正常大鼠植入高血压大鼠肾脏后动脉血压的变化

本实验对12周龄的自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneouslyhypertensiverat,SHR)及其对照组WistarKyoto(WKY)大鼠进行了肾脏移植的研究,并观察受肾移植大鼠动脉血压的变化以及免疫抑制剂对动脉血压的影响。用尾套法对接受同窝另一同胞WKY大鼠肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(A组)及接受SHR肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(B组)的尾动脉收缩压进行检测,移植前A、B两组受肾移植大鼠的尾动脉收缩压分别为180±093和183±068kPa,无统计学显著差异(P>005);移植后3、4、5周时,B组大鼠的尾动脉收缩压显著高于A组大鼠,移植后5周时,A,B两组大鼠的收缩压分别为190±071和230±069kPa(P<0001);所用剂量的免疫抑制剂CsA对双侧肾脏完整以及右侧肾脏切除的SHR、WKY大鼠的动脉血压无显著影响。以上结果表明,SHR的肾脏在高血压的形成中可能起重要作用     

正常大鼠植入高血压大鼠肾脏后 动脉血压的变化

本实验对12周龄的自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)及其对照组Wistar Kyoto (WKY)大鼠进行了肾脏移植的研究, 并观察受肾移植大鼠动脉血压的变化以及免疫抑制剂对动脉血压的影响。 用尾套法对接受同窝另一同胞WKY大鼠肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(A组)及接受SHR肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(B组)的尾动脉收缩压进行检测, 移植前A、 B两组受肾移植大鼠的尾动脉收缩压分别为18.0±0.93 和18.3±0.68 kPa,无统计学显著差异(P>0.05); 移植后3、 4、 5周时, B组大鼠的尾动脉收缩压显著高于A组大鼠, 移植后5周时, A, B两组大鼠的收缩压分别为19.0±0.71 和23.0±0.69 kPa (P<0.001); 所用剂量的免疫抑制剂CsA对双侧肾脏完整以及右侧肾脏切除的SHR、 WKY大鼠的动脉血压无显著影响。 以上结果表明, SHR的肾脏在高血压的形成中可能起重要作用。     

SHR、WKY大鼠与SD大鼠注意缺陷多动障碍模型行为学特征的比较

目的比较SHR、WKY、SD大鼠行为学特征,探寻研究SHR大鼠注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)理想的对照模型。方法运用旷场实验统计大鼠运动距离、运动速度、穿格数及理毛次数来评价SHR、WKY、SD大鼠自主运动情况;运用水迷宫实验检测三组大鼠的学习记忆能力。结果旷场实验结果显示,SHR大鼠在总运动量、平均运动速度及穿格次数上较WKY及SD大鼠均显著增加(P0.01);与WKY大鼠相比,SD大鼠运动距离显著高于WKY组(P0.01),其运动速度及穿格数略高于WKY组(P0.05);水迷宫隐匿站台实验中,与SHR大鼠相比,SD大鼠潜伏期较长(P0.05),在潜伏期运动距离上,SD大鼠在训练第1天、第3天及第4天运动距离较SHR大鼠延长(P0.05或P0.01);比较WKY组,SD大鼠潜伏期及潜伏期运动距离较WKY在各个训练时间均有不同程度的下降(P0.05或P0.01)。在空间探索阶段,SD大鼠穿台次数及目标象限运动时间、距离比率等均较SHR大鼠有所减少(P0.05),而较WKY大鼠则有不同程度的升高(P0.05或P0.01)。结论 WKY大鼠与SHR大鼠行为学差异过大,两者的比较存在一定的不足,增设SD大鼠作为SHR大鼠的对照组能够提升SHR大鼠行为学特征的可比性,更为客观的反映SHR大鼠的行为学特征。     

