三萜皂苷生物合成途径研究进展

三萜皂苷是一类重要的植物次生代谢产物,在体外具有抗癌、抗病毒、降低胆固醇等药理学作用。由于三萜皂苷生物合成途径中的关键酶在细胞中的表达水平较低,决定了其在植物中的含量低,因而对其生物合成途径的探讨具有重要的现实意义和应用价值。     

三叶木通转录组分析及三萜皂苷生物合成途径关键酶基因的发掘

为了解三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata(Thunb.)Koidz.)的三萜皂苷合成途径及其关键酶,本研究对其花、叶、根、茎进行转录组测序,组装获得了57.25 Gb数据,含140 859个unigenes,序列平均长度为1350 bp。KEGG代谢通路富集结果显示,517个unigenes参与三萜皂苷合成相关的3条代谢途径,其中415个unigenes编码三萜皂苷生物合成途径的19个关键酶。对三萜皂苷生物合成过程中的关键酶角鲨烯环氧酶(SE)进行序列分析和同源建模,发现其具有保守的底物结合结构域。将三叶木通茎与花、叶、根的基因表达水平进行比较,发现茎与根相比较其上调基因数目最多,其中295个差异表达基因(DEGs)与三萜皂苷生物合成途径相关。     

植物三萜皂苷生物合成中关键后修饰酶研究进展

三萜皂苷是由三萜苷元、糖基、糖醛酸等组成的C30萜类化合物,是许多药用植物的主要活性成分,具有广泛的药理作用。三萜皂苷的生物合成包括前体和三萜皂苷骨架的形成以及调控皂苷结构多样性的后修饰。三萜皂苷的后修饰包括三萜骨架的氧化/羟基化和糖基化,分别由不同超基因家族编码的细胞色素P450单加氧酶和糖基转移酶进行催化。三萜皂苷通过后修饰最终可形成多种单体皂苷。目前,已在少数植物中识别和确认了个别与三萜皂苷生物合成相关的关键后修饰酶,发现了部分很可能参与后修饰过程的候选基因。该文就近年来国内外有关三萜皂苷生物合成途径关键后修饰酶的研究进行综述,为进一步开展相关研究和对合成精细途径的解析提供参考。     

甾体皂苷生物合成相关酶及基因研究进展

甾体皂苷是植物中广泛存在的一种次生代谢产物,其种类繁多且大多数有很强的生理活性,具有很大的药用研究价值和广泛应用前景。甾体皂苷生物合成途径复杂,受到多种酶的调控。本文综述了植物甾体皂苷的生物合成途径及途径中关键酶及基因的研究进展,并对其研究前景做简要展望。     

三七总皂苷生物合成与关键酶调控的研究进展

三七总皂苷(PNS)属于达玛烷型三萜皂苷,是中国传统珍贵药材三七的主要活性成分,三七总皂苷在中枢神经系统、心脑血管系统、血液系统、免疫系统以及抗纤维化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤等方面均具有较好的生理活性.三七总皂苷是以达玛烯二醇为前体,在P450单加氧酶和糖基转移酶催化下形成.另外,三七总皂苷与植物甾醇共享前期代谢途径.该文对近年来国内外有关三七总皂苷的生物合成途径及关键酶基因的最新研究进展进行综述,并探讨了代谢工程在三七总皂苷生物合成中的应用前景.     

R2R3-MYB转录因子PnMYB1调控三七皂苷生物合成

旨在明确PnMYB1转录因子对三七皂苷生物合成具有调控作用。利用RACE技术获得PnMYB1基因全长,对PnMYB1进行系统发育树分析;构建PnMYB1植物过表达载体并侵染三七细胞,检测转基因三七细胞中人参皂苷R1、Rg1、Re、Rb1和Rd的含量;将PnMYB1与鲨烯合酶(PnSS)、鲨烯环氧化酶(PnSE)、达玛烯二醇合成酶(PnDS)和环阿屯醇合成酶(PnCAS)等参与三七皂苷生物合成途径的关键酶的基因启动子共转染烟草叶片,进行瞬时表达分析,利用GUS表达系统验证PnMYB1转录因子能否与三七皂苷生物合成关键酶基因的启动子相互作用。结果显示,PnMYB1转录因子属于R2R3-MYB家族;在过表达PnMYB1的三七细胞中,五种重要三萜皂苷在转基因细胞中均有不同程度的增加,进一步分析证明PnMYB1转录因子通过激活PnSE和PnDS的启动子,促使PnSE和PnDS的表达水平显著升高,进而实现对三七皂苷生物合成的调控。PnMYB1转录因子可以同时调控三七皂苷生物合成途径中两个关键酶基因的表达,从而影响三七皂苷的生物合成。     

