川西亚高山针叶林不同恢复阶段土壤的硝化和反硝化作用

 采用气压过程分离(Barometric process separation, BaPS)技术对川西亚高山针叶林不同恢复 阶段土壤的总硝化和反硝化作用速率进行了测定,结果表明：川西亚高山针叶林不同恢复阶段土壤的总硝化和反硝化速率差异不显著(p<0.05),不同恢复阶段土壤总硝化作用的 Q10值 差异不显著(p<0.05);总硝化作用速率与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与土 壤pH值、 土壤有机质、全氮及C/N相关不显著;不同恢复阶段土壤反硝化速率均维持在一个较低的水 平,反硝化速率与土壤中的C/N显著正相关(p<0.05),与土壤含水量、pH值、有机质及全氮相关不显著。与反硝化作用相比,硝化作用对亚高山针叶林土壤氮损失的影响可能更大     

Simulation of C and N mineralisation during crop residue decomposition: A simple dynamic model based on the C:N ratio of the residues

C and N mineralisation kinetics obtained in laboratory incubations during decomposition of crop residues under non-limiting nitrogen conditions were simulated using a simple dynamic model. This model includes three compartments: the residues, microbial biomass and humified organic matter. Seven parameters are used to describe the C and N fluxes. The decomposed C is either mineralised as CO₂ or assimilated by the soil microflora, microbial decay producing both C humification and secondary C mineralisation. The N dynamics are governed by the C rates and the C:N ratio of the compartments which remain constant in the absence of nitrogen limitation. The model was parameterised using apparent C and N mineralisation kinetics obtained for 27 different residues (organs of oilseed rape plants) that exhibited very wide variations in chemical composition and nitrogen content. Except for the C:N ratio of the residues and the soil organic matter, the other five parameters of the model were obtained by non-linear fitting and by minimising the differences between observed and simulated values of CO₂ and mineral N. Three parameters, namely the decomposition rate constant of the residues, the biomass C:N ratio and humification rate, were strongly correlated with the residues C:N ratio. Hyperbolic relationships were established between these parameters and the residues C:N ratio. In contrast, the other two parameters, i.e. the decay rate of the microbial biomass and the assimilation yield of residue-C by the microbial biomass, were not correlated to the residues C:N ratio and were, therefore, fixed in the model. The model thus parameterised against the residue C:N ratio as a unique criterion, was then evaluated on a set of 48 residues. An independent validation was obtained by taking into account 21 residues which had not been used for the parameterisation. The kinetics of apparent C and N mineralisation were reasonably well simulated by the model. The model tended to over-estimate carbon mineralisation which could limit its use for C predictions, but the kinetics of N immobilisation or mineralisation due to decomposition of residues in soil were well predicted. The model indicated that the C:N ratio of decomposers increased with the residue C:N ratio. Higher humification was predicted for substrates with lower C:N ratios. This simple dynamic model effectively predicts N evolution during crop residue decomposition in soil.     

Spatial Heterogeneity of Denitrification in Semi-Arid Floodplains

Riparian ecosystems are recognized as sinks for inorganic nitrogen (N). Denitrification, a heterotrophic microbial process, often accounts for a significant fraction of the N removed. Characteristics of both riparian soils and hydrologic vectors may constrain the locations where denitrification can occur within riparian ecosystems by influencing the distribution of substrates, water, and suitable redox conditions. We employed spatially explicit methods to quantify heterogeneity of soil characteristics and potential rate of denitrification in semi-arid riparian ecosystems. These results allow us to evaluate the relative contributions of hydrologic vectors (water courses that convey materials) and soil resources (materials required by biota) to spatial heterogeneity of denitrification. During dry and monsoon seasons we contrasted a mesic site, characterized by shallow groundwater and annual inundation by floods, with a xeric site that is inundated less often and has a deeper water table. Potential denitrification was detected throughout the mesic floodplain and the average rate of denitrification was greater at the mesic site than at the xeric site, indicating the influence of water availability on denitrification. At the xeric reach, sharp declines in pools of soil resources and rate of denitrification occurred away from the stream, demonstrating the importance of the stream in determining spatial patterns. Using geographically weighted regression analysis, we determined that soil organic matter and soil nitrate were significant predictors of denitrification at the xeric site, but that factors influencing denitrification varied spatially. Spatial heterogeneity of carbon (C) and N substrates in soils likely influenced spatial patterns of denitrification, but distribution of C and N substrates was ultimately organized by hydrologic vectors. Droughts will increase the abundance of reaches with hydrogeomorphic templates similar to the xeric reach studied here. Consequences of such a transition may include a reduced rate of denitrification and patchy distribution of denitrification in floodplain soils, which will decrease the contribution of riparian ecosystems to N removal. TKH designed and completed the study and wrote the paper; EAW contributed methods and edited the paper; NBG designed the study and edited the paper.     

