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1.
Promotion of radish cotyledon enlargement and reducing sugar content by zeatin and red light 总被引:3,自引:6,他引:3
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Effects of zeatin on amino acid and sugar contents of detached radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cotyledons were investigated to determine if accumulation of these solutes contributes to cytokinin-enhanced growth. Protein and amino acid levels were not significantly affected, but in cotyledons incubated in light the hormone caused greater accumulations of reducing sugars than occurred in light controls. Continuous fluorescent light or a few minutes of red light increased both the growth rate and the reducing sugar levels compared to dark controls. A far red treatment following red light overcame the promoting effect of the latter. Amounts of reducing sugars were closely associated with growth under the above conditions. Activity of an unidentified amylase was elevated by continuous light or a red light treatment (nullifiable by far red), suggesting that reducing sugars were derived from starch. Zeatin-treated cotyledons exhibited less amylase activity than did light controls, perhaps implicating cytokinin-stimulated conversion of fats to sugars in light. In darkness zeatin promoted cotyledon growth but did not increase sugar levels nor amylase activity, suggesting that enhanced ion accumulation also contributes to the more rapid water uptake leading to growth. 相似文献
2.
A. Ptak A. El. Tahchy G. Wyżgolik M. Henry D. Laurain-Mattar 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2010,102(1):61-67
The influence of ethylene on in vitro morphogenesis of Leucojum aestivum and galanthamine accumulation was studied. Calli were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 25 μM
4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 0.5 μM benzyladenine (BA). During incubation under these conditions,
callus cultures produced ethylene (9.5 nL/g fresh weight: F.W.) whereas no ethylene was found in somatic embryos cultivated
on medium supplemented with 0.5 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 5 μM zeatin. Application of the precursor of ethylene
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) increased ethylene production in both cultures, and decreased callus growth by
a factor of 1.2, whereas callus growth was enhanced by a factor of 1.1 in the presence of an inhibitor of ethylene silver
nitrate (AgNO3) or by a factor of 1.2 with an absorbent potassium permanganate (KMnO4). ACC enhanced the induction of somatic embryos and the development of globular embryos. Removal of ethylene by KMnO4 during somatic embryogenesis led to the development of plants with greater length. Silver thiosulphate (STS) induced galanthamine
production in callus cultures (0.1% dry weight), whereas ACC induced galanthamine production in somatic embryo cultures (2%
dry weight). 相似文献
3.
Kaur S Singh HP Batish DR Negi A Mahajan P Rana S Kohli RK 《Biological trace element research》2012,146(3):360-368
The present study investigated the effect of Arsenic (As; 5, 10, 50 μM) on protein and sugar metabolism vis-à-vis oxidative
damage during early germination process and radicle emergence (at 12, 24 and 48 h stage) in Phaseolus aureus. As-exposure (50 μM) significantly enhanced protein content (by 40–60%), whereas carbohydrate content declined (by 31–44%)
over that in the control. It was associated with a decline in the activities of proteases (47–53%), and increase in the activities
of α- and β-amylases, starch phosphorylases, and acid invertases by 3.0, 2.6, 4.8, and 1.7 times after 48 h exposure to 50 μM
As. The alteration in protein and carbohydrate metabolic machinery was also accompanied by As-induced reactive oxygen species
(ROS)-mediated oxidative damage. As treatment enhanced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content by 46–252% and 23–216%,
and hydroxyl and superoxide ion generation by 15–104% and 17–278%, respectively. As-induced lipid peroxidation and membrane
disruption was confirmed by enhanced electrolyte leakage (by 49%) and reduced cell viability (by 43%). Furthermore, in response
to 50 μM As, the activities of superoxide dismutases, catalases, ascorbate peroxidases, guaiacol peroxidases, and glutathione
reductases increased by 77%, 70%, 116%, 43% and 120%, respectively, in radicles at 48 h stage over that in the control. The
study concludes that As inhibits radicle emergence and elongation in germinating P. aureus seeds by altering biochemical processes related to sugar metabolism and inducing an ROS-mediated oxidative damage. 相似文献
4.
