福建中亚热带常绿阔叶林壳斗科树种的水平分布特点

福建中亚热带闽北部、闽中部两亚地带,气候条件与植被类型特征均有一定的差异,而其常绿阔叶林中占绝对优势的壳斗科树种的分布,具较明显的水平地带性规律。本文为进一步探讨其分布特点,据该地带12个县(市)的共69处调查样地、15000m2面积的壳斗科树种数据,采用调查县(市)间及其树种间的重要值相似性指数作聚类分析,将全地带壳斗科主要树种的分布划分为闽北部与闽中部两个区域类群。用调查县(市)及树种作极点排序表明,不同地理分布区各树种的数量和长势等特征反映出纬度与降水量呈显著正相关而与温度呈显著负相关。它显示出福建地理因素中的温度与降水量对树种分布的综合作用效果。树种分布的生态幅分析表明,全地带的甜槠等4个树种属于较均匀广布种,而苦槠、乌楣栲与米槠、赤枝栲等,分别属于该地带的闽北部与闽中部亚地带的区域代表种。     

南京地区耐寒常绿阔叶树种资源调查

南京地区地处亚热带北缘,是一些常绿阔叶树种自然分布的北界.通过对南京地区常绿阔叶树种的实地考察,表明南京地区有12种自然分布的常绿阔叶树种;目前园林上引种并已应用的有25种.另外,引种了109种能够露地栽培的常绿阔叶树种,其中乔木28种,灌木77种,藤本4种.可以认为南京地区是耐寒常绿阔叶树种引种分布的关键地区.     

西双版纳青梅林的群落学研究

本文对分布在西双版纳勐腊县南部以龙脑香科植物版纳青梅为标志树种的热带森林作了群落学分析,认为它具有热带雨林的结构和基本特征,在性质上属于热带季节雨林。由于分布海拔偏高和生境特殊,它的上层乔木几乎常绿,在外貌上与望天树林和本地区典型的季节雨林有一定差异,在区系组成上向山地雨林过渡,它表现为一种季节雨林向山地雨林过渡的类型,同时也是一种热带北缘地区季节雨林的海拔极限类型。     

中国热带雨林的群落特征、研究现状及问题

中国的热带雨林主要分布在西藏东南部、云南南部、广西南部、台湾南部和海南岛,它们具有与亚洲热带季风气候地区其他热带雨林类似的群落结构、生态外貌和物种多样性,是亚洲热带雨林的北缘类型。由于发生在热带季风气候地区北缘,受到季节性干旱和热量不足的影响,它们在植物区系组成上缺少典型的热带分布属种;在生态外貌上,低地的热带雨林的林冠层中具有一定比例的落叶树种,大高位芽植物和附生植物比例相对较低,而藤本植物和叶级谱上的小叶植物更为丰富;与热带亚洲非季节性气候地区的低地热带湿润雨林有一定区别,被称为热带季节性雨林。中国的热带季节性雨林在西南部与热带山地的常绿阔叶林交错过渡,在南部与亚热带常绿阔叶林交错过渡。通过比较,云南与广西的热带季节性雨林在群落结构和生态外貌特征上最接近;云南含龙脑香科植物的热带季节性雨林尽管分布海拔偏高(可分布到海拔1 100m,最高可达1 300m),但体现了低地热带雨林的群落结构特征,并在植物区系组成上具有最高比例的热带亚洲分布属种。中国不同地区对热带雨林研究的文献在对其界定、分类、描述及生态外貌特征和树种丰富度等方面的记载都不尽相同。该文简要评述了中国热带雨林的群落特征、研...     