A model to predict transformations and losses of nitrogen in UK pastures grazed by beef cattle

The model simulates the cycling of N in grassland systems grazed by beef cattle and predicts the annual amount of N in liveweight gain, and the amounts lost through ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching, on the basis of fertilizer application and soil and site characteristics. It aims to provide a better understanding of the way in which these various factors interact in their influence on N transformations. The model has been programmed to run on IBM-compatible personal computers and responds rapidly to changes in input parameters. The model has been constructed from the average annual amounts of N passing through various components of the N cycle in ten field systems grazed by beef cattle. The amounts were either measured directly or were calculated from empirical sub-models, assuming a balance between inputs to, and outputs from the soil inorganic N pool. The model is given wide applicability through the inclusion of a mineralization sub-model which is sensitive to soil texture, sward age, previous cropping history, and climatic zone. Another important sub-model determines the partitioning of soil inorganic N to either plant uptake or the processes of loss: the proportion partitioned to plant uptake decreases as the total amount of soil inorganic N increases. Outputs from the model indicate that fertilizer N has a strong influence on ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching at a given site but that, over a range of sites with a given rate of fertilizer N, total loss and the proportions lost by the three processes are greatly influenced by the amount of N mineralized by the soil. The model indicates how fertilizer N should be matched with mineralization to limit gaseous and leaching losses and to achieve optimum efficiency of N use in grazing systems.     

Nitrogen deposition promotes the production of new fungal residues but retards the decomposition of old residues in forest soil fractions

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has frequently been observed to increase soil carbon (C) storage in forests, but the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Changes in microbial community composition and substrate use are hypothesized to be one of the key mechanisms affected by N inputs. Here, we investigated the effects of N deposition on amino sugars, which are used as biomarkers for fungal‐ and bacterial‐derived microbial residues in soil. We made use of a 4‐year combined CO₂ enrichment and N deposition experiment in model forest ecosystems, providing a distinct ¹³C signal for ‘new’ and ‘old’ C in soil organic matter and microbial residues measured in density and particle‐size fractions of soils. Our hypothesis was that N deposition decreases the amount of fungal residues in soils, with the new microbial residues being more strongly affected than old residues. The soil fractionation showed that organic matter and microbial residues are mainly stabilized by association with soil minerals in the heavy and fine fractions. Moreover, the bacterial residues are relatively enriched at mineral surfaces compared to fungal residues. The ¹³C tracing indicated a greater formation of fungal residues compared to bacterial residues after 4 years of experiment. In contradiction to our hypotheses, N deposition significantly increased the amount of new fungal residues in bulk soil and decreased the decomposition of old microbial residues associated with soil minerals. The preservation of old microbial residues could be due to decreased N limitation of microorganisms and therefore a reduced dependence on organic N sources. This mechanism might be especially important in fine heavy fractions with low C/N ratios, where microbial residues are effectively protected from decomposition by association with soil minerals.     

Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus retention during wetland ecosystem succession

We compared the mechanisms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal in four young (<15 years old) constructed estuarine marshes with paired mature natural marshes to determine how nutrient retention changes during wetland ecosystem succession. In constructed wetlands, N retention begins as soon as emergent vegetation becomes established and soil organic matter starts to accumulate, which is usually within the first 1–3 years. Accumulation of organic carbon in the soil sets the stage for denitrification which, after 5–10 years, removes approximately the same amount of N as accumulating organic matter, 5–10 g/m²/yr each, under conditions of low N loadings. Under high N loadings, the amount of N stored in accumulating organic matter doubles while N removal from denitrification may increase by an order of magnitude or more. Both organic N accumulation and denitrification provide for long-term reliable N removal regardless of N loading rates. Phosphorus removal, on the other hand, is greatest during the first 1–3 years of succession when sediment deposition and sorption/precipitation of P are greatest. During this time, constructed marshes may retain from 3 g P/m²/yr under low P loadings to as much as 30 g P/m²/yr under high loadings. However, as sedimentation decreases and sorption sites become saturated, P retention decreases to levels supported by organic P accumulation (1–2 g P/m²/yr) and sorption/precipitation with incoming aqueous and particulate Fe, Al and Ca. Phosphorus cycling in wetlands differs from forest and other terrestrial ecosystems in that conservation of P is greatest during the early years of succession, not during the middle or late stages. Conservation of P by wetlands is largely regulated by geochemical processes (sorption, precipitation) which operate independently of succession. In contrast, the conservation of N is controlled by biological processes (organic matter accumulation, denitrification) that change as succession proceeds.     