人参皂苷等萜类化合物生物合成途径及HMGR的研究进展

人参皂苷是人参的主要有效成分之一,属典型的萜类化合物。本文对萜类生物合成途径及HMG-CoA还原酶进行了综述。人参皂苷等萜类生物合成分为甲羟戊酸和丙酮酸两种途径,两者都是以异戊烯基焦磷酸为主要的中间产物。大量研究资料表明HMG-CoA还原酶是甲羟戊酸途径的第一个限速关键酶,这对人参皂苷生物合成途径及其调控的深入研究具有一定的参考价值。     

三萜皂苷生物合成相关糖基转移酶研究进展

三萜皂苷具有独特的化学性质和丰富的药理活性,在医药、保健品、化妆品、食品添加剂、农业等方面被广泛应用.尿苷二磷酸(UDP)依赖的糖基转移酶(UGTs)是催化三萜皂苷生成的关键酶,对三萜皂苷的结构及其药理活性多样性的形成有重要作用.文中基于UGTs来源及受体底物结构类型对参与植物三萜皂苷生物合成的UGTs进行了综述,并展...     

微生物合成植物三萜及其皂苷化合物

植物三萜及其皂苷化合物普遍存在于植物中,具有抗炎、抗过敏、保肝护肝等多种生物活性,因此被广泛应用于医药、农业和食品等多个行业。目前,植物三萜及其皂苷化合物的主要来源是从植物中直接提取,这种方式不仅消耗大量的人力物力而且会带来严重的环境问题。随着合成生物学及组学技术的快速发展,微生物因其生长快速、操作方便等优势成为广泛应用的宿主,这为替代传统的供应方式提供了可行的方法。然而,植物三萜类化合物复杂的合成途径和外源途径的代谢不平衡严重限制了其生产。综述了植物三萜及其皂苷化合物的生物合成途径,以及利用微生物细胞工厂合成三萜及其皂苷化合物的方法,并探讨了其高效微生物合成的策略。     

珠子参中法尼基焦磷酸合酶(FPS)对皂苷生物合成的影响研究

珠子参作为名贵中草药已有上千年应用历史,珠子参皂苷是珠子参的主要活性成分,由达玛烷型和齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷组成。目前,对珠子参皂苷的生物合成了解甚少,有必要开展与皂苷合成相关的基础研究工作。已有报道表明,法尼基焦磷酸合酶（FPS）可能是植物中皂苷合成的关键酶。本研究克隆了珠子参FPS基因（PjFPS）的cDNA序列,并对其进行了生物信息学分析。基于PjFPS序列构建了珠子参过表达载体pCAMBIA2300s-PjFPS,将其转化到珠子参细胞中,成功获得阳性转基因细胞;测定了阳性细胞系中PjFPS基因的相对表达量、FPS酶活、皂苷以及植物甾醇含量的变化。结果表明,与野生型珠子参细胞相比,PjFPS转基因珠子参细胞系中,PjFPS基因的相对表达量、FPS酶活以及皂苷含量均有不同程度的提高。而且,由于皂苷合成代谢流的增加,也促进了相关重要关键酶基因的表达。在效果最好的阳性细胞中,PjFPS基因的相对表达量、FPS酶活、皂苷含量分别为对照的12、4和3倍;同时,转基因细胞系的植物甾醇含量也有所升高。本研究通过对皂苷合成途径关键酶基因的调控实现了对皂苷生物合成的调节,为获得高效、稳定的珠子参皂苷合成调控技术提供理论参考和依据。     