Of 23 strains of halotolerant (up to 12% w/v NaCl) photosynthetic bacteria isolated from various sources, one isolate, SH5,
accumulated intracellular 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) at 0.45 μg/g dry cell wt (DCW) growing aerobically in the dark. The
strain was identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides using 16S rDNA sequencing. Biosynthesis of ALA was enhanced to 14 μg/g DCW using modified glutamate/glucose (50 mM) medium
with the addition of 10 mM levulinic acid after 24 h cultivation. Addition of 30 μM Fe2+ to this medium increased the yield to 226 μg/g DCW. 相似文献
5.
P. I. P. Perera D. M. D. Yakandawala V. Hocher J-L. Verdeil L. K. Weerakoon 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,96(2):171-180
The effect of growth regulators on induction of androgenesis in coconut was investigated using seven different growth regulators
at various concentrations and combinations. Three auxins (1-naphthalene acetic acid—NAA, indoleacetic acid—IAA, picloram)
and three cytokinins (2-isopentyl adenine-2-iP, kinetin, zeatin) were tested either alone or in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D), using modified Eeuwens Y3 liquid medium as the basal medium. Among the tested auxins, 100 μM NAA in combination
with 100 μM 2,4-D enhanced the production of calli/embryos (123) whereas IAA and picloram showed negative and detrimental
effects, respectively, for androgenesis induction over 100 μM 2,4-D alone. Kinetin and 2-iP enhanced the production of calli/embryos
when 100 μM 2,4-D was present in the culture medium. Both cytokinins at 10 μM yielded the highest frequencies of embryos (113
and 93, respectively) whereas zeatin (1 or 2.5 μM) had no impact on microspore embryogenesis. When calli/embryos (produced
from different treatments in different experiments) were sub-cultured in somatic embryo induction medium (Y3 medium containing 66 μM 2,4-D), followed by maturation medium (Y3 medium without growth regulators) and germination medium (Y3 medium containing 5 μM-6-benzyladenine—BA and 0.35 μM gibberellic acid—GA3), plantlets were regenerated at low frequencies (in most treatments ranging from 0% to 7%). 相似文献
6.
7.
Osmotic stress and endogenous hormone levels may have a role in shoot organogenesis, but a systematic study has not yet to
investigate the links. We evaluated the changes of the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) levels
in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tainan 5) callus during shoot organogenesis induced by exogenous plant growth regulator treatments or under osmotic
stress. Non-regenerable callus showed low levels of endogenous ABA and IAA, with no fluctuation in level during the period
evaluated. The addition of 100 μM ABA or 2 mM anthranilic acid (IAA precursor) into Murashige and Skoog basal induction medium
containing 10 μM 2,4-D enhanced the regeneration frequency slightly, to 5 and 35%, respectively, and their total cellular
ABA or IAA levels were increased significantly, correspondingly to the treatments. However, the regeneration frequency was
greatly increased to 80% after treatment with 0.6 M sorbitol or 100 μM ABA and 2 mM anthranilic acid combined. Both treatments
produced high levels of total cellular ABA and IAA at the callus stage, which was quickly decreased on the first day after
transfer to regeneration medium. Thus, osmotic stress-induced simultaneous accumulation of endogenous ABA and IAA is involved
in shoot regeneration in rice callus. 相似文献
8.
Cucumber seedlings were pretreated with 3 μM 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) followed by cultivation at normal (25/18 °C) or high (42/38 °C) day/night temperature to investigate the protective effects of ALA on heat stress in plants. Heat elevated the contents of malondiadehyde (MDA), superoxide radical (O2 .−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in leaves of all plants but less in ALA-pretreated plants. Heat treatment resulted in higher antioxidant enzyme activities and proline and soluble sugar contents and weaker growth inhibition in ALA-pretreated plants than in those treated with heat alone. These results indicate that ALA pretreatment increased the tolerance of seedlings to heat stress. 相似文献
9.