Assessment of the C/N ratio as an indicator of the decomposability of organic matter in forest soils

The usefulness of the C/N ratio as an indicator of the decomposability of organic matter in forest soil was assessed. The assessment was based on the relationship between the C/N ratio and the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nitrogen (total N), dissolved total organic carbon (DTOC) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). SOC, total N, DTOC and DIN were determined in soils sampled in coniferous and coniferous–deciduous forest sites from genetic horizons of 48 soil profiles. The variability of the above soil parameters was determined and the correlation between these parameters and the C/N values were calculated. It was found that the C/N ratio in soil was shaped by the difference in the mobility of both elements, whereas the decrease in the C content in subsequent horizons was mostly higher than the decrease in the N content, which means that the C/N value decreased with the depth of a soil profile. When the loss of SOC and total N contents occurs at a similar rate, the C/N ratio is maintained at a more or less stable level despite the advancing SOM mineralization. When the rate of the carbon release from SOM differs from that of nitrogen or when there is an N input from external sources, the C/N ratio does not adequately describe the process of SOM mineralization as well. The correlation coefficients between the C/N ratio and other parameters indicate that the relationships between them are not significant or that there is no correlation at all. It was found that the percentage of DTOC in SOC seemed to be a better indicator of SOM mineralization than the C/N ratio.     

广西中南部耕地土壤有机质和全氮变化的遥感监测

以1981年、2011年土壤数据为基础,以AVHRR和MODIS遥感影像为数据源,通过研究广西中南部土壤有机质、全氮及其变化与归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、植被覆盖度、植被净初级生产力(NPP)等遥感因子之间的耦合关系,建立表层土壤有机质、全氮含量变化的遥感监测模型。研究表明:近30年来,研究区土壤有机质、全氮变化均呈极显著上升趋势,分别增加了5.43g/kg和0.21g/kg;1981—2011年间,NDVI、植被覆盖度和NPP 3个遥感因子变化趋势一致,均呈现缓慢上升趋势,且遥感因子变化与有机质、全氮变化均具有显著正相关关系;利用逐步线性回归方法,建立土壤有机质、全氮变化的遥感监测模型,分别能够解释有机质、全氮变化的16.9%和20.3%;根据所建模型对研究区耕地土壤有机质、全氮变化可进行空间预测制图。结果表明,研究区内耕地土壤表层有机质、全氮分别上升了6.65g/kg和0.31g/kg,验证结果显示遥感模型能够反映出不同区域土壤有机质和全氮长期变化的空间特征。     

长期施肥黄土旱塬农田土壤-微生物-植物系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

探讨长期不同施肥制度对农田土壤、植物生态系统的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量比的影响,可为揭示该系统能量平衡和养分循环,实现农业生态系统元素平衡及可持续发展提供参考意义。以位于黄土高原半干旱地区的长武国家黄土高原农业生态实验站长期施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)8个处理,分析了黄土旱塬典型农田土壤-微生物-植物生态系统中C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量变化规律。研究结果表明:1)长期单施有机肥和化肥配施有机肥处理可显著提高土壤和有机质C、N、P含量。2)氮、磷肥的输入显著降低了土壤和小麦C∶N、N∶P,施P显著降低了有机态C∶P和小麦C∶P;有机肥配施对微生物生物量和小麦C∶N∶P的影响更为明显。3)长期有机肥配施条件下土壤养分和小麦化学计量比存在较强的相关关系。微生物生物量碳与有机C、N、P呈显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量氮与土壤N、P总量呈显著正相关,微生物生物量磷与土壤C、N、P总量含量呈显著负相关;植株碳含量与微生物...     