生物合成稀有人参皂苷的研究进展*

人参皂苷是我国传统中药人参的主要活性物质,稀有人参皂苷相较人参皂苷具有更好的生物活性,也更利于身体吸收,具有镇静催眠、促进细胞分化增殖、抗肿瘤、降血糖、提升免疫力等作用。然而,稀有人参皂苷结构复杂且在人参中含量极低,限制了其开发利用。随着生物技术的发展,利用生物法合成稀有人参皂苷成为本领域的研究热点。因此,对近年来生物合成稀有人参皂苷研究进行汇总梳理,总结稀有人参皂苷的主要种类结构及近年来生物转化法和异源合成法合成稀有人参皂苷的研究进展,生物转化法汇总了以人参皂苷为底物的转化生物,异源合成法总结人参皂苷的生物合成途径及形成结构多样化人参皂苷的酶。对生物合成稀有人参皂苷存在的问题进行了讨论,同时展望了其前景以及未来研究方向,以期为从事人参研究者提供更多生物线索和制备策略。     

Ginsenosides: prospective for sustainable biotechnological production

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) is a well-known medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in the oriental countries for centuries. Wild ginseng is a scarce and rare commodity. Field cultivation of the ginseng plant is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Ginsenosides, a group of glycosylated triterpenes, also known as saponins, are the principal bioactive constituents of ginseng. The use of cell and organ culture processes has been sought as a potential alternative for the efficient mass production of ginseng raw material. Various bioprocessing strategies have been developed to date. Cells and adventitious roots have been cultured in large-scale bioreactors and various strategies have been developed accordingly for the enhancement of biomass and ginsenoside accumulation. This review highlights the recent progress in the cultivation of ginseng cell and organ cultures for the production of ginsenosides from bioreactor cultures. In addition, the metabolism and biochemistry of ginsenoside biosynthesis, genomic and proteomic studies in ginseng, metabolic engineering, biosafety, toxicological evaluation, and efficacy assessment of ginseng raw material are also summarized and thoroughly discussed.     

Functional mechanism of Ginsenosides on tumor growth and metastasis

Ginsengs, has long been used as one medicinal herb in China for more than two thousand years. Many studies have shown that ginsengs have preventive and therapeutic roles for cancer, and play a good complementary role in cancer treatment. Ginsenosides, as most important constituents of ginseng, have been extensively investigated and emphasized in cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics. However, the functional mechanism of Ginsenosides on cancer is not well known. This review will focus on introducing the functional mechanisms of ginsenosides and their metabolites, which regulate signaling pathways related with tumor growth and metastasis. Ginsenosides inhibit tumor growth via upregulating tumor apoptosis, inducing tumor cell differentiation and targeting cancer stem cells. In addition, Ginsenosides regulate tumor microenvironment via suppressing tumor angiogenesis-related proteins and pathways. Structural modification of ginsenosides and their administration alone or combinations with other Chinese medicines or chemical medicines have recently been developed to be a new therapeutic strategy for cancer.     

Progress in understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis

Ginseng is an economically important medicinal plant. The major bioactive ingredients of ginseng are ginsenosides, which are triterpene saponins. Because of difficulties in ginseng cultivation and the low productivity of ginseng cell and tissue culture, it has become important to improve ginsenoside levels by using metabolic engineering based on the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. During the last decade, substantial advances have been made in biosynthesis of ginsenosides. This review is concerned with recent developments in our understanding of the biosynthesis of ginsenosides.     

Simultaneous Determination and Analysis of Major Ginsenosides in Wild American Ginseng Grown in Tennessee

Ginsenosides are the major constituent that is responsible for the health effects of American ginseng. The ginsenoside profile of wild American ginseng is ultimately the result of germplasm, climate, geography, vegetation species, water, and soil conditions. This is the first report to address the ginsenoside profile of wild American ginseng grown in Tennessee (TN), the third leading state for production of wild American ginseng. In the present study, ten major ginsenosides in wild American ginseng roots grown in TN, including Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rg3, were determined simultaneously. The chemotypic differences among TN wild ginseng, cultivated American ginseng, and Asian ginseng were assessed based on the widely used markers of ginsenoside profiling, including the top three ginsenosides, ratios of PPD/PPT, Rg1/Rb1, Rg1/Re, and Rb2/Rc. Our findings showed marked variation in ginsenoside profile for TN wild ginseng populations. Nevertheless, TN wild ginseng has significant higher ginsenoside content and more ginsenoside diversity than the cultivated ginseng. The total ginsenoside content in TN wild ginseng, as well as ginsenosides Rg1 and Re, increases with the age of the roots. Marked chemotypic differences between TN wild ginseng and cultivated American ginseng were observed based on the chemotypic markers. Surprisingly, we found that TN wild ginseng is close to Asian ginseng with regard to these characteristics in chemical composition. This study verified an accessible method to scientifically elucidate the difference in chemical constituents to distinguish wild from the cultivated American ginseng. This work is critical for the ecological and biological assessments of wild American ginseng so as to facilitate long‐term sustainability of the wild population.     

