聚唾液酸与唾液酸的研究进展

唾液酸是一族神经氨酸(Neuraminic acid)的衍生物。聚唾液酸(Polysialic acid)是唾液酸(Sialic acid)单体以α-2,8或α-2,9键连接的直链同聚物,是一些哺乳动物细胞中糖蛋白的组成部分和少数几种细菌的胞外多糖组分。综述了唾液酸和聚唾液酸的结构、性质、生物学功能、生物合成和生产应用。     

多聚唾液酸转移酶研究进展

多聚唾液酸(polysialic acid,PSA)是一类线性、均一多聚α2,8连接唾液酸的独特碳水化合物,它主要通过典型的N-连接糖苷键附着在脊椎动物神经系统神经黏附分子(neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM)上。PSA通过改变NCAM的黏附性调节神经细胞发育、神经导向以及突触形成,从而在神经发育中起关键作用。PSA表达的调节具有时间和结构依赖性,NCAM的唾液酸化是由两种多聚唾液酸转移酶(polysialyltrans ferases)-ST8Sia II(STX)和ST8Sia IV(PST)所催化,它们都属于6个基因编码的α2,8唾液酸转移酶家族。STX和PST都可将多个唾液酸残基转移到含有NeuNAcα2-3(或6)Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-R结构的N糖链受体上;两种酶共同作用时远远大于一种酶形成的PSA量。总之,多聚唾液酸转移酶可调节PSA的合成并参与了脊椎动物的神经发育。     

糖肽类抗生素替考拉宁研究进展

本文综述了目前临床上首选治疗多重耐药菌感染的糖肽类抗生素之一替考拉宁的研究进展,包括替考拉宁的结构、抗菌谱、作用机制、产生菌、发酵条件、分离提取和检测方法。     

多聚唾液酸与多聚唾液酸转移酶

多聚唾液酸（PSA）是一种在神经细胞黏附分子（neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM）上表达的唾液酸聚合物,在神经发育过程中起重要作用.PSA的聚合程度会影响PSA-NCAM的功能.多聚唾液酸酶主要用于合成PSA-NCAM,两种高度同源的多聚唾液酸转移酶ST8SiaⅡ和ST8SiaⅣ都属于唾液酸转移酶家族.多聚唾液酸转移酶中NCAM的识别域和多聚唾液酸化域是截然不同的,且一些异构酶在NCAM多聚唾液酸化中起明显的负作用.多聚唾液酸酶与很多疾病都有关系,以多聚唾液酸转移酶为标靶设计的药物也将成为神经系统及肿瘤治疗的新型药物.     

糖肽抗生素天然产物研究进展

糖肽抗生素(Glycopeptide antibiotics, GPA)是临床上用于治疗耐药革兰氏阳性病原菌感染的重要药物.不幸的是,随着GPA的应用,临床上也陆续发现了万古霉素耐药肠球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌感染的病例,使得相关病原菌感染的医治愈发困难.为了应对糖肽抗生素耐药的临床威胁,我们需要持续不断地去开发新一代高效GPA.微生物天然产物是临床药物的主要来源,其中GPA均来自放线菌天然产物.(宏)基因组测序显示,放线菌基因组中携带大量编码GPA生物合成的基因簇,是新一代GPA的资源宝库.本文系统性地回顾了GPA的发现史,总结了GPA的生物合成机制、作用机制、耐药机制以及最新的发掘方法与策略,以期为GPA的开发提供参考.     

放线菌来源的糖肽类抗生素的药学机制研究进展

糖肽类抗生素具有较好的抑制革兰氏阳性细菌生长的活性,临床上广泛用于治疗革兰氏阳性细菌导致的严重感染性疾病,也被认为是对抗这类顽固性病原菌的最后一道防线。随着耐药菌的不断涌现,糖肽类抗生素的应用越来越受到限制。本文针对糖肽类抗生素的结构特征与药效关系、生物学活性和病原菌对于它们的耐药机制,以及糖肽类抗生素的生物合成机制及其结构的合成生物学改造等方面进行了概述。最后,对糖肽类抗生素在应用中面临的问题进行了展望。     