好氧反硝化菌的研究进展

综述了好氧反硝化菌的种类和特性、好氧反硝化菌的反硝化作用机制和影响因素.好氧反硝化菌主要包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)、副球菌属(Para-coccus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等,属好氧或兼性好氧异养微生物.好氧反硝化菌能在好氧条件下进行反硝化,其主要产物是N2O,并可将铵态氮直接转化成气态产物.催化好氧反硝化菌反硝化作用的硝酸盐还原酶是周质酶而不是膜结合酶.溶解氧和C/N往往是影响好氧反硝化菌反硝化作用的主要因素.介绍了间歇曝气法、选择性培养基法等好氧反硝化菌的主要分离筛选方法.概述了好氧反硝化菌在水产养殖、废水生物处理、降解有机污染物以及对土壤氮素损失的影响方面的研究进展.     

氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物分解的影响及其微生物学机制

氮沉降持续增加背景下土壤C∶N∶P化学计量比和pH环境等的改变及其可能的土壤微生物学机制已经成为陆地生态系统与全球变化研究的新生长点和科学研究前沿.以生态化学计量学和土壤微生物生态学为理论基础,综述了氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物分解的影响及其微生物学机制的基本理论、最新进展、研究热点与难点,旨在促进全球变化背景下陆地生态系统地下生态学的研究.氮沉降持续增加会导致森林生态系统磷循环加速,导致磷限制.氮沉降不但改变森林土壤有机质和凋落物的C∶N∶P化学计量比和降低土壤pH值,而且改变土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷、细菌、真菌和放线菌的组成以及影响碳氮磷分解的关键酶活性.氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物分解的影响表现为促进、抑制和无影响,其影响的差异可能来源于微生物效应的不同.叶片在凋落前有显著的氮磷养分回收,但是根无明显的养分回收,造成土壤有机质和凋落物的C∶N∶P化学计量比存在明显差异.基于DNA/RNA等分子生物学方法为土壤微生物生态学研究提供了强有力的手段,将促进氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物化学计量比改变的微生物学机制研究.     

秸秆和氮肥不同配比影响平邑甜茶幼苗的生长和对氮素的吸收、分配和利用

为探讨秸秆和氮肥不同配比对平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)植株生长和氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响, 采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术, 以二年生盆栽平邑甜茶为试材, 研究了不同秸秆和氮肥配比条件下平邑甜茶的生长、¹⁵N尿素吸收利用和土壤碳氮比等参数, 发现秸秆和氮肥不同配比对平邑甜茶植株的生长及¹⁵N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用具有不同的影响。园土和秸秆比在45:1的水平, 同时配施氮肥(N 300 mg·kg^-1)时, 植株株高、茎粗和植株总干重的值最高, 分别为85.33 cm、8.05 mm和74.68 g; 植株的全氮、¹⁵N吸收量和利用率也最大, 分别为0.938 g、0.029 g和9.74%。不加秸秆而仅施加氮肥(N 200 mg·kg^-1)的对照(CK)的根冠比最大, 为1.54, 显著高于其他各种处理。各试验处理地上部分从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对地上部分全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均大于地下部分, 且CK各器官Ndff值最高, 地上部分和地下部分分别为7.94%和4.69%。除CK外, 各处理¹⁵N分配率均是地上部>地下部。秸秆的施用显著提高了土壤的有机质、全氮含量和土壤有机质C/N比。相关性分析结果表明, 土壤有机质C/N比与植株地下部分Ndff值有极显著负相关性(p < 0.01), 与植株整株Ndff值有显著负相关性(p < 0.05)。建议果园秸秆配施氮肥时, 控制秸秆施用量在45:1水平, 氮肥在200-300 mg·kg^-1之间较好。     

Denitrification Potential, Root Biomass, and Organic Matter in Degraded and Restored Urban Riparian Zones