闽南丘陵山地引种栽培树木的物候期与抗寒力调查

本试验以厦门同安祥溪国有林场为试验点,进行为期30多年的引种驯化试验。对35种主要树种的物候观测表明,引种树木叶芽及幼叶的生长集中在每年3月,花期集中在2~6月,果熟期集中在7~10月。寒害调查结果表明,引种保存的117个树种中,未受寒害或受寒害轻、能在同安正常越冬的有83种,占70.9%;中度冻害的有八宝树、石笔木等16种,占13.7%;而受冻严重和地上部分冻死的有柚木、白格等18种,占15.4%。绝大部分树种均可顺利渡夏,90多种已开花结实;无病虫害或危害轻微不影响生长发育的有109种,占93.2%;病虫影响严重的有桔红、细子龙等8种,占6.8%;造林成活率大于80%的有110种,占93.8%。试验结果表明,闽南丘陵山地收集保存的树种种质资源的生态适应性是多样的,这些树种在生长发育和适应性等方面表现出较大的差异性。     

广州白云山次生林演替过程的种群动态

本文研究了广州白云山次生林群落演替６年间在其种群结构水平上的动态变化。通过对其主要种群类别、生态位宽度和分布格局的描述与测定,反映了演替过程中各种群内部的消长与分布趋势;通过对其优势种群种间联结与生态位重叠的测定,揭示了演替过程中种间关系的相互适应与发展。研究结果表明：群落Ｂ处在演替的前期,其阳生性树种与中生性树种的生态位宽度都随演替而增加,并发展为高集群分布格局;群落Ａ处在演替的中期,其强阳性树种消失,阳生性树种生态位宽度锐减,并呈随机分布,而中生性树种宽度继续增大,呈集群分布或保持随机分布。种间联结与生态位重叠也随着演替而出现规律性变化,并因不同种群对生境的不同需求而异．     

基于聚类分析的广东省乡土阔叶树种分布研究

利用《中国植物志》、《广东植物志》等资料并结合实地野外踏查记录数据,获取了广东省1152个乡土阔叶树种的分布信息,在对其进行聚类分析的基础上采用多响应置换过程、指示种分析和Kruskal-Wallis检验,研究广东省乡土阔叶树种的分布特征。结果表明,乡土阔叶树种在广东省的分布具有较明显的纬度地带性,且可划分为3个分布区:Ⅰ区主要出现在广东省北部山区的中亚热带,树种丰富度的均值最大(376.5),缺萼枫香(Liquidambar acalycina)、椿叶花椒(Zanthoxylum ailanthoides)、伞花木(Eurycorymbus cavaleriei)等为主要指示种;Ⅱ区主要出现在广东省中部的南亚热带,树种丰富度的均值为339.8,肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)、狭叶山黄麻(Trema angustifolia)、黄叶树(Xanthophyllum hainanense)等为主要指示种;Ⅲ区主要出现在广东省南部沿海的热带北缘,树种丰富度的均值最小(206.5),秋茄树(Kandelia candel)和山油柑(Acronychia pedunculata)等为主要指示种。     

雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁的生态特征与资源可持续利用

分布于雷州半岛西南部灯楼角的珊瑚礁,自海向陆可分为6个生态带,已鉴定出现代活石珊瑚(Scleractinia) 13科2 5属39种3未定种。该珊瑚礁位于热带北缘,附近人口密集,它的发育受自然因素和人类活动双重制约。气候方面,近4 2 a来的温度总体上升有利于本区珊瑚礁的发育,而台风活动对本区珊瑚礁可能有负面的影响;人类活动对本区珊瑚礁的影响表现为旅游业的快速发展与保护行动滞后威胁珊瑚礁、渔业和养殖业影响珊瑚礁、作为建筑材料使用而破坏珊瑚礁等3个方面。作为一种重要的海洋生态资源,本区珊瑚礁若得以科学保护,将具有广阔的可持续利用前景     

