46原生质体再生率分别为3.72％和0.248％,重组频率为55.20％。采用间接法选择营养标记互补的稳定的原养型重组子,并从中获得一株高产菌株F31-24;其效价比原始亲本Co-N-31提高了82％。薄层层析结果表明,菌株F31-24和Co-N-31的发效产物在Rf值为0.50和0.26处均有斑点,但含量有异。测定斑点生物活性证明其均有抑菌活性。温室试验表明,菌株F31-24发酵产物对小麦白粉病的防治效果优于菌株Co-N-31。     

酿酒酵母和产朊假丝酵母原生质体的形成、再生及属间融合

使用由亚硝基胍诱变所得到的营养缺陷型作为单倍体融合亲株的核基因标记,同时也采用线粒体球红霉素抗性突变株的小菌落形式作为融合亲株的线粒体基因标记。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)两亲株原生质体的制备是用对数生长早期的细胞在蜗牛酶和0.7M KCl及β-巯基乙醇或二巯基苏糖醇的作用下完成的。二者的原生质体的形成率在30—60分钟内达到90—99％。原生质体再生率,酿酒酵母最高为29—35％,产朊假丝酵母为7.5％。两亲株的原生质体在35％PEG(M.W.6,000),10mM CaCl_2条件下被诱导融合。在基础培养基上,长出以营养互补为标记的融合菌株。融合频率为10~(-5)—10~(-6)。试验表明,这些融合菌株具有杂种的性质。其中一株杂合子在同化D-木糖、纤维二糖等的能力上比亲株明显增强。     

C．shehatae TZ8耐乙醇菌株的筛选及发酵性能研究

以C.shehataeTZ8为出发茵株,利用1％溶壁酶和1％蜗牛酶酶解1．5h,制备成C.shehataeTZ8原生质体,并对原生质体进行紫外诱变,以含不同浓度乙醇的木糖液体培养基培养进行初筛和复筛,获得一株遗传性能稳定、耐乙醇能力达5．5％（v／v）的蕾株C．shehataeTZ8-4,比初始菌株耐乙醇能力提高了2％。对突变株C．shehataeTZ8-4发酵性能的研究结果表明：C．shehataeTZ8-4发酵糖能力从80g/L（葡糖糖和木糖比为2：1）提高到120g／L,最大乙醇产量从27．41g／L提高到43．12g／L。     

原生质体融合技术选育耐热性β-淀粉酶产生菌

从土壤中分离到两株产β-淀粉酶芽孢杆菌菌株,经紫外线、丫-射线,氯化锂、亚硝基胍等诱变和筛选,得到β-淀粉酶高产菌和耐热性β-淀粉酶产生菌各一株。将两菌进行原生质体融合,获得兼有两亲株遗传特性的融合子wg6。从菌落形态和产酶特性等证实此融合子系两亲株融台所得的杂交子代。W96菌株产酶能力介于两亲株之间,酶的热稳定性较高,60℃处理15min,酶活力仍达93．2％。此菌株还可产生少量茁霉多糖酶(一种支链淀粉酶)．与所产生的β-淀粉酶协同作用,使淀粉水解率达到80．6％,因而有较高的应用价值。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.