Hydrologic changes associated with urbanization often lead to lower water tables and drier, more aerobic soils in riparian zones. These changes reduce the potential for denitrification, an anaerobic microbial process that converts nitrate, a common water pollutant, into nitrogen gas. In addition to oxygen, denitrification is controlled by soil organic matter and nitrate. Geomorphic stream restorations are common in urban areas, but their effects on riparian soil conditions and denitrification have not been evaluated. We measured root biomass, soil organic matter, and denitrification potential (anaerobic slurry assay) at four depths in duplicate degraded, restored, and reference riparian zones in the Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., metropolitan area. There were three main findings in this study. First, although reference sites were wet and had high soil organic matter, they had low levels of nitrate relative to degraded and restored sites and therefore there were few differences in denitrification potential among sites. Evaluations of riparian restorations that have nitrate removal by denitrification as a goal should consider the complex controls of this process and how they vary between sites. Second, all variables declined markedly with depth in the soil. Restorations that increase riparian water tables will thus foster interaction of groundwater nitrate with near-surface soils with higher denitrification potential. Third, we observed strong positive relationships between root biomass and soil organic matter and between soil organic matter and denitrification potential, which suggest that establishment of deep-rooted vegetation may be particularly important for increasing the depth of the active denitrification zone in restored riparian zones.     

长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征

探讨外源养分的输入对土壤系统内碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响,对于深刻认识农田土壤有机碳(C)和养分循环及其相互作用过程具有重要意义。以26年的农田长期定位施肥试验为平台,分析长期不同施肥条件下土壤、有机态及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量学特征,并根据内稳性模型y=c x~(1/H)计算其化学计量内稳性指数H。结果表明:与长期撂荒处理(CK_0)相比,种植作物条件下26年化肥配施有机肥处理(MNPK和1.5MNPK)显著降低微生物生物量氮含量,但显著提高了微生物生物量磷的含量。相对于撂荒处理,即使长期配施化肥磷处理(NP、PK、NPK),其土壤有机磷降低显著。对于C∶N比而言,化肥配施有机物料处理(秸秆或有机肥)的土壤C∶N比、有机质C∶N及微生物生物量C∶N比均显著低于化肥处理(N、NP、PK和NPK)。对于C∶P比而言,相对于撂荒处理,26年施用磷肥(化肥磷或有机磷)显著降低了土壤C∶P比和微生物生物量C∶P比,而CK和偏施化肥处理(N、NP和PK)显著降低了土壤有机质C∶P比。对于土壤N∶P比而言,撂荒处理土壤N∶P比显著高于其他处理,而撂荒处理土壤有机质N∶P比显著高于CK和化肥处理,表明不施肥或化肥条件下作物种植加剧了土壤有机质中氮素的消耗。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比的内稳性指数H分别为0.24、0.75、0.64,不具有内稳性特征。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比分别与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比呈显著正相关关系,但与土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比之间无显著相关性。表明土壤碳、氮、磷元素的改变会直接导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷化学计量比的改变,但微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量比对土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比无显著影响,土壤有机质的碳氮磷计量比可能更多是受到作物和施肥等养分管理措施的影响。     

Plant–microbial competition for nitrogen increases microbial activities and carbon loss in invaded soils

Many invasive plant species show high rates of nutrient acquisition relative to their competitors. Yet the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, and its implications for ecosystem functioning, are poorly understood, particularly in nutrient-limited systems. Here, we test the hypothesis that an invasive plant species (Microstegium vimineum) enhances its rate of nitrogen (N) acquisition by outcompeting soil organic matter-degrading microbes for N, which in turn accelerates soil N and carbon (C) cycling. We estimated plant cover as an indicator of plant N acquisition rate and quantified plant tissue N, soil C and N content and transformations, and extracellular enzyme activities in invaded and uninvaded plots. Under low ambient N availability, invaded plots had 77% higher plant cover and lower tissue C:N ratios, suggesting that invasion increased rates of plant N acquisition. Concurrent with this pattern, we observed significantly higher mass-specific enzyme activities in invaded plots as well as 71% higher long-term N availability, 21% lower short-term N availability, and 16% lower particulate organic matter N. A structural equation model showed that these changes were interrelated and associated with 27% lower particulate organic matter C in invaded areas. Our findings suggest that acquisition of N by this plant species enhances microbial N demand, leading to an increased flux of N from organic to inorganic forms and a loss of soil C. We conclude that high N acquisition rates by invasive plants can drive changes in soil N cycling that are linked to effects on soil C.     

