温度和增加胎仔数对大绒鼠哺乳期能量代谢的影响

为了阐明温度和增加胎仔数对大绒鼠Eothenomys miletus哺乳期能量代谢的影响,本研究测定了在不同温度条件下增加胎仔数(比正常胎仔数多),大绒鼠的摄食量、胎仔数、胎仔质量、静止代谢率、非颤抖性产热和乳腺质量。结果表明:不同胎仔数对大绒鼠的摄食量、胎仔质量和产热能力没有影响。低温增加了母体的摄食量和产热能力,断奶时低温组的胎仔质量显著低于常温组。低温组和常温组大绒鼠的乳腺质量差异无统计学意义。研究结果说明低温可以增加大绒鼠摄食量,但是对乳腺质量没有影响,表明大绒鼠哺乳期的持续能量摄入上限可能受到乳腺分泌乳汁的限制,支持外周限制假说。     

激光照射猪肝组织的温度场研究

研究了激光照射下猪肝组织传热过程温度场空间分布的动态规律。采用有限元分析法,利用激光分布公式获得猪肝组织的温度场空间分布,并采用K型热电偶和热电偶放大器来测量猪肝组织表面和内部温度,实验测量结果和模拟结果基本吻合,同时得出血液灌注率和猪肝组织温度的关系。研究结果对于激光临床应用中激光参数的合理选择有一定的指导意义。     

动物舌温与血液灌注率的关系特性研究

结合中医舌诊机理而进行的生物传热研究具有重要的意义。采用多种先进仪器和手段,在大量动物实验的基础上,通过对动物造模改变猪舌的血液灌注率,测试相应条件下的舌面温度,得到舌表面不同位置处的温度与血液灌注率之间的关系。结果表明,舌表面温度随血液灌注率的增加而升高,但血液灌注率增大到一定值后,舌面温度将维持不变,血液灌注率值也不再增长。通过实验得到的温度与血液灌注率间的变化规律,将为建立适合于舌体传热特性的生物传热模型提供客观依据。     

三维微波热声成像系统及早期乳腺肿瘤检测研究

本文讨论了正常乳房组织与肿瘤组织的微波吸收差异,从理论上证明了利用微波热声成像技术检测乳腺肿瘤的可能性;建立了一套三维热声扫描系统,并利用此系统对模拟肿瘤和真实离体肿瘤进行成像实验。实验结果表明,三维微波热声成像系统能对乳腺肿瘤高分辨率高对比度成像,有希望应用于早期乳腺肿瘤检测。     

血液流变学与心血管活动

一、引言在研究血液的流动规律时,过去较多注意血管口径与驱动压力等血液动力学方面的问题,而相对地忽视血液本身的复杂流体性质对血液流动的影响。近年来的研究表明,血液及其成分的流变学特性(如血液粘度、红细胞聚集性、红细胞刚性、血小板聚集性与动态血栓形成等)对循环系统的生理与病理,特别是对微循环的机能有重要影响。某些心血管疾患,其血液流变学各因素的异常变化以及与微血管相互作用所引起的血管口径逆转效应是妨碍微循环血液灌注的关键因素。局部组织血流障碍所造成的代谢变化与热蓄     

激光低损伤加热疗法的理论分析

激光低损伤加热疗法将激光照射与表面冷却相结合,能实现只让病变组织细胞凝固,而体表健康组织则不受损伤,它是治疗靠近体表肿瘤的一种有希望的方法。为了进一步认识这种治疗方法,本文提出了一个适用于激光低损伤加热疗法的数值计算模型,模拟了热疗过程中的光传输和热传递,得到组织内部的瞬态温度分布。在此基础上,详细讨论了散射系数、吸收系数、各向异性系数等光学参数,激光加热功率、照射半径、表面对流换热系数等热学参数。以及血液灌注率和新陈代谢等生理参数对这种低损伤加热疗法的影响。结果发现,只要通过适当调节吸收系数、散射系数和照射功率等参数就可实现对加热区域位置和范围的控制。     