骨唾液酸蛋白在乳腺癌骨转移中的研究进展

骨唾液酸蛋白（Bonesialoprotein,BSP）是细胞外基质中一种高度磷酸化和糖基化分泌性蛋白,它是多种癌症（乳腺癌,前列腺癌和肺癌等）进程中的重要参与者。乳腺癌细胞转染实验和裸鼠移植模型证明过表达BSP可以促进乳腺癌细胞骨转移。BSP抗体和反义核酸均可有效抑制乳腺癌细胞骨转移的发生,故BSP有可能成为一种新的诊断和治疗乳腺癌骨转移的靶蛋白。     

唾液酸苷酶的催化机理及水解与合成寡糖进展

唾液酸苷酶(EC.3.2.1.18)是一类重要的糖苷水解酶,在动物和微生物中广泛存在.该类酶催化寡糖或糖缀合物上非还原末端唾液酸水解,具有重要的生物学功能,如参与溶酶体降解代谢物、癌症发生、微生物致病等多种生理和病理过程.除了水解活性外,有的唾液酸苷酶还具有转糖基活性,能够以唾液酸单糖或糖苷为糖基供体,催化唾液酸转移到受体分子上,一步合成寡糖和糖苷化合物.这种合成活性对于唾液酸相关糖链的大量获得具有重要意义,有利于推动该类寡糖的基础研究及其在食品和医药中的应用.本文综述了唾液酸苷酶的结构和催化机理、生理功能、转糖基作用及其在寡糖合成中的应用.     

抗菌肽的研究进展

抗菌肽又称抗微生物肽(antimicrobial peptide)或肽抗生素(peptide antibiotics),在动植物体内分布广泛,是天然免疫防御系统的一部分。抗菌肽不仅有广谱抗细菌能力,而且对真菌、病毒及癌细胞也有作用。对抗菌肽作用机理的研究是近来的热点之一,本文综述了此方面近来的进展,并对微生物针对抗菌肽的耐药性进行了讨论。     

抗生物膜肽研究进展

细菌生物膜导致的细菌耐药性增加受到了广泛关注。抗生物膜肽是一类具有抑制和杀灭细菌生物膜独特优势的抗微生物肽,有望成为理想的抗细菌生物膜的新型抗菌药物。就抗生物膜肽与生物膜各组分间的相互作用、抗生物膜肽对生物膜形成的干预作用及其调控、抗生物膜肽目前存在的问题及其解决思路以及抗生物膜肽未来的应用领域等展开综述。     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of a novel propolis formulation (Actichelated propolis)

AIMS: This study compared in vitro activities of Actichelated propolis (a multicomposite material obtained with mechano-chemichal activation) and of a hydroalcoholic extract of propolis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), determined by means of microdilution broth method, against five strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, showed a greater potency of Actichelated propolis (MIC range: 0.016-4 mg flavonoids ml(-1)) in respect to the hydroalcoholic extract (MIC range: 0.08-21.4 mg flavonoids ml(-1)). Concentrations of Actichelated propolis active against adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and herpes virus type 1 were at least 10 times lower than those of the hydroalcoholic extract. Preincubation of Strep. pyogenes and H. influenzae with subinhibitory concentrations of Actichelated propolis (1/4 and 1/8 x MIC) significantly reduced the number of bacteria that adhered to human buccal cells. CONCLUSIONS: Actichelated propolis has proven to possess antibacterial and antiviral activity higher than a hydroalcoholic extract, being also able to interfere on bacterial adhesion to human oral cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This new formulation of propolis showing better antimicrobial and physical characteristics could improve the application of propolis in respiratory tract infections.     

抗菌肽的基因工程研究进展

近年来细菌耐药性问题日趋严峻,寻找新型抗生素已迫在眉睫。抗菌肽是生物体产生的一种阳离子短肽,具有天然的抗菌活性。由于抗菌肽具有与传统抗生素不同的作用机制,不产生耐药性,因而具有重要的临床应用价值。但实践表明,抗菌肽的开发并非易事。针对近年来抗菌肽开发的基因工程策略和实践,尤其是大肠杆菌表达系统和酵母表达系统,进行了简要综述。     