中条山东段森林乔木树种分布的环境梯度分析与种组划分

利用CCA排序和TWINSPAN分类,探讨了中条山东段森林植被中乔木树种分布与环境梯度的关系,并根据树种在排序图上的相对位置,同时参考相关文献资料,进行了种组划分。结果表明,海拔梯度是影响乔木树种分布的最重要的环境因子,土壤肥力和土壤湿度指数也具有较大的作用。72个树种（含变种）归纳划分为6个种组,即低海拔暖湿型、中低海拔暖燥型、中低海拔温润型、中海拔湿沃型、中高海拔燥瘠型和高海拔冷湿型。每个种组内的树种在生态习性特别是在分布特征上显示出较大的相似性,介绍了各种组分布的生境特征。TWINSPAN分类结果与种组划分吻合较好。     

河南木本植物区系生态地理规律初探

本文选取河南木本植物区系中16个属的地理成分和包括温度、水分、光照和土壤等在内的36个生态因子,运用聚类分析方法,探讨了河南木本植物区系地域分布的生态地理规律,分析了各成分的地域分布关系及其与生态因子地域变化的相关规律。结果表明,低限生态因子和区域生态因子是河南木本植物地域分布范围的主要限制因素;在这些限制因素作用下,河南木本植物区系各地理成分表现出地带边缘性、地带间连续性及地区性三种地域分布格局。     

Frost tolerance in excised leaves of the common bugle (Ajuga reptans L.) correlates positively with the concentrations of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs)

Mass increases in raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs, α 1,6-galactosyl extensions of sucrose) are well documented in the generative tissues of many plants upon cold acclimation, and they (i.e. mainly the two shortest RFO members, raffinose and stachyose) have been suggested as frost stress protectants. Our focus here was on the longer RFO members as they commonly occur in the frost-hardy evergreen labiate Ajuga reptans in its natural habitat, and accumulate to their highest concentrations in winter when the plant is faced with sub-zero temperatures. We examined the effects of RFO concentration and chain length on frost tolerance using excised leaves which accumulate long-chain RFOs under both cold and warm conditions, thereby uncoupling the acclimation temperature from RFO production. We demonstrated that frost tolerance in excised A. reptans leaves correlates positively with long-chain RFO accumulation under both acclimation temperatures. After 24 d post-excision in the warm, the leaves had increased their RFO concentrations (mainly long-chain RFOs) 22-fold to 78 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight, and decreased their EL₅₀ values (temperature at which 50% leakage occurred) from −10.5 to −24.5 °C, suggesting a protective role for these oligosaccharides in the natural frost tolerance of A. reptans .     

Proteins accumulate in the apoplast of winter rye leaves during cold acclimation

During cold acclimation, winter rye ( Secale cereale L.) plants develop the ability to tolerate freezing temperatures by forming ice in intercellular spaces and xylem vessels. In this study, proteins were extracted from the apoplast of rye leaves to determine their role in controlling extracellular ice formation. Several polypeptides in the 15 to 32 kDa range accumulated in the leaf apoplast during cold acclimation at 5°C and decreased during deacclimation at 20°C. A second group of polypeptides (63, 65 and 68 kDa) appeared only when the leaves were maximally frost tolerant. Ice nucleation activity, as well as the previously reported antifreeze activity, was higher in apoplastic extracts from cold-acclimated than from nonacclimated rye leaves. These results indicate that apoplastic proteins exert a direct influence on the growth of ice. In addition, freezing injury was greater in extracted cold-acclimated leaves than in unextracted cold-acclimated leaves, which suggests that the proteins present in the apoplast are an important component of the mechanism by which winter rye leaves tolerate ice formation     

Carbohydrate content of Eucalyptus gunnii leaves along an annual cycle in the field and during induced frost-hardening in controlled conditions