黄芩苷对LPS诱导的家兔乳腺炎的保护作用

研究黄芩苷对LPS诱导的家兔乳腺炎性损伤的保护作用。分娩7~10 d的50只健康新西兰泌乳家兔随机分为LPS模型组(LPS,0.25 mg/kg·BW)、黄芩苷75 mg/kg·BW组、黄芩苷150 mg/kg·BW组、黄芩苷300 mg/kg·BW组和DEX组(0.5 mg/kg·BW)。通过乳头管灌注LPS,黄芩苷和DEX分别在灌注LPS前48、24、1 h和灌注后8、32、56 h耳缘静脉注射给药。灌注LPS前50 h、灌注后6、12、24、48 h和72 h测量家兔直肠温度,采集家兔耳缘静脉血;灌注LPS前50 h、灌注后12、24 h和72 h摘取乳腺组织。采集的样品进行下列检测:(1)制作病理组织学切片观察乳腺的病理组织学变化;(2)检测血清中LDH、ALP、MPO和NAG的活性变化;(3)ELISA检测血清中促炎细胞因子IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α的含量。结果显示,与LPS模型组比较,注射黄芩苷各组:(1)乳腺组织的炎性损伤减轻;(2)血清中LDH、ALP、MPO和NAG活性降低,其中黄芩苷300 mg/kg·BW组抑制血清中酶活性升高效果最好;(3)血清中促炎细胞因子IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平降低,其中在6 h时血清中TNF-α水平显著低于LPS模型组(P0.05);72 h时,血清中IL-1水平显著低于LPS模型组(P0.05)。结果表明,黄芩苷能够有效减轻乳腺组织的炎性损伤,300 mg/kg·BW保护作用最好。     

痰湿阻肺型COPD大鼠模型的构建及代谢组学分析

目的 构建痰湿阻肺型COPD大鼠模型,并应用代谢组学技术揭示其代谢特征。方法 采用烟熏联合LPS气道滴注、强迫游泳和隔日禁食的方式构建痰湿阻肺型COPD大鼠模型,通过观察大鼠行为变化,测定体重、肛温、血液指标、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α含量,观察组织病理形态学变化对该模型进行评价;应用LC-MS技术检测并筛选出正常组与模型组大鼠的血浆差异代谢物,进行通路富集分析。结果 与正常组相比,模型组大鼠出现不同程度的咳嗽、喘息、精神萎靡、行为倦怠、毛色干枯、体重减轻、饮水增加、体温升高、粪便稀溏、舌苔肥大白滑;外周血中白细胞数和淋巴细胞数显著升高;BALF中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α含量显著升高;肺组织中炎性细胞浸润明显、肺泡腔体大小不一,结肠、十二指肠、回肠粘膜局部脱落;正常组与模型组间共有116个差异代谢物,主要涉及氨基酸生物合成和代谢、维生素消化吸收与代谢、脂质及类脂质合成与代谢等代谢通路。结论 本研究提供了一种成功构建痰湿阻肺型COPD大鼠模型的方法及其相应评价体系,并初步揭示了该模型的主要代谢特征。     

组胺刺激棕色和米色脂肪产热

3-肾上腺素受体激动剂能够刺激棕色脂肪适应性产热,并能促进白色脂肪米色化。然而到目前为止,有哪些代谢产物参与介导β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂促进脂肪产热作用尚不清楚。本研究通过给予8周龄C57/BL6J雄性小鼠腹腔注射β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂CL316,243,分离提取小鼠脂肪组织进行RNA-Seq检测,结果显示组胺合成限速酶组氨酸脱羧酶(histidine decarboxylase, HDC)在脂肪中被CL316,243强烈诱导,因此推测HDC的代谢产物组胺可能参与了脂肪组织的产热过程。通过给予正常饮食与高脂饮食C57BL/6J小鼠静脉注射组胺,以明确组胺促进脂肪产热的生理作用和机制。结果显示,组胺可刺激正常饮食小鼠棕色脂肪和皮下白色脂肪中产热基因的表达,包括过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ-辅活化因子-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, PGC-1α)和解耦联蛋白1 (uncoupling protein 1, UCP1)。HE染色表明,组胺处理降低了脂肪细胞中脂滴的大小。此外,组胺还可以促进高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪产热,改善糖耐量和脂肪肝表型。最后,我们通过脂肪原代前体细胞实验验证了组胺促进产热是细胞的自主特性。本研究结果表明,组胺可能参与介导了β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂促进脂肪的产热。     

