双链杂交分子“胰岛素－类胰岛素生长因子－I

以去Ｂ链Ｃ端八肽胰岛素（ＤＯＩ）和化学合成的ＩＧＦ－Ｉ的２２～２９（８肽）及２２－３２（１１肽）为底物,用酶促半合成方法制备了杂交分子“胰岛素－类胰岛素生长因子－Ｉ,Ｉｎｓ／ＩＧＦ－Ｉ（８）和Ｉｎｓ／ＩＧＦ－Ｉ（１１）。研究了它们的胰岛素生物活性,结果表明,猪胰岛素Ｂ链Ｃ端Ｂ２７的Ｔｈｒ被Ａｓｎ取代,Ｂ３０的Ａｌａ被Ｔｈｒ取代同时Ｂ２５～Ｂ２６及Ｂ２８－Ｂ２ｋ９氨基酸顺序颠倒以及在Ｂ链Ｃ末端延长３肽（Ｇｌｙ－Ｔｙｒ－Ｇｌｙ）都不影响胰岛素的生物活力。     

王不留行环肽研究

从中药王不留行（Ｖａｃａｒｉａｓｅｇｅｔａｌｉｓ）种子中分离并鉴定了４个环肽化合物,分别命名为王不留行环肽Ａ,Ｂ,Ｃ,Ｄ（ｖａｃｃａｒｉｎｓＡ,Ｂ,Ｃ,Ｄ）,其中王不留行环肽Ａ为新环肽化合物。其结构通过光谱和化学方法分别确定为：ｖａｃｃａｒｉｎＡ——ｃｙｃｌｏ－（Ｔｒｐ－Ａｌａ１－Ｇｌｙ－Ｖａｌ－Ａｌａ２）,ｖａｃｃａｒｉｎＢ———ｃｙｃｌｏ－（Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｙ－Ｌｅｕ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｐｈｅ１－Ａｌａ－Ｐｈｅ２）,ｖａｃｃａｒｉｎＣ———ｃｙｃｌｏ－（Ｐｒｏ１－Ｇｌｙ－Ｔｙｒ－Ｖａｌ－Ｐｒｏ２－Ｌｅｕ－Ｔｒｐ）,ｖａｃａｒｉｎＤ———ｃｙｃｌｏ－（Ｐｒｏ－Ｖａｌ１－Ｔｒｐ－Ａｌａ－Ｇｌｙ－Ｖａｌ２）．     

[B1Ala,B2Al2,B3Lys]—胰岛素的制备和生物活性

本文报道了胰岛素分子中Ｂ１￣３序列（Ｐｈｅ－Ｖａｌ－Ａｓｎ）为Ａｌａ－Ａｌａ－Ｌｙｓ取代的胰岛素类似物制备及其生物性质。［Ｂ１Ａｌａ,Ｂ２Ａｌａ,Ｂ３Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素仍保留天然胰岛素的全部体内活性和受体结合能力,但体外促脂肪生成活性和免疫活性分别只为胰岛素的７０％和０．８８％。本文还就胰岛素Ｂ链Ｎ端肽段对其结构和功能的影响进行了讨论。     

双链杂交分子“胰岛素—类胰岛素生长因子—I”

以去Ｂ链Ｃ端八肽胰岛素和化学合成的ＩＧＦ－Ｉ的２２－２９及２２－３２为底物,用酶促半合成方法制备了杂交分子“胰岛素－类胰岛素茵子－Ｉ”,Ｉｎｓ／ＩＧＦ－Ｉ和Ｉｎｓ－ＩＧＦ－Ｉ。研究了它们的胰岛中生物活性。结果表明,猪胰岛素Ｂ链Ｃ端Ｂ２７的Ｔｈｒ被Ａｓｎ取代,Ｂ３０的Ａｌａ被Ａｌａ被Ｔｈｒ取代同时Ｂ２５－Ｂ２６及Ｂ２８－Ｂ２９氨基酸顺序颠紧及在Ｂ链Ｃ末端延长３肽都不影响胰岛素的生物活力。     

[B_1Ala,B_2Ala,B_3Lys]-胰岛素的制备和生物活性(英文)