自发性高血压大鼠心脏中ACE,AT1R,ACE2和MasR表达变化的研究

目的：通过观察血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）和血管紧张素转化酶2（ACE2）在Wistar-京都种大鼠（WKY）和自发性高血压（SHR）大鼠心脏组织中表达的差异,探讨ACE与ACE2在自发性高血压大鼠高血压形成中的作用。方法：自由饲喂14周龄WKY和SHR雄性大鼠一周后,用BSN-II多通道无创测压系统测定大鼠收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）并称重;放免法测定血浆中血管血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngII）含量;Real-time PCR测定心脏组织中ACE,ATI受体（ATIR）,ACE2和Mas受体（MasR）mRNA的表达水平;Western blot法检测心脏组织中ACE2的蛋白表达。结果：SHR大鼠SBP和DBP均显著高于WKY大鼠（P〈0.01）;两组大鼠心率和体重无显著差异（P〉0.05）;SHR大鼠血浆中AngII含量显著升高（P〈0.05）;与WKY大鼠相比,SHR大鼠心脏中ACE mRNA表达均显著升高（P〈0.05）,ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下降（P〈0.05）;心脏组织中AT1R和MasR的mRNA表达没有显著性变化（P〉0.05）。结论：ACE与ACE2表达失调是SHR大鼠高血压形成的主要原因之一,其机理可能与局部组织RAS系统ACE-AngII-AT1R通路过度活跃,ACE2-Ang（1-7）-MasR通路相对不足有关。     

不同年龄白发性高血压大鼠肾脏AT1R和AT2R的表达

目的本研究观察不同月龄自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）肾脏ALR和ALR表达,初步探讨AT1R和AT2R在高血压发生、发展过程中的可能作用。方法1月龄组（S1）、2月龄组（S2）、3月龄组（S3）、6月龄组（S6）和9月龄组（墨）雄性SHR共5组,每组各6只,各组均有相应月龄匹配的Wistar-Kyoto大鼠（WKY）作对照。采用RBP-I型大鼠血压心率测定仪测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压（SBP）;放免法测定血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）;免疫组化染色结合计算机图像分析方法测定肾脏AT1R和ALR表达水平。结果（1）SHR SBP随着月龄的增加而上升,S6后趋于稳定。（2）1个月后SHR血浆AngⅡ浓度均高于S1（P〈0.05）,而S2、S3、S6和S9之间无明显差别（P〉0.05）;1个月后SHR血浆AngⅡ浓度均高于相应配对的WKY组（P〈0.05）;而WKY各月龄组均无明显差别（P〉0.05）。（3）SHR肾脏AT1R随着月份的增加而增加（P〈0.05）,且高于相应配对的WKY组（P〈0.05）。SHR肾脏ABR随着月份的增加而降低,S6明显降低（P〈0.05）,S6和S9比较无明显差别（P〉0.05）;且均低于相应配对的WKY组（P〈0.05）。WKY各月龄组AT1R和AT2R无明显差别（P〉0.05）。结论SHR肾脏AT1R表达水平比WKY高,并随着年龄的增加而递增;AT2R表达水平比WKY低,并随着年龄的增加而降低。     

TGF-β1在自发性高血压大鼠肾损害中作用的研究

目的研究转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)在自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertertensive rat,SHR)肾脏的表达及其与肾损害的关系.方法以同龄雄性正常血压(Wistar Kyoto,WKY)和自发性高血压大鼠为研究对象,分别于12周龄和24周龄时检测两种大鼠尾动脉血压、肾功能及β2微球蛋白(β2-MG),并采用免疫组织化学的方法检测TGF-β1在肾脏中的表达.结果同WKY组比较, SHR组24周时β2-MG显著增高(P<0.01);而且尾动脉血压显著性增高;而尿素氮和血肌酐的差异无显著性(P>0.01).TGF-β1在WKY组肾小管的表达无或极微量;在SHR组的肾小球有少量表达,但在肾小管的表达显著,且随高血压病程的进展, TGF-β1的表达显著性增加(P<0.01).结论 TGF-β1在自发性高血压大鼠肾小管的表达显著增加,与肾损害的各项指标呈正相关.     

自发性高血压大鼠中枢去甲肾上腺素与血管紧张素Ⅱ的含量及相互关系

用荧光分光与放射免疫法,分别测定自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)与正常血压 WKY:大鼠脑内不同部位的去甲肾上腺素(NE)与血管紧张素Ⅱ(AⅠ)的含量。用尾筒法测量清醒大鼠尾动脉压。结果发现第8周龄 SHR 的血压及延脑、脑桥、下丘脑与尾核 NE 与 A Ⅱ含量和同龄WKY 相比,无明显差异。第12周龄以后,SHR 的血压逐渐升高,至20周龄时不再升高,维持在接近16周龄时的水平。可是 WKY 的血压无明显变化。在血压升高的早期与后期SHR 延脑、脑桥、下丘脑及尾核内 AⅡ含量显著高于 WKY,但 NE 的含量变化却不同,在早期与 WKY 有明显差异,而在高血压的后期无明显差异。提示在 SHR 高血压的早期 NE与 A Ⅱ均起作用,而在后期只 A Ⅱ起作用。向 SHR 侧脑室分别注射 Captopril 与6-OHDA,均引起血压下降,延脑与下丘脑内 AⅡ与 NE 含量均下降,两者表现同向关系。SHR 脑内AⅡ与 NE 这种同向变化在高血压的发生中可能起重要作用。     