抗菌光敏剂的分类及研究进展

目前控制细菌和病毒感染性疾病的方法很多,但由于微生物菌株种类越来越多,且耐药微生物菌株不断涌现,已有的治疗手段无法取得良好疗效,因此探索新的抗微生物治疗方法迫在眉睫。光动力抗菌化学疗法是基于光动力疗法的原理,利用光敏剂在异常组织选择性聚集,在分子氧的参与下,由特定波长的光激发产生活性氧,引发一系列的光化学反应,对微生物进行选择性杀伤的一种新方法。光动力抗菌化学疗法对细菌、真菌和病毒引起的感染,特别是耐药菌感染均显示很好的疗效。本文将对光动力抗菌化学疗法中常使用的光敏剂进行分类,并对其研究进展进行综述。     

Mini-review: Antimicrobial central venous catheters – recent advances and strategies

Central venous catheters (CVCs) nowadays constitute critical devices used in medical care, namely in intensive care units. However, CVCs also represent one of the indwelling medical devices with enhanced risk of nosocomial device-related infection. Catheter-related infections (CRIs) are a major cause of patient morbidity and mortality, often justifying premature catheter removal and an increase in costs and use of resources. Adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation on the surfaces of indwelling catheters is elemental to the onset of pathogenesis. Seeking the prevention of CVC colonisation and CRI, a variety of approaches have been studied, tested and, in some cases, already applied in clinical practice. This review looks at the current preventive strategies often used to decrease the risk of CRIs due to colonization and biofilm formation on catheter surfaces, as well as at the more recent approaches under investigation.     

A Role for Lewis a antigens on salivary agglutinin in binding to Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans is a major etiological agent in dental caries. Salivary agglutinin is one of the main salivary components binding to S.mutans. To learn more about the interaction of salivary agglutinin with S.mutans, parotid, submandibular, sublingual and palatal saliva samples were incubated with S. mutans suspension. Both depleted saliva samples and bacterial extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Salivary agglutinin was present in all types of glandular saliva and in all cases bound to S.mutans, also to PC337C, a P1^– mutant of S.mutans. Agglutinin was separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions and then transferred to nitrocellulose. Non-reduced agglutinin bound S.mutans, but reduced agglutinin did not. Adhesion of S.mutans to agglutinin-coated microplates was inhibited by amine-containing components, 1 M NaCl or KCl and EDTA. Adhesion decreased with decreasing pH with no adhesion below pH 5.0. These data suggest that calcium-dependent electrostatic interactions play a role in binding. By immunoblotting was demonstrated that blood group antigens and Lewis antigens were present on agglutinin. Synthetic blood group antigens and Lewis antigens covalently coupled to polyacrylamide were tested for binding to S.mutans. Only Le^a(Gal1,3(Fuc1,4)GlcNAc) bound to S.mutans, whereas the blood group antigens Le^b, Le^x, Le^y, H1, H2, A, B and sialylated Le^a did not. Le^a without galactose (Fuc1,4GlcNAc) still bound to S. mutans, but Le^a without fucose (Gal1,3GlcNAc) did not. Binding of agglutinin to S. mutans was not inhibited by Le^a. In conclusion, S. mutans can bind to Le^a carbohydrate epitopes in which the fucose is an essential residue. Le^a carbohydrate epitopes are present on salivary agglutinin but play no major role in binding.     

Comparison of the effects of acylation and amidation on the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of lactoferrin

AIMS: To compare amidation and acylation of lactoferrin (LF) from bovine milk, as a means of enhancing its antimicrobial and antiviral properties. METHODS AND RESULTS: LF was chemically modified by amidation with a 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl] carbodiimide (EDC) in the presence of ammonium ions or by acylation with either succinic or acetic anhydride. In the test systems used, amidation substantially enhanced the activity of LF against Pseudomonas fluorescens in comparison with native LF. However, increasing the net negative charge of LF by acylation had no effect on the activity of LF against P. fluorescens, and abrogated the antimicrobial activity of LF against Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing the net negative charges of LF by acylation eliminated its antimicrobial and antiviral effects against poliovirus and feline calicivirus (nonenveloped viruses). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of positive charges to LF via amidation enhanced antimicrobial properties in contrast to increasing the negative charges by acylation, which abolished both the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of LF. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The effects of charge alteration of LF determined in this study provides a basis for further development of LF formulations with enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness for use in food process hygiene, veterinary and health-care applications.