肾脏发育中信号通路的调控作用

肾脏发育是一个复杂的过程,需要在输尿管芽细胞和基质细胞相互诱导下,引起细胞生长、增殖、分化,从而产生肾单位及各种管状结构,最终发育为成熟的肾脏。在肾脏发育过程中,GDNF/Ret、Wnt、BMP等一系列信号通路参与了发育的调控过程。这些信号通路在肾脏发育的不同阶段或不同位置发挥着重要的调控作用,并且通路之间存在相互的调控,从而形成了一个复杂而精细的调控网络,保证了肾脏的正常发育。文章概括了肾脏发育的过程,总结了肾脏发育过程中相关信号通路对肾脏发育的调控作用以及信号通路之间的相互调控。     

Hippo信号通路相关分子参与免疫细胞功能调控的研究进展

Hippo信号通路是最早在果蝇(Drosophila)中发现的,在进化上高度保守,具有调控细胞增殖与凋亡作用的一条关键信号转导通路。在哺乳动物中,Hippo信号通路在调控细胞增殖、细胞死亡、细胞分化和肿瘤生成等生物学过程中有着十分重要的作用。近年来,Hippo信号通路在免疫系统以及多种功能性免疫细胞中发挥的重要作用逐渐成为该领域的研究热点,特别是Hippo信号通路各成员在免疫细胞应对病毒、细菌入侵或肿瘤发生以及维持自身稳态过程中发挥着重要的作用。因此,深入了解Hippo信号通路各成员对多种功能性免疫细胞的调控机制,有助于绘制新的免疫系统调控网络,阐明各类免疫系统相关疾病的发病机制,期望为诊断、治疗和预防相关疾病提供新的治疗策略或靶点。     

脂肪细胞分化过程中MAPK信号通路的调控机制

促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路是一组丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,其家族控制着各种重要的生理性过程,包括细胞的生长、分化、增殖、死亡,主要有ERK、p38和JNK三条途径组成。现在肥胖已经成为多种疾病的危险因素,与胰岛素抵抗、高脂血症、2型糖尿病等都与肥胖有密切的联系。MAPK信号通路在脂肪细胞分化中起着非常重要的作用,深入的研究MAPK信号通路的在脂肪细胞中的调控作用,在预防肥胖及其引起的疾病治疗中,有着深远的意义。本文就MAPK信号通路对脂肪细胞分化的调控机制,其各个通路对脂肪细胞分化的正负调控及一些药物影响MAPK信号通路而影响脂肪细胞的分化,以及关于脂肪分化的一些新的研究做一综述。     

Wnt信号通路在毛细胞分化和再生过程中的作用

Wnt信号通路在生物发育和维持内环境稳态过程中起着重要作用。Wnt配体通过与Frizzle受体结合参与体轴的形成、细胞分化和细胞命运决定等生命活动。在小鼠内耳发育过程中,Wnt信号通路扮演了重要角色：在内耳发育早期阶段,参与听基板的特化和听泡的形成;在内耳发育后期阶段,调控毛细胞分化及毛细胞纤毛束的定向。本文综述了Wnt信号通路在内耳毛细胞发育分化及再生过程中的研究进展,以期为从事相关领域的科研人员提供参考。     

植物生长素ABP1-TMK膜受体复合体调控细胞极性形态建成

植物在生长过程中会受到多种内源（如植物激素）和外源（如光）信号的调控,而植物细胞在感受各个信号之后经过不同信号通路的信号传递和汇总,最终对细胞生长、细胞分裂和细胞分化进行精细调控。植物细胞在不同的组织中通过形成不同形态的细胞来执行不同的功能,其中,     

非经典Wnt信号通路在心脏发育和干细胞向心肌分化中的作用机制

Wnt信号通路是一种哺乳动物进化保守的信号通路,在心脏发育和干细胞向心肌细胞分化中发挥重要的调控作用。经典Wnt信号通路主要调控早期心肌谱系提交,而非经典Wnt信号通路参与调控后续的心脏发育和分化。本文对非经典Wnt信号通路在心脏发育和干细胞向心肌细胞分化中的作用及其机制作一综述,以期为干细胞移植治疗缺血性心肌病提供参考策略。     

血液发生相关microRNAs研究进展

血液发生对生命体有着十分重要的意义。脊椎动物的血液发生主要表现为造血干细胞的自我更新和分化、造血祖细胞的增殖分化以及血细胞的成熟。血液发生过程的调控涉及多种转录因子、膜受体、造血生长因子和microRNAs等,它们之间相互作用形成多种信号通路及信号通路网。microRNAs是一类非编码RNA,广泛分布于真核生物细胞中,在机体的造血过程中发挥着重要作用。microRNAs的表达受造血相关信号通路中转录因子的调控,而microRNAs的表达能抑制或降低参与造血相关信号通路的转录因子以及更多造血相关调控因子的表达,从而影响血细胞发生相关的信号通路,进而调控造血过程。本文主要介绍了脊椎动物造血过程和血细胞发生相关信号通路,并围绕microRNAs与造血相关转录因子及信号通路之间的作用关系,总结了microRNAs调控血液发生的相关研究进展。     

FGF信号通路在内耳发育调控和毛细胞再生中的作用

内耳是感受听觉和平衡觉的复杂器官。在内耳发育过程中,成纤维生长因子(fibroblast growth factor, FGF)信号通路参与了听基板的诱导、螺旋神经节(statoacoustic ganglion, SAG)的发育以及Corti器感觉上皮的分化。FGF信号开启了内耳早期发育的基因调控网络,诱导前基板区域以及听基板的形成。正常表达的FGF信号分子可促进