The annual changes in frost hardiness were studied for three Eucalyptus gunnii genotypes. Frost resistance evaluated on leaf discs by the electrolyte leakage method reached a maximum in the coldest period and a minimum in summer demonstrating winter frost hardening. Genotype 634 exhibited a higher intrinsic resistance than the other genotypes both in the hardened and in the non-hardened stages. Plants of this genotype were also frost acclimated in controlled conditions by a progressive decrease of culture temperature (25 to 0 °C) but the degree of hardening appeared to be lower in these conditions. The carbohydrate patterns in leaves varied with acclimation. In controlled conditions the leaves of genotype 634 exhibited a rise in sucrose, fructose and raffinose concentration up to a temperature of 10 to 7 °C which subsequently decreased. In natural conditions a comparison of the three genotypes allowed us to correlate the higher intrinsic resistance of genotype 634 to a higher soluble sugar content. During acclimation fructose and raffinose changes were also correlated to an increase in cold resistance even though the kinetics of these changes differed in controlled and natural conditions. The starch content was very low in the various genotypes in the different conditions but oligosaccharides such as stachyose and possibly verbascose were detected. The results point out the relationships occurring between increased frost resistance and changes in fructose and raffinose concentration in E. gunnii leaves.     

Effect of abscisic acid and cold acclimation on the cytoskeletal and phosphorylated proteins in different cultivars of Triticum aestivum L

In winter wheat, the tubulin and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins/actin ratio is considerably higher in the roots than in the leaves. Differences in the content of the main cytoskeletal proteins were also found in the leaves of the different cultivars. It is suggested that the lower amount of the tubulin and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins and higher content of actin determine the greater tubulin cytoskeletal stability in the leaves and their higher frost resistance, as compared with the roots. Also, it is possible that the higher content of the tubulin and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins defines the lower microtubule (MT) stability in the leaves of the low frost resistant cultivar than in the leaves of the more frost resistant ones. In the roots and leaves of the low frost resistant cultivar, the low stability of the numerous tubulin structures is apparently one reason for the abscisic acid (ABA)-induced reduction of the cytoskeletal and 60 kDa-phosphorylated proteins in the cells. The cold acclimation compensated the ABA effect in the roots of the very frost resistant cultivar in the most extent. This suggests the existence of the different pathways in the increased plant cell frost resistance through the action of ABA and low temperature.     

Cold hardiness in summer and winter diapause and post-diapause pupae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. under temperature acclimation

Cold hardiness and biochemical changes were investigated in winter and summer pupae of the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae at the diapause and post-diapause stages under temperature acclimation. Diapause pupae were successively acclimated to 25, 20 and then 10 degrees C (warm-acclimated group). Pupae at the diapause and post-diapause stages were successively acclimated to 5, 0, -5 and then -10 degrees C (cold-acclimated groups). Supercooling point values in winter and summer pupae remained constant regardless of the diapause stages and acclimated temperatures. Warm-acclimated pupae at the diapause stage did not survive the subzero temperature exposure, whereas, cold-acclimated pupae achieved cold hardiness to various degrees. Winter pupae were more cold hardy than summer pupae, and pupae at the post-diapause stage were more cold hardy than those at the diapause stage. Trehalose contents in winter pupae rose under cold acclimation. Summer pupae accumulated far lower trehalose contents than winter pupae, with the maximal level occurring in winter pupae at the post-diapause stage. Glycogen content remained at a high level in diapause pupae after warm acclimation, whereas it decreased after cold acclimation. Alanine, the main free amino acid in haemolymph after cold acclimation, increased at lower temperatures in both diapause and post-diapause pupae, but the increase was greater in the diapause pupae. These results suggest that cold hardiness is more fully developed in winter pupae than in summer pupae, and cold acclimation provides higher cold hardiness in winter pupae at the post-diapause stage than at the diapause stage.     