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) accumulation in dark-grown tobaccocallus cells in the presence of levulinic acid (LA) was followedunder blue or red light or in continuous darkness. Significantformation of ALA continued in the dark. The protochlorophyll-(ide) (Pchl) content of dark-incubated cells remained low becauseof its turnover. We inferred that the feedback inhibition ofALA synthesis by Pchl would not occur in darkincubated calluscells. ALA formation was enhanced by blue light, and this effectreached saturation at an intensity of about 800 mW.m2.Neither weak nor strong red light affected ALA formation. Fullenhancement of ALA formation by blue light was attained afterfairly long continuous illumination of the callus cells. Thisblue lightenhanced activity of ALA synthesis declined very slowlyduring the subsequent dark incubation. The blue light enhancement of ALA formation was observed incallus cells supplied with sucrose over a wide range of concentrations.Pchl regeneration in carbon-starved callus cells, supplied withglutamate at various concentrations, was also markedly enhancedby blue light. Respiration of the callus cells was not enhancedby blue light. A possible role of blue light in regulating ALAformation in callus cells is discussed.
1Dedicated to the late Professor Joji Ashida. (Received September 3, 1982; Accepted April 5, 1983) 相似文献
10.
Huabing Meng Shujin Hua Imran Haider Shamsi Ghulam Jilani Yuanlong Li Lixi Jiang 《Plant Growth Regulation》2009,58(1):47-59
Because of its prolific growth, oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) can be grown advantageously for phytoremediation of the lands contaminated by industrial wastes. Therefore, toxic effect
of cadmium on the germination of oilseed rape, the capability of plants for cadmium phytoextraction, and the effect of exogenous
application of plant growth regulators to mitigate phytotoxicity of cadmium were investigated. For the lab study of seedlings
at early stage, seeds were grown on filter papers soaked in different solutions of Cd2+ (0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μM). In greenhouse study, seedlings were grown in soil for 8 weeks, transferred to hydroponic
pots for another 6 weeks growth, and then treated with plant growth regulators and cadmium. Four plant growth regulators viz.
jasmonic acid (12.5 μM), abscisic acid (10 μM), gibberellin (50 μM) and salicylic acid (50 μM); and three levels of Cd2+ (0, 50 and 100 μM) were applied. Data indicated that lower concentration of Cd2+ (10 μM) promoted the root growth, whereas the severe stresses (200 or 400 μM) had negative effect on the establishment of
germinating seedlings. Plants treated with any of the tested plant growth regulators alleviated cadmium toxicity symptoms,
which were reflected by more fresh weight, less malondialdehyde concentration in leaves and lower antioxidant enzyme activities.
The application of abscisic acid to the plants cultivated in the medium containing 100 μM Cd2+ resulted in significantly lower plant internal cadmium accumulation.
Huabing Meng and Shujin Hua contributed equally to this paper. 相似文献
11.
Justyna Krzyzanowska Anna Czubacka Lukasz Pecio Marcin Przybys Teresa Doroszewska Anna Stochmal Wieslaw Oleszek 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,108(1):73-81
The effects of two elicitors: jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate on cell growth as well as on rosmarinic acid accumulation
in cell suspension cultures of Mentha × piperita were investigated. The highest rosmarinic acid accumulation 117.95 mg g−1 DW (12% DW) was measured 24 h after addition of 100 μM methyl jasmonate. A similar concentration 110.12 mg g−1 DW was detected 48 h after application of 200 μM jasmonic acid. Those values were nearly 1.5 times higher compared to the
control sample, without elicitation. There was no substantial influence of elicitors on rosmarinic acid secretion into the
culture media. Extracellular concentrations of rosmarinic acid were similar to the values from the control variants. It was
documented that suspension cultures of M. piperita treated with elicitors showed a decrease in biomass accumulation when compared to the control. 相似文献
12.