微小RNA在自发性高血压大鼠主动脉的差异表达

微小RNAs(microRNAs,miRNAs)是一类基因组编码、非蛋白质编码的小RNA,在转录后水平负性调节靶基因表达.本研究探讨miRNAs在自发性高血压大(spontaneously hypertensive rats,SHR)主动脉的表达特征及其与高血压的关系.取4、8、16和24周龄雄性SHR大鼠及同龄正常血压对照(Wistar-Kyoto,WKY)大鼠.MiRanda、TargetScan和PicTar用于候选miRNAs及靶基因预测分析.通过实时定量RT-PCR检测大鼠主动脉miR-1、miR-133a、miR-155及miR-208的表达,并进一步通过实时定量RT-PCR检测呈差异表达的miR-155和miR-208的预测靶基因mRNA表达.结果显示,SHR大鼠主动脉miR-155表达在4、8、24周时与同龄WKY大鼠无显著差异,但在16周时明显低于同龄WKY大鼠(P<0.05),且大鼠主动脉miR-155表达量与血压呈负相关(r=-0.525,P<0.05).MiR-208表达在4周龄时最高,随年龄增长明显下降(P<0.05),其表达水平与血压和年龄呈负相关(r=-0.400,P<0.05;r=-0.684,P<0.0001),但在SHR和WKY大鼠之间无显著差异.miR-1和miR-133a在各年龄组SHR和WKY大鼠间未呈现差异表达.MiR-155和miR-208表达与相应预测靶基因mRNA表达无显著负相关性.以上结果表明,miR-155表达在成年SHR大鼠主动脉明显低于WKY,并与血压呈负相关,提示miR-155可能参与高血压的发生发展,主动脉miR-155表达异常可能是SHR大鼠血压升高的原因之一.大鼠主动脉miR-208表达在幼年时最高,随年龄增长而明显下降,提示其可能与血管发育有关.     

高血压合并动脉粥样硬化与血管紧张素原相关性的研究

目的：探讨高血压合并动脉粥样硬化与血管紧张素原的相关性。方法：30只雄性16周龄SHR大鼠随机均分为SHR组和SHR合并AS组,另设15只同龄雄性WKY大鼠作为正常血压对照组即WKY组。SHR合并AS组饲以高脂饲料并辅以大剂量VitD3灌胃建立高血压动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型,SHR组和15只同龄雄性WKY大鼠均饲以标准饲料。各组大鼠分别于0、6、12周时光镜、电镜下评估血管病变,全自动生化分析仪检测血脂水平,并采用ELISA法检测血清AGT、AngII浓度。结果：SHR血清AGT、AnglI浓度显著高于WKY大鼠（P〈0．05）。存在AS病变的SHR合并AS组,血清AGT、AngII浓度明显高于无AS病变的SHR组,且随着AS病变严重性的增加,血清AGT、AngII浓度亦增加（P〈0．05）。结论：抑制AGT的表达可能为高血压患者中AS的防治提供一种新的方法。     

n-3PUFA对高脂SHR 大鼠血压及血浆游离脂肪酸谱的影响

目的:观察高饱和脂肪酸及n-3多不饱和脂肪酸饮食后对自发性高血压大鼠血压、静息心率、体重、血脂、血糖及游离脂肪酸谱的影响。方法:选择8周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)30只和同龄对照大鼠(WKY)30只,随机分为6组:SHR、WKY普通饲料组各10只,SHR、WKY高脂组各10只,SHR、WKY高脂加鱼油饮食组各10只,持续喂养至16周龄。干预期间每两周测定血压和体重,干预前后测定静息心率、血脂、血糖及血浆游离脂肪酸谱。结果:(1)血压和静息心率的变化:SHR大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组血压水平显著性增高,而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组血压水平显著性减低;WKY大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组血压水平显著性增高,而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组血压水平显著性减低;SHR大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组静息心率显著性增高(P=0.007),而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组静息心率有下降趋势,但差异无显著性(P=0.125),WKY大鼠静息心率各组间无明显差异。(2)血浆游离脂肪酸谱:与WKY大鼠比较,SHR大鼠中亚麻酸(Linolenic acid,ALA)、花生四烯酸(Linoleic Acid,AA)与n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-6PUFA含量增高,高脂饮食增加了饱和脂肪酸(Saturated fatty acid,SFA),有显著差异(P0.05),高脂鱼油组二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)及二十碳五烯酸(Docosapentaenoic acid,EPA)增加导致n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3PUFA)含量增加(P0.05),SHR大鼠高脂鱼油组亚油酸(Linoleic Acid,LA)、AA含量减低(P0.05)。结论:膳食补充n-3PUFA可能通过影响交感神经活性和血浆脂肪酸谱的组成而改善高饱和脂肪酸所致SHR大鼠的血压升高。     

Which comes first: Renal inflammation or oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats?