武夷山不同海拔森林表层土壤轻组有机质特征

土壤轻组有机质是土壤有机质的重要组分,研究轻组有机质在不同森林生态系统土壤中的变化规律对理解土壤有机质形成与转换具有重要意义。以福建省武夷山国家级自然保护区不同海拔的常绿阔叶林（海拔600 m）、针阔混交林（海拔1000 m）和针叶林（海拔1400 m）为研究对象,利用密度分组方法分离了表层（0-5 cm和5-10 cm）土壤轻组有机质,研究了不同海拔森林土壤轻组有机质特征及其影响因素。结果表明：针阔混交林表层土壤的轻组有机质含量大于针叶林和常绿阔叶林（P < 0.05）,并且轻组有机碳的含量变化亦是如此（P < 0.05）,而轻组有机氮的含量无显著差异（P > 0.05）。表层土壤对应土层的轻组C：N大于土壤C：N,针阔混交林轻组C：N和土壤C：N均大于其他林分类型。0-5 cm与5-10 cm土层针阔混交林的轻组有机碳、氮储量均大于针叶林和常绿阔叶林（P < 0.05）,并且针阔混交林的轻组有机碳、氮储量所占土壤有机碳与总氮的比重均大于其余两种林分。0-10 cm土层针叶林土壤有机碳与总氮含量与储量最高,并随海拔降低而减小,但差异不显著（P > 0.05）。相关分析结果表明,轻组有机碳、氮储量与SOC、DOC、MBC和细根生物量具有显著相关关系（P < 0.05）,而与年凋落物量无关（P > 0.05）,说明地下细根可能是土壤轻组有机质的重要来源。因此,在未来气候和植被变化共同作用下,地下细根对土壤轻组有机质的形成可能具有不可忽视的作用。     

松嫩草甸3种主要植物群落土壤脲酶的初步研究

 松嫩草甸羊草（Leymus chinensis）群落、碱茅（Puccinellia tenuiflora）群落和虎尾草（Chloris virgata）群落土壤脲酶活性的季节动态呈单峰曲线变化,在土体中随土层的加深,其活性逐渐递减。各群落0～10 cm土层中的土壤脲酶活性与月平均降雨量呈幂函数关系,与土壤温度呈指数函数关系。土壤脲酶活性受多种土壤理化因子的共同影响,对于羊草群落,各因子的影响程度依次为：pH值>有机质>速效氮>C/N>容重>全氮>速效磷;碱茅群落为：有机质>C/N>全氮>容重>速效磷>速效氮>pH值;虎尾草群落为：全氮>有机质>速效氮>pH值>C/N>速效磷>容重。对该地区土壤肥力影响因子的主成分分析表明：有机质、全氮、速效氮、C/N和土壤容重对土壤肥力的贡献率占主导地位,土壤脲酶活性所占的比重较小,它不能完全反映土壤肥力状况。     

Evidence that Soil Carbon Pool Determines Susceptibility of Semi-Natural Ecosystems to Elevated Nitrogen Leaching

Deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) compounds has the potential to cause severe damage to sensitive soils and waters, but the process of ‘nitrogen saturation’ is difficult to demonstrate or predict. This study compares outputs from a simple carbon–nitrogen model with observations of (1) regional- and catchment-scale relationships between surface water nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as an indicator of catchment carbon (C) pool; (2) inter-regional variations in soil C/N ratios; and (3) plot scale soil and leachate response to long-term N additions, for a range of UK moorlands. Results suggest that the simple model applied can effectively reproduce observed patterns, and that organic soil C stores provide a critical control on catchment susceptibility to enhanced N leaching, leading to high spatial variability in the extent and severity of current damage within regions of relatively uniform deposition. Results also support the hypothesis that the N richness of organic soils, expressed as C/N ratio, provides an effective indicator of soil susceptibility to enhanced N leaching. The extent to which current C/N is influenced by N deposition, as opposed to factors such as climate and vegetation type, cannot be unequivocally determined on the basis of spatial data. However, N addition experiments at moorland sites have shown a reduction in organic soil C/N. A full understanding of the mechanisms of N-enrichment of soils and waters is essential to the assessment of current sensitivity to, and prediction of future damage from, globally increasing reactive nitrogen deposition.     

土壤剖面碳氮稳定同位素自然丰度的垂直分布模式及其影响机制

土壤碳、氮稳定同位素自然丰度(δ13C和δ15N)随土壤深度变化的研究,对揭示碳、氮元素生物地球化学循环机制具有重要意义.本文在概述土壤剖面δ13C和δ15N垂直分布特征的基础上,重点介绍了土壤δ13C和δ15N垂直分布模式的影响机制.土壤剖面δ13C垂直分布模式的影响机制主要有3种:1)植被δ13C值的历史变化;2)...