磁场对加热所致红细胞损伤的保护作用观察

对于无法根治切除的实体肿瘤,联合引用放、化疗和热疗是可取的治疗措施。已知热疗法和顺铂灌注化疗结合具有协同作用,能减少肺癌等肿瘤患者的局部播散,改善生活质量〔１〕。在热疗过程中,正常组织损伤的程度可以红细胞中逸出的钾离子来作为判断指标之一。加热的温度如果过低有促进肿瘤转移的可能。而过高可导致不可逆转的损伤。因此在治疗中寻找一个能最大限度地杀伤肿瘤而保存正常细胞功能的方法成为研究的热点。研究目的通过观察离体红细胞在磁场和无磁场环境下,及加热到不同的温度对红细胞损伤程度的差别,了解磁场对红细胞热损伤的…     

Thermal modeling of the normal woman's breast

A comprehensive thermal model of the normal woman's breast is presented. The model is developed taking into consideration metabolic heat production, tissue perfusion with capillary blood, arterial and venous blood thermal interaction and change of arterial blood temperature with position. A series of computer programs are written using a 3-dimensional finite-element technique to evaluate the surface temperature distribution of the breast. Comparison between the results obtained for the model and those from thermograms of a woman's breast are in good agreement.     

Parametric studies on the three-layer microcirculatory model for surface tissue energy exchange

The new three-layer microvascular mathematical model for surface tissue heat transfer developed in, which is based on detailed vascular casts and tissue temperature measurements in the rabbit thigh, is used to investigate the thermal characteristics of surface tissue under a wide variety of physiological conditions. Studies are carried out to examine the effects of vascular configuration, arterial blood supply rate, distribution of capillary perfusion, cutaneous blood circulation and metabolic heat production on the average tissue temperature profile, the local arterial-venous blood temperature difference in the thermally significant countercurrent vessels, and surface heat flux.     

Two-regime model of the perfusion measuring heated thermocouple probe

A theoretical analysis of the transient temperature responses of a heated thermocouple and its surroundingin vivo tissue is described. The model includes the effects of local blood perfusion, metabolic heat generation and blood pooling. The solutions presented are generalized for pulsed heating in the probe region. Inspection of these solutions reveals that for accurate experimental results precise knowledge of the tissue's thermal conductivity is necessary but that blood pooling around the probe may sometimes be regarded as an insignificant parameter.     

Conventional and newly developed bioheat transport models in vascularized tissues: A review

Heat transfer in a biological system is a complex process and its analysis is difficult. Heterogeneous vascular architecture, blood flow in the complex network of arteries and veins, varying metabolic heat generation rates and dependence of tissue properties on its physiological condition contribute to this complexity. The understanding of heat transfer in human body is important for better insight of thermoregulatory mechanism and physiological conditions. Its understanding is also important for accurate prediction of thermal transport and temperature distribution during biomedical applications. During the last three decades, many attempts have been made by researchers to model the complex thermal behavior of the human body. These models, viz., blood perfusion, countercurrent, thermal phase-lag, porous-media, perturbation, radiation, etc. have their corresponding strengths and limitations. Along with their biomedical applications, this article reviews various contextual issues associated with these models. After brief discussion of early bioheat models, the newly developed bioheat models are discussed in detail. Dependence of these models on biological properties, viz., thermophysical and optical properties are also discussed.     

Thermal modeling of the malignant woman's breast

In this paper the conceptual three-dimensional model of the normal woman's breast presented in Osman and Afify, is developed into a detailed quantitative model of the malignant woman's breast. This model takes into consideration the effect of tumor size and location on the metabolic heat production, blood perfusion rate, and thermal contour plot of the malignant breast for each tumor size, depth, and location. Also the results of this investigation show that a hot spot in the malignant woman's breast thermal contour plot may not be directly related to an embedded tumor beneath the breast surface.     