Autotoxic Ginsenosides in the Rhizosphere Contribute to the Replant Failure of Panax notoginseng

MethodsThe autotoxicities were measured using seedling emergence bioassays and root cell vigor staining. The ginsenosides in the roots, soils, and root exudates were identified with HPLC-MS.ResultsThe seedling emergence and survival rate decreased significantly with the continuous number of planting years from one to three years. The root exudates, root extracts, and extracts from consecutively cultivated soils also showed significant autotoxicity against seedling emergence and growth. Ginsenosides, including R₁, Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rb₃, Rg₂, and Rd, were identified in the roots and consecutively cultivated soil. The ginsenosides, Rg₁, Re, Rg₂, and Rd, were identified in the root exudates. Furthermore, the ginsenosides, R₁, Rg₁, Re, Rg₂, and Rd, caused autotoxicity against seedling emergence and growth and root cell vigor at a concentration of 1.0 µg/mL.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that autotoxicity results in replant failure of Sanqi ginseng. While Sanqi ginseng consecutively cultivated, some ginsenosides can accumulate in rhizosphere soils through root exudates or root decomposition, which impedes seedling emergence and growth.     

Analysis methods of ginsenosides

Ginsenosides are considered the main active principles of the famous Chinese traditional medicine "ginseng". For more than 30 years many researchers developed methods for the identification and quantification of ginsenosides in ginseng plant material, extracts and products. Separation of ginsenosides has been achieved using thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among these techniques HPLC is by far the most employed. Ultraviolet (UV), evaporative light scattering (ELSD), fluorescence and, recently, mass spectrometry (MS) were coupled with HPLC for the detection of ginsenosides. The most recent methods are here discussed together with a critical evaluation of the published results. Furthermore new techniques such as near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and enzyme immunosassay (EIA) recently used for the determination of ginsenosides will be discussed.     

Classification of glycosidases that hydrolyze the specific positions and types of sugar moieties in ginsenosides

Ginsenosides are the main compounds with pharmacological activities in ginseng. Deglycosylated ginsenosides, which are more pharmacologically active than glycosylated ginsenosides, can be produced by the specific or nonspecific hydrolysis of the sugar moieties in glycosylated ginsenosides using glycosidases. The enzymes that hydrolyze specifically ginsenosides with different types can be classified according to the enzymatic activity on the positions, inner and outer residues and types of sugar moieties in ginsenosides. Glycosylated ginsenosides are also hydrolyzed to deglycosylated ginsenosides with different hydrolytic pathways by cell conversion or fermentation. The biochemical properties of glycosidases involved in ginsenoside hydrolysis – ginsenosidases – were newly arranged and reviewed in accordance with different types. The combination of different-type ginsenosidases is suggested herein as an efficient tool to produce industrially important ginsenosides.     

三七叶、人参叶和西洋参叶皂苷类成分的研究(英文)

三七叶、人参叶和西洋参叶其皂苷类成分相近,但专属性成分各异,皂苷类成分的分布比例也各不相同。本文建立了HPLC-UV法测定上述皂苷成分的方法,经过方法学考察,各种皂苷成分精密度好、加样回收率高,方法可靠。11种皂苷成分总含量顺序为:西洋参叶>人参叶>三七叶;二醇组皂苷成分含量:西洋参叶>三七叶>人参叶;三醇组皂苷成分含量:人参叶>西洋参叶>三七叶。西洋参叶中二醇组皂苷和人参叶中三醇组皂苷含量明显高于其他。西洋参叶中人参皂苷Rb3和Rd的含量之和占11种皂苷成分的60%以上。鉴于其中人参皂苷的高含量,三七叶、人参叶和西洋参叶应该作为皂苷来源得到充分利用;不同的皂苷成分有不同的药理活性,应基于它们的皂苷组成和比例选择性进行研究和开发。