Pueraria tuberosa, a medicinally important leguminous plant, yielding various isoflavanones including puerarin, is threatened, thus requiring
conservation. In this study, fresh shoot sprouts of P. tuberosa, produced by tubers, were used as explants for in vitro micropropagation. Surface-sterilized nodal shoots were incubated
on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8.88 μM benzyladenine (BA), 50 mg l−1 ascorbic acid, and 25 mg l−1 of each of citric acid and adenine sulphate. Cut ends of nodal stem segments rapidly turned brown, and cultures failed to
establish. When 100 mg l−1 ascorbic acid (ABA) and 25.0 mg l−1 polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were added to the medium, explants remained healthy, and cultures were established. Bud-breaking
of nodal stem explants resulted in multiple shoot formation. Shoots proliferated (35–40 shoots per culture vessel) on MS medium
as described above, but supplemented with 4.44 μM BA and 0.57 μM indole acetic acid (IAA) and additives. After 4–5 passages,
proliferating shoots exhibited tip-browning and decline in growth and multiplication. However, when shoots were transferred
to fresh shoot proliferation medium supplemented with 2.32 μM kinetin (Kn), sustained growth and high rate of shoot proliferation
(50–60 shoots per culture vessel) was observed. Shoots rooted when transferred to medium consisting of half- strength MS medium
with 9.84 μM indole butyric acid (IBA) and 0.02% activated charcoal. Alternatively, individual shoots were pulsed with 984.0 μM
IBA and transferred to glass bottles containing sterile and moistened soilrite. These shoots rooted ex-vitro and were acclimatized
in the greenhouse. Plants were then analyzed for puerarin content using HPLC, and leaves showed maximum accumulation of purerarin. 相似文献
13.
C. S. Jeong H. N. Murthy E. J. Hahn H. L. Lee K. Y. Paek 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2009,31(1):219-222
The effect of the root-inoculum size and axuin concentration on growth of adventitious roots and accumulation of ginsenosides
were studied during suspension cultures of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Of the various concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and γ-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) used as supplementary
growth regulators along with Murashige and Skoog medium, 25 μM IBA was found suitable for lateral root induction and growth,
as well as accumulation of ginsenosides. Inoculum size of 5 g L−1 was found suitable for optimal biomass (10.5 g L−1 dry biomass) and ginsenosides (5.4 mg g−1 DW) accumulation. Of the various length of root inocula tested (chopped to 1–3, 4–6, 7–10 mm and un-chopped), root inocula
of 7–10 mm was found suitable for biomass and ginsenoside accumulation. 相似文献
14.
The influence of phytohormones, salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the antioxidant systems in Haematococcus
pluvialis was investigated. Both SA and MJ at 500 μM concentration reduced the growth of alga with salicylic acid, having more pronounced
effect. Carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were decreased by SA and increased by MJ. Salicylic acid (100 μM) increased astaxanthin
content to 6.8-fold under low light (30 μmol m−2 s−1), while MJ (10 μM) showed marginal increase in astaxanthin. Salicylic acid (500 μM) increased superoxide dismutase activity
to 4.5- and 3.3-fold and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity to 15.5- and 7.1-fold under low and high light, respectively.
Methyl jasmonate increased catalase activity (1.4-fold) under high light and APX activity (5.4-fold) under low light. Different
mechanism of oxidative stress induced antioxidant production may be the plausible reason for this varied response for salicylic
acid and methyl jasmonate. Higher concentrations of SA and MJ inhibited astaxanthin accumulation by different mechanisms either
by scavenging the free radicals or by increasing primary carotenoids production. At lower concentrations, these phytohormones
could be used for elicitation of secondary carotenoid production. 相似文献
15.