Numerical analysis of dynamic temperature in response to different levels of reactive hyperaemia in a three-dimensional image-based hand model

Vascular reactivity (VR) is considered as an effective index to predict the risk of cardiovascular events. A cost-effective alternative technique used to evaluate VR called digital thermal monitoring (DTM) is based on the response of finger temperature to vessel occlusion and reperfusion. In this work, a simulation has been developed to investigate hand temperature in response to vessel occlusion and perfusion. The simulation consists of image-based mesh generation and finite element analysis of blood flow and heat transfer in tissues. In order to reconstruct a real geometric model of human hand, a computer programme including automatic image processing for sequential MR data and mesh generation based on the transfinite interpolation method is developed. In the finite element analysis part, blood flow perfused in solid tissues is considered as fluid phase through porous media. Heat transfer in tissues is described by Pennes bioheat equation and blood perfusion rate is obtained from Darcy velocities. Capillary pressure, blood perfusion and temperature distribution of hand are obtained. The results reveal that fingertip temperature is strongly dependent on larger arterial pressure. This simulation is of potential to quantify the indices used for evaluating the VR in DTM test if it is integrated with the haemodynamic model of blood circulation in upper limb.     

Prediction of temperature profiles in the human skin and subcutaneous tissues

Exact mathematical solutions in terms of confluent hypergeometric and Airy's functions are obtained to study the steady state temperature distributions in human skin and subcutaneous tissues (SST). It is assumed that the skin is exposed to an air environment and heat transfer from the skin occurs by convection, radiation and evaporation. A mathematical model of the SST, accounting for heat conduction, perfusion of the capillary beds and metabolic heat productions of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, has been solved to obtain interface temperatures for a wide range of environmental temperatures, rates of evaporation of sweat, wind speeds and relative humidities. The solutions provide inter-relationships between interface temperatures, thermal conductivities, metabolic heat production, blood perfusion, thicknesses of various layers of SST and ambient temperature.     

Numerical simulation of time fractional dual-phase-lag model of heat transfer within skin tissue during thermal therapy

In this paper, we investigated the thermal behavior in living biological tissues using time fractional dual-phase-lag bioheat transfer (DPLBHT) model subjected to Dirichelt boundary condition in presence of metabolic and electromagnetic heat sources during thermal therapy. We solved this bioheat transfer model using finite element Legendre wavelet Galerkin method (FELWGM) with help of block pulse function in sense of Caputo fractional order derivative. We compared the obtained results from FELWGM and exact method in a specific case, and found a high accuracy. Results are interpreted in the form of standard and anomalous cases for taking different order of time fractional DPLBHT model. The time to achieve hyperthermia position is discussed in both cases as standard and time fractional order derivative. The success of thermal therapy in the treatment of metastatic cancerous cell depends on time fractional order derivative to precise prediction and control of temperature. The effect of variability of parameters such as time fractional derivative, lagging times, blood perfusion coefficient, metabolic heat source and transmitted power on dimensionless temperature distribution in skin tissue is discussed in detail. The physiological parameters has been estimated, corresponding to the value of fractional order derivative for hyperthermia treatment therapy.     

Study of thermal behavior of a biological tissue: An equivalence of Pennes bioheat equation and Wulff continuum model

Equivalence of Pennes bioheat equation (PBHE) and Wulff continuum model (WCM) is established for a 1-D planar tissue. The derived condition of equivalence is specific to tissue without metabolic heat generation. Mathematical analysis is carried out to relate blood perfusion rate and local mean blood velocity that are needed in the analysis of WCM. It is found that the local mean blood velocity in a tissue is a direct function of square root of blood perfusion rate. This functional dependence is also established numerically by having same solution obtained from PBHE and WCM. Analysis is also done to check how closely the derived relation can be used for practical cases of breast tissue with and without a tumor. Blood velocity is a very important physiological quantity. Its measurement is a difficult process and requires a state-of-the-art technique. The proposed relation allows its computation merely from the knowledge of blood perfusion rate.     

Galerkin's finite element-Laplace transform technique to transient heat migration in human skin and subcutaneous tissues

Galerkin's finite element-Laplace transform technique (GAFELTTE) has been used to study transient temperature distribution in human skin and subcutaneous tissues. This study incorporates heat conduction, heat carried by perfusion of blood in the capillary beds and metabolic heat generation in the tissues. Different values of various quantities have been considered in all three parts, namely epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues, depending on physiological considerations. The GAFELTTE provides interface temperatures for a wide range of the values of skin surface temperatures. These values have been used to obtain temperature profiles in the region considered. Steady-state temperature distribution has been deduced from the solution obtained by GAFELTTE and has been compared with the results obtained by using different methods.