The present study was undertaken to identify whether inflammation or oxidative stress is the primary abnormality in the kidney in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Renal inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated in 2- and 3-week-old prehypertensive SHR and age-matched genetically normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Blood pressure was similar in WKY and SHR rats at 2 and 3 weeks, of age. Renal inflammation (macrophage and nuclear factor-κB) was elevated in SHR at 3 weeks, but not at 2 weeks, of age compared with age-matched WKY rats. Renal oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and p47phox) was also clearly elevated in 3-week-old SHR compared with age-matched WKY rats. Additionally, NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox was found elevated in 2-week-old SHR compared to age-matched WKY rats. Moreover, antioxidant (N-acetyl-l-cysteine and Tempol) treatment reduced renal inflammation in prehypertensive SHR. We therefore conclude that the oxidative stress appears before inflammation as a primary abnormality in the kidney in prehypertensive SHR.     

Strain Differences in SA Gene Expression in Brain and Kidney of Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

SUMMARY 1. In situ hybridization done using a ³⁵S-cRNA probe was carried out to obtain information on the expressions of the SA gene in brains and kidneys of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strain obtained from the Izumo colony (/Izm) and from Charles River Laboratories (/Crj).2. In the brain, SA mRNA expression was most abundantly observed in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. High to moderate levels was present on neurons of the CA1–CA4 pyramidal cell layer and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. The solitary tract nucleus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus expressed the SA gene at very low levels. An increase in the expression was noted in the choroid plexus of WKY/Crj; there was no difference, however, in expression levels of other brain areas between WKY/Izm, SHR/Izm, and SHRSP/Izm, and between WKY/Crj and SHR/Crj.3. In the kidney, expression signals of SA mRNA were observed in renal medullary rays and focal cortex of WKY/Izm, SHR/Izm, SHRSP/Izm, and SHR/Crj, whereas mRNA expression in the WKY/Crj kidney was observed in medullary rays and outer strips of the outer medulla. Microscopically, hybridization signals were predominant in the proximal tubules.4. Expression densities decreased only in the kidney of WKY/Crj in 4-and 8-week-old rats, but not in the WKY/Izm kidney, compared with findings in SHR and SHRSP kidneys. These observations are in good agreement with data from Northern blot analysis.5. The SA gene expressions in the brain and the kidney seem not to relate to states of elevated blood pressure, but rather to strain differences. Abundant expressions in the brain and the kidney may mean that the SA gene plays a role in the water–electrolyte transport system. It is noteworthy that there are neuronal expressions of the SA gene in hippocampal pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells.     

Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on the oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rat tissues

The aim of this work was to investigate the production of oxidative damage in homogenized kidney, liver and brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), as well as the involvement of angiotensin (Ang) II in this process. Groups of 12-week-old SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were given 10 mg/kg/day losartan in the drinking water during 14 days. Other groups of WKY and SHR without treatment were used as controls. The production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) were determined. No significant difference in TBARS was observed between untreated SHR or WKY rats; GSH content was lower in the liver but higher in the brain of SHR compared to WKY rats. In tissues from the SHR group, SOD and Gpx activities were reduced, whereas CAT activity was slightly increased in kidney. TBARS levels did not change in WKY rats after losartan administration, but were reduced in SHR liver and brain. Losartan treatment decreased GSH content in WKY kidney, but increased GSH in SHR liver. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes was not modified by losartan in WKY rats; however, their activities increased in tissues from treated SHR. The lower activity of antioxidant enzymes in tissues from hypertensive rats compared to those detected in normotensive controls, indicates oxidative stress production. Ang II seems to play no role in this process in normotensive animals, although AT1 receptor blockade in SHR enhances the enzymatic activity indicating that Ang II is implicated in oxidative stress generation in the hypertensive animals.     