本文报道了胰岛素分子中Ｂ１～３序列（Ｐｈｅ－Ｖａｌ－Ａｓｎ）为Ａｌａ－Ａｌａ－Ｌｙｓ取代的胰岛素类似物制备及其生物性质。［Ｂ１Ａｌａ,Ｂ２Ａｌａ,Ｂ３Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素仍保留天然胰岛素的全部体内活性和受体结合能力,但体外促脂肪生成活性和免疫活性分别只为胰岛素的７０％和０．８８％。本文还就胰岛素Ｂ链Ｎ端肽段对其结构和功能的影响进行了讨论。     

胰岛素蛋白质工程;[B9Glu,B10Asp]人胰岛素

用缺口双链ＤＮＡ的定向突变方法分别将胰岛素Ｂ链第９和第１０位的Ｓｅｒ和Ｈｉｓ改变为Ｇｌｕ和Ａｓｐ,获得「Ｂ９Ｇｌｕ,Ｂ１０Ａｓｐ」人胰岛素。其受体结合能力为猪胰岛素的３４．４％,而体内活力与猪胰岛素基本相同     

Na2CO3胁迫对星星草幼苗游离氨基酸含量的影响

对Ｎａ２ＣＯ３胁迫下星星草幼苗游离氨基酸含量的研究结果表明,星星草幼苗游离氨基酸总含量随盐浓度的增加而增加。各组分中Ａｌａ、Ｃｙｓ、Ｇｌｙ、ｌｅｕ、Ｍｅｔ、Ｐｒｏ、Ｐｈｅ、Ｖａｌ的含量随着Ｎａ２ＣＯ３浓度的增加而增加,其中Ａｌａ、Ｃｙｓ、Ｇｌｙ、ｌｅｕ、Ｍｅｔ、Ｐｒｏ与Ｎａ２ＣＯ３浓度呈极显正相关关系。Ｎａ２ＣＯ３胁迫下星星草幼苗体内氨累积,同时Ａｓｐ－ＮＨ２的含量明显增加,有效降低氨对幼苗的毒     

从织锦芋螺中克隆α芋螺毒素序列

为了从我国南海产织锦芋螺（Ｃｏｎｕｓｔｅｘｔｉｌｅ）中分离新的毒素序列并研究其应用价值,进行了织锦芋螺毒素基因的分离工作．从织锦芋螺毒管中提取ｍＲＮＡ,以Ａ族芋螺毒素的信号肽编码部分和３′端非翻译部分的保守序列为引物,通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增和序列分析方法获得新的芋螺毒素序列．结果得到两种不同的α芋螺毒素序列,两者都属于α４／７亚型芋螺毒素,预测其成熟肽序列分别为Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｓｅｒ－Ａｓｐ－Ｐｒｏ－Ａｒｇ－Ｃｙｓ－Ａｓｎ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｈｉｓ－Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｌｅｕ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｇｌｙ（Ｃ端Ｇｌｙ可能被酰胺化）和Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｈｉｓ－Ｐｒｏ－Ａｌａ－Ｃｙｓ－Ａｓｎ－Ｖａｌ－Ａｓｐ－Ｈｉｓ－Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｉｌｅ－Ｃｙｓ－Ａｒｇ．采用传统的生化分离手段尚未从织锦芋螺中获得过α芋螺毒素序列,这两种α芋螺毒素作用的种属特异性、受体类型特异性和在小细胞肺癌的诊断和治疗中的应用价值有待进一步研究     

凤眼莲根分泌物氨基酸组分对根际肠杆菌属F_2细菌的趋化作用

凤眼莲（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｎｉａｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ）的根分泌物中含有Ｍｅｔ等多种氨基酸,其中Ｍｅｔ、ＧＡＢＡ、Ｇｌｙ、Ａｌａ、Ａｓｐ、Ｓｅｒ、Ｖａｌ和Ｌｅｕ（１０－７～１０－２ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）均对凤眼莲的根际肠杆菌属Ｆ２（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐ．Ｆ２）细菌有强烈的正趋化作用;Ｇｌｕ、Ｔｈｒ和Ｈｉｓ（１０－７～１０－３ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）也对该菌有一定的正趋化作用;而Ｌｙｓ、Ｃｙｓ、Ａｒｇ、Ｔｙｒ、Ｐｒｏ、Ａｓｎ、Ｇｌｎ、Ｉｌｅ、Ｐｈｅ和Ｔｙｐ则对该菌表现出一定的负趋化作用．对细菌的正趋化作用存在一个趋化物的最适浓度范围．具有正趋化作用的氨基酸在凤眼莲根际的浓度都较高,而具有负趋化作用的浓度则较低,这正是凤眼莲与该根际细菌结合为根际微生态系统的原因之一．     