Tubers can be initiated and developed in vitro from nodal cuttings of yam (Dioscorea cayenensis-D. rotundata complex). The effect of exogenous jasmonic acid, alone or in combination with putrescine, on these processes was investigated in
relationship to endogenous jasmonic acid and polyamine levels. Application of exogenous jasmonic acid at various concentrations
positively affected microtuber formation and growth from yam nodal cuttings. In control conditions, 3 weeks were needed to
obtain 100% of tuberisation. Jasmonic acid at low level (0.1 μM) accelerated tuber formation (46% after 1 week) as did putrescine
(10 μM). But endogenous levels of jasmonic acid were not significantly affected by its exogenous presence in the medium. Jasmonic
acid also interacted with other growth regulators as polyamines, but the decrease in time necessary to observe tuber formation
could not be correlated with endogenous modifications of PUT content. The presence of jasmonic acid (0.1–1 μM) as PUT (1 μM)
induced also an increase of tuber length and weight. The combination of jasmonic acid (0.1 μM) and putrescine (1 μM) had no
positive effect on tuber formation (precocity) but had an additive effect on further growth (length and weight). In the future,
these results could help the optimising in vitro conditions for mass production of larger yam microtubers. 相似文献
16.
Auxin and elicitors reportedly activate phospolipase A. A number of inhibitors known to inhibit animal phospholipase A2 were tested for their ability to inhibit hormone and fusicoccin-induced growth. To this end, growth induced by indolyl-3-acetic
acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in hypocotyl segments of etiolated zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings was determined in the presence of the inhibitors nordihydroguajaretic acid (NDGA), aristolochic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic
acid (ETYA), PBx (a prostaglandin derivative), and oleylethyl phosphocholine. Each chemical proved inhibitory to auxin-induced growth, oleylethyl
phosphocholine being the least effective. The effects of the first three inhibitors were investigated in more detail. Growth
induced by 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 1 μM indolyl-3-acetic acid was inhibited 50% by about 30–50 μM NDGA, by
about 25 μM aristolochic acid, and by about 10–20 μM EYTA. Growth inhibition was reversible and became apparent 0.5–1 h after
inhibitor addition. Growth induced by 0.5 or 1 μM fusicoccin was much less inhibited by NDGA and by ETYA, whereas aristolochic
acid was only slightly less effective on fusicoccin-induced than on auxin-induced growth. These three inhibitors were also
tested for their effects on gibberellin-induced growth in light-grown peas (Pisum sativum L.) and on cytokinin-induced expansion growth in excised cotyledons from radish (Raphanus sativum L.) seedlings. In both tests, aristolochic acid had toxic side-effects although gibberellin-induced growth was still apparent.
In the gibberellin test, neither NDGA at up to 100 μM nor ETYA at 80 μM was inhibitory to hormone-induced growth. Moreover,
40 μM ETYA was not inhibitory to kinetin-induced growth. We hypothesize that the selectivity of phospholipase A2 inhibitors for auxin-induced growth implies a different signal transduction pathway for each of the different signal substances
tested, and that auxins might use fatty acid(s) and/or lysophospholipid(s) or their derivatives as the preferred second messengers.
Received: 24 September 1996 / Accepted: 18 January 1997 相似文献
17.
V. K. Sreenivas V. N. Jisha Kottackal Poulose Martin P. V. Madhusoodanan 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2011,33(5):2051-2056
The present study prospects Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume as a new source of anthocyanins through leaf and internode explants-derived callus cultures. Murashige and Skoog
(MS) medium fortified with 21.48 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid was superior for callus growth. Of the different regimes, the
anthocyanin production relied on synergic effects of plant growth regulators, pH, light, and carbon source. The calluses incubated
in light on MS medium with 4% glucose containing 2.22 μM N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.26 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at pH 3.5 yielded the highest amount (a mean of 0.42 mg g−1 callus) of anthocyanins. Subsequent cultures of the calluses on the above medium yielded a stable production of anthocyanins.
Medium containing glucose was superior to that with sucrose for anthocyanin formation. Kinetin was inhibitory to anthocyanin
accumulation. Suspension cultures of MS medium containing 2.26 μM 2,4-D and 2.22 μM BA at pH 5.0 started excretion of anthocyanins
into the medium on reaching to pH 4.4–4.6. 相似文献
18.
Pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush) is at risk for extirpation by an exotic insect, the emerald ash borer (EAB). Pumpkin ash is limited to wetland
areas of the Eastern United States, and has been listed as an endangered species because of EAB activity. Pumpkin ash provides
many benefits to the ecosystem, and its wood is used in the manufacturing industry. In vitro regeneration provides an integral
tool for the mass propagation and genetic transformation of pumpkin ash to combat EAB. Therefore, a plant regeneration protocol
was developed for pumpkin ash. Aseptically extracted hypocotyls formed adventitious shoots following 4 weeks on Murashige
and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0–22.2 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0–6.8 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) then transferred for
an additional 4 weeks on MS medium with Gamborg B5 vitamins plus 0.2 g L−1 glycine (B5G) containing 6.7 μM BA, 1 μM indole-3-butryic acid (IBA), and 0.29 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). As adventitious shoots developed, these were transferred to a MSB5G medium with 13.3 μM BA, 1 μM IBA, and 0.29 μM GA3 for shoot elongation. Elongated shoots were successfully micropropagated using MSB5 medium with 10 μM BA and 10 μM TDZ. Adventitious
root formation was as high as 94% using woody plant medium supplemented with 4.9 μM IBA with shoots cultured for 10 days in
the dark followed by culture under a 16-h photoperiod. Acclimatization to the greenhouse was successful and normal plant growth
was observed. This protocol will provide a means for genetic transformation for EAB resistance and mass propagation for conservation. 相似文献
19.
B. Bisbis J.P. Billard C. Huault C. Kevers F. Le Dily T. Gaspar 《Biologia Plantarum》1997,40(4):493-497
5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS) has been detected in a normal (auxin- and cytokinin-dependent) green sugar beet callus under light and under darkness. ALAS activity was lower when the callus was grown under light. The supply of precursors of the Shemin pathway (glycine and succinate) to dark-grown callus enhanced considerably the capacity of the 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) formation. Glutamate, -aminobutyrate or -ketoglutarate also increased ALA accumulation. Such an accumulation was also obtained after inhibition of polyamine synthesis. The results show that glutamate or its derivatives might feed the Shemin pathway in conditions preventing glutamate to be used through the Beale pathway. 相似文献
20.
Alicja Piotrowska Andrzej Bajguz Romuald Czerpak Katarzyna Kot 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2010,29(1):53-62
The present study was undertaken to test the influence of exogenously applied jasmonic acid (JA) at concentrations of 0.01–100 μM
upon the growth and metabolism of the aquatic plant Wolffia
arrhiza (Lemnaceae). JA acted in a concentration-dependent manner. JA at 0.1 μM stimulated plant growth and accumulation of cellular
components (proteins, monosaccharides, chlorophylls, phaeophytins, and carotenoids). Treatment with JA at 0.1 μM enhanced
W.
arrhiza viability by the induction of biomass production and increased the level of photosynthetic pigments, monosaccharides, and
soluble proteins. Moreover, JA at 0.1 μM activated the enzymatic (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, NADH peroxidase) and nonenzymatic
antioxidant (ascorbate, glutathione) system in W.
arrhiza and, therefore, suppressed lipid peroxidation. In contrast, decreases in fresh weight, major photosynthetic pigments, monosaccharides,
and soluble protein content were observed in W. arrhiza exposed to 100 μM JA. JA applied at 100 μM also stimulated the formation of lipid peroxides which are responsible for membrane
damage. In the presence of 100 μM JA, antioxidant enzyme (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, NADH peroxidase) activity and ascorbate
as well as glutathione content were inhibited. The data support the hypothesis that JA plays an important role in W.
arrhiza growth and metabolism, regulating oxidative status by direct influence on the enzymatic as well as nonenzymatic antioxidant
machinery. 相似文献