Sodium homeostasis in transplanted rats with a spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney

Recipients of a kidney from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) but not from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) develop posttransplantation hypertension. To investigate whether renal sodium retention precedes the development of posttransplantation hypertension in recipients of an SHR kidney on a standard sodium diet (0.6% NaCl), we transplanted SHR and WKY kidneys to SHR x WKY F1 hybrids, measured daily sodium balances during the first 12 days after removal of both native kidneys, and recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP) after 8 wk. Recipients of an SHR kidney (n = 12) retained more sodium than recipients of a WKY kidney (n = 12) (7.3 +/- 10 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.7 mmol, P < 0.05). MAP was 144 +/- 6 mmHg in recipients of an SHR kidney and 106 +/- 5 mmHg in recipients of a WKY kidney (P < 0.01). Modest sodium restriction (0.2% NaCl) in a further group of recipients of an SHR kidney (n = 10) did not prevent posttransplantation hypertension (MAP, 142 +/- 4 mmHg). Urinary endothelin and urodilatin excretion rates were similar in recipients of an SHR and a WKY kidney. Transient excess sodium retention after renal transplantation may contribute to posttransplantation hypertension in recipients of an SHR kidney.     

Arsenic contamination of groundwater and prevalence of arsenical dermatosis in the Hetao plain area,Inner Mongolia,China

The present study determined cardiac chamber-specific alterations of the expression of the atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP) genes with a small increase in age beyond adulthood and with systemic hypertension of intermediate duration. The expression distributions of these genes was determined using in situ hybridization in the right and left atria (RA and LA), and the right and left ventricles (RV and LV) in Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and age-matched Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHR) at ages 6 months (adult) and 8 months (advanced-age beyond adulthood).In all rat groups, both genes were expressed (ANP > BNP) in the LA and LV, and were not expressed in the RA and RV. The genes were expressed in the LA in all rat groups; the ANP, but not the BNP, expression increased with advancing age and with superimposed hypertension. They were expressed in the LV of the advanced-age WKY, adult and advanced-age SHR, but not in the adult WKY. The ANP mRNA labeling in the LA was diffuse and interspersed with dense accumulations, whereas BNP labeling was diffuse. The labeling of both genes in the form of sparse clusters was seen in the LV of the advanced-age SHR. Our study showed that ANP and BNP expression in left heart chambers increased with a small increase in age, with hypertension of intermediate duration, and with modest left ventricular hypertrophy. The chamber-specific expression distribution could be due to special groups of cardiac cells, or to local chamber-specific factors.     

Noradrenergic content and turnover rate in kidney and heart shows gender and strain differences.

The objective of this study was to compare strain and gender differences in kidney and heart norepinephrine (NE) content and turnover rate in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, SHR/a, and SHR/y). Our laboratory has shown that the Y chromosome has a significant effect on blood pressure in the SHR model of hypertension through the use of two new rat stains, SHR/a and SHR/y, to study the Y chromosome. SHR/a have a SHR autosomal genetic background with a WKY Y chromosome, whereas the SHR/y rats have a WKY autosomal genetic background with a SHR Y chromosome. Tissues were homogenized after alpha-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine injection and analyzed for NE. The male kidney NE content was significantly lower in the WKY compared with the SHR, SHR/y, and SHR/a. Kidney and heart NE content was significantly higher in females compared with males in all strains except the SHR/y. The WKY and SHR/y females had significantly lower kidney NE turnover rates, and the SHR and SHR/a females had significantly higher kidney NE turnover rates than strain-matched males. This study suggests both a strain and gender difference in sympathetic nervous system activity through noradrenergic neurotransmission.     

Which comes first: renal inflammation or oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats?

The present study was undertaken to identify whether inflammation or oxidative stress is the primary abnormality in the kidney in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Renal inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated in 2- and 3-week-old prehypertensive SHR and age-matched genetically normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Blood pressure was similar in WKY and SHR rats at 2 and 3 weeks, of age. Renal inflammation (macrophage and nuclear factor-kappaB) was elevated in SHR at 3 weeks, but not at 2 weeks, of age compared with age-matched WKY rats. Renal oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and p47phox) was also clearly elevated in 3-week-old SHR compared with age-matched WKY rats. Additionally, NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox was found elevated in 2-week-old SHR compared to age-matched WKY rats. Moreover, antioxidant (N-acetyl-L-cysteine and Tempol) treatment reduced renal inflammation in prehypertensive SHR. We therefore conclude that the oxidative stress appears before inflammation as a primary abnormality in the kidney in prehypertensive SHR.