Freezing avoidance by supercooling in Olea europaea cultivars: the role of apoplastic water,solute content and cell wall rigidity

Plants can avoid freezing damage by preventing extracellular ice formation below the equilibrium freezing temperature (supercooling). We used Olea europaea cultivars to assess which traits contribute to avoid ice nucleation at sub‐zero temperatures. Seasonal leaf water relations, non‐structural carbohydrates, nitrogen and tissue damage and ice nucleation temperatures in different plant parts were determined in five cultivars growing in the Patagonian cold desert. Ice seeding in roots occurred at higher temperatures than in stems and leaves. Leaves of cold acclimated cultivars supercooled down to ?13 °C, substantially lower than the minimum air temperatures observed in the study site. During winter, leaf ice nucleation and leaf freezing damage (LT₅₀) occurred at similar temperatures, typical of plant tissues that supercool. Higher leaf density and cell wall rigidity were observed during winter, consistent with a substantial acclimation to sub‐zero temperatures. Larger supercooling capacity and lower LT₅₀ were observed in cold‐acclimated cultivars with higher osmotically active solute content, higher tissue elastic adjustments and lower apoplastic water. Irreversible leaf damage was only observed in laboratory experiments at very low temperatures, but not in the field. A comparative analysis of closely related plants avoids phylogenetic independence bias in a comparative study of adaptations to survive low temperatures.     

A Comparison of Freezing Injury in Oat and Rye: Two Cereals at the Extremes of Freezing Tolerance

A detailed analysis of cold acclimation of a winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Puma), a winter oat (Avena sativa L. cv Kanota), and a spring oat cultivar (Ogle) revealed that freezing injury of leaves of nonacclimated seedlings occurred at -2[deg]C in both the winter and spring cultivars of oat but did not occur in winter rye leaves until after freezing at -4[deg]C. The maximum freezing tolerance was attained in all cultivars after 4 weeks of cold acclimation, and the temperature at which 50% electrolyte leakage occurred decreased to -8[deg]C for spring oat, -10[deg]C for winter oat, and -21[deg]C for winter rye. In protoplasts isolated from leaves of nonacclimated spring oat, expansion-induced lysis was the predominant form of injury over the range of -2 to -4[deg]C. At temperatures lower than -4[deg]C, loss of osmotic responsiveness, which was associated with the formation of the hexagonal II phase in the plasma membrane and subtending lamellae, was the predominant form of injury. In protoplasts isolated from leaves of cold-acclimated oat, loss of osmotic responsiveness was the predominant form of injury at all injurious temperatures; however, the hexagonal II phase was not observed. Rather, injury was associated with the occurrence of localized deviations of the plasma membrane fracture plane to closely appressed lamellae, which we refer to as the "fracture-jump lesion." Although the freeze-induced lesions in the plasma membrane of protoplasts of spring oat were identical with those reported previously for protoplasts of winter rye, they occurred at significantly higher temperatures that correspond to the lethal freezing temperature.     

Thermal acclimation in Arabidopsis lyrata: genotypic costs and transcriptional changes

Frost and heat events can be challenging for sessile organisms that cannot escape thermal extremes. However, adverse effects of thermal stress on fitness may be reduced by pre‐exposure to cold or heat, a process known as acclimation. To understand the ecological and evolutionary implications of acclimation, we investigated (1) the reduction in performance due to stress pre‐exposure, (2) the magnitude of increased leaf resistance to subsequent stress, (3) the costs of acclimation and (4) the genes differing in expression due to stress pre‐exposure. Plants of Arabidopsis lyrata were raised under three treatments of pre‐exposure: bouts of frost, bouts of heat or constant temperature. Resistance of leaves to subsequent frost and heat stress was then measured by electrolyte leakage. RNA‐seq analysis was performed to examine the genes differentially expressed between stress‐pre‐exposed and control plants. Pre‐exposure to stress during growth decreased plant size and increased leaf resistance to subsequent stress independent of whether pre‐exposure was to frost or heat. But the highest increase in leaf resistance to frost was found after pre‐exposure to frost (as a trend) and in leaf resistance to heat after pre‐exposure to heat. No evidence for costs of acclimation was detected. RNA‐sequencing suggested that acclimation by frost and heat pre‐exposure was caused by distinct mechanisms: modification of the chloroplast membrane and modification of the cell wall and membrane, respectively. Our results suggest that thermal resistance is a labile complex of traits, strongly affected by the previously experienced stress environment, with undetermined costs.