大肠杆菌中一种对NF—IL63‘UTR专一的结合蛋白

在大肠杆菌ＴＧ１中,发现了一种与人白介素６核转录因子ｍＲＮＡ的３’非翻译区专一结合的蛋白,其Ｎ－端氨基酸序列为Ａｌａ－Ｔｈｒ－Ａｒｇ－Ｉｌｕ－Ｐｈｅ－Ｈｉｓ－Ｇｌｙ－Ｃｙｓｓ（？）－Ｇｌｙ。对数据库检索未发现完全同源的蛋白。对于在大肠杆菌中发现真核ｍＲＮＡ专一结合蛋白的意义做了讨论。     

Cellular responses elicited by insulin mimickers in cells lacking detectable plasma membrane insulin receptors

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were previously shown to have few or no plasma membrane insulin binding sites (Hofmann et al: J Biol Chem 258:11774, 1983]. Accordingly, neither insulin-stimulated incorporation of [14C]glucose into glycogen, nor insulin-induced uptake of radiolabeled alpha-aminoisobutyrate ([3H]AIB) could be demonstrated. To probe for receptors, MDCK cultures were surface-labeled with Na125I or were labeled with [35S]methionine. When solubilized cells were immunoprecipitated with sera containing antibodies to the insulin receptor, and immunoprecipitates were analyzed on SDS-gel electrophoresis, no evidence for insulin receptor components was found. Also, when intact MDCK cells wee incubated first with serum containing antibodies to the insulin receptor and then with 125I-protein A, no radiolabeling of insulin receptors occurred. Various agents reported to have insulin-like activity were tested on MDCK cells. The insulinomimetic lectins concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin as well as hydrogen peroxide enhanced incorporation of [14C]glucose into glycogen and induced stimulated [3H]AIB uptake, whereas trypsin, vanadate, and serum containing antibodies to the insulin receptor were without effects. Altogether, these results showed that MDCK cells had few or no insulin receptors and were correspondingly insulin-insensitive. However, since insulin-associated responses could be elicited by some insulin mimickers, the post-receptor limb of response in MDCK cells was apparently intact.     

Structural Investigations of Full-Length Insulin Receptor Dynamics and Signalling

Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis via binding and activation of the insulin receptor dimer at two distinct pairs of binding sites 1 and 2. Here, we present cryo-EM studies of full-length human insulin receptor (hIR) in an active state obtained at non-saturating, physiologically relevant insulin conditions. Insulin binds asymmetrically to the receptor under these conditions, occupying up to three of the four possible binding sites. Deletion analysis of the receptor together with site specific peptides and insulin analogs used in binding studies show that both sites 1 and 2 are required for high insulin affinity. We identify a homotypic interaction of the fibronectin type III domain (FnIII-3) of IR resulting in tight interaction of membrane proximal domains of the active, asymmetric receptor dimer. Our results show how insulin binding at two distinct types of sites disrupts the autoinhibited apo-IR dimer and stabilizes the active dimer. We propose an insulin binding and activation mechanism, which is sequential, exhibits negative cooperativity, and is based on asymmetry at physiological insulin concentrations with one to three insulin molecules activating IR.     

胰岛素蛋白质工程研究进展

近年来,胰岛素蛋白质工程研究进展很快,主要介绍具有临床意义的速效长效和高效胰岛素研究概况,包括分子设计基础,生物活性和应用前景等.此外,还讨论了胰岛素的受体结合部位及胰岛素与其受体相互作用的研究近况．     

Chiral mutagenesis of insulin's hidden receptor-binding surface: structure of an allo-isoleucine(A2) analogue

The hydrophobic core of vertebrate insulins contains an invariant isoleucine residue at position A2. Lack of variation may reflect this side-chain's dual contribution to structure and function: Ile(A2) is proposed both to stabilize the A1-A8 alpha-helix and to contribute to a "hidden" functional surface exposed on receptor binding. Substitution of Ile(A2) by alanine results in segmental unfolding of the A1-A8 alpha-helix, lower thermodynamic stability and impaired receptor binding. Such a spectrum of perturbations, although of biophysical interest, confounds interpretation of structure-activity relationships. To investigate the specific contribution of Ile(A2) to insulin's functional surface, we have employed non-standard mutagenesis: inversion of side-chain chirality in engineered monomer allo-Ile(A2)-DKP-insulin. Although the analogue retains native structure and stability, its affinity for the insulin receptor is impaired by 50-fold. Thus, whereas insulin's core readily accommodates allo-isoleucine at A2, its activity is exquisitely sensitive to chiral inversion. We propose that the Ile(A2) side-chain inserts within a chiral pocket of the receptor as part of insulin's hidden functional surface.     

Protein engineering of insulin: Two novel fast-acting insulins [B16Ala]insulin and [B26Ala]insulin

Blood glucose lowering assay proved that [B16Ala]insulin and [B26Ala]insulin exhibit potency of acute blood glucose lowering in normal pigs, which demonstrates that they are fast- acting insulin. Single-chain precursor of [B16Ala]insulin and [B26Ala]insulin is [B16Ala]PIP and [B26Ala]PIP, respectively, which are suitable for gene expression. Secretory expression level of the precursors in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was quite high, 650 mg/L and 130 mg/L, respectively. In vivo biological assay showed that the two fast-acting insulins have full or nearly full biological activity. So both [B16Ala]insulin and [B26Ala]insulin can be well developed as fast-acting insulin for clinic use.     

No Decrease in Free IGF‐I with Increasing Insulin in Obesity‐Related Insulin Resistance

Objective: Different facts suggest that the insulin growth factor (IGF)/ insulin growth factor‐binding protein (IGFBP) system may be regulated by factors other than growth hormone. It has been proposed that, in healthy subjects, free IGF‐I plays a role in glucose metabolism. The role of free IGF‐I in glucose homeostasis in insulin resistance is poorly understood. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of acute changes in plasma glucose and insulin levels on free IGF‐I and IGFBP‐1 in obese and non‐obese subjects. Research Methods and Procedures: Nineteen lean and 24 obese subjects were investigated. A frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed. Free IGF‐I and IGFBP‐1 were determined at 0, 19, 22, 50, 100, and 180 minutes. Results: Basal free IGF‐I levels tended to be higher and IGFBP‐1 lower in obese than in lean subjects. IGFBP‐1 levels inversely correlated with basal insulin concentration. To determine the effects of insulin on the availability of free IGF‐I and IGFBP‐1, changes in their plasma concentrations were measured during a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. After insulin administration, a significant suppression of free IGF‐I at 22% was observed in lean subjects. In contrast, plasma‐free IGF‐I levels remained essentially unchanged in the obese group. The differences between both groups were statistically significant at 100 minutes (p < 0.01) and 180 minutes (p < 0.05). Serum IGFBP‐1 was suppressed to a similar extent in both groups. Discussion: These data suggest that the concentrations of free IGF‐I and IGFBP‐1 are differentially regulated by obesity. Obesity‐related insulin resistance leads to unsuppressed free IGF‐I levels.     

Noninvasive insulin delivery systems

The review considers commercial insulin formulations. Special attention is paid to difficulties and strategies of the development of alternative hormone delivery systems (buccal, transdermal, intranasal, pulmonary and oral). At the moment there is only one approved formulation of the noninvasive insulin in the world.     

Protein engineering of insulin: Two novel fast-acting insulins [B16Ala]insulin and [B26Ala]insulin

Insulin has been successfully used in clinic treatment of diabetes for more than 80 years. However, the clinic practice has shown that regular insulin preparation used in clinic exhibits several intrinsic problems that have existed for a long time. One of the major problems is that insulin has a potency of self-association when its concentration is higher than physiological concentration (10-8—10-10 mol/L)[1,2]. The concentration of the regular insulin is higher than 10-4 mol/L. At such a hi…     

Deficiency of IRTKS as an adaptor of insulin receptor leads to insulin resistance

IRTKS encodes a member of the IRSp53/MIM homology domain family, which has been shown to play an important role in the formation of plasma membrane protrusions. Although the phosphorylation of IRTKS occurs in response to insulin stimulation, the role of this protein in insulin signaling remains unknown. Here we show that IRTKS-deficient mice exhibit insulin resistance, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased hepatic glucose production. The administration of ectopic IRTKS can ameliorate the insulin resistance of IRTKS-deficient and diabetic mice. In parallel, the expression level of IRTKS was significantly decreased in diabetic mouse model. Furthermore, DNA hypermethylation of the IRTKS promoter was also observed in these subjects. We also show that IRTKS, as an adaptor of the insulin receptor (IR), modulates IR-IRS1-PI3K-AKT signaling via regulating the phosphorylation of IR. These findings add new insights into our understanding of insulin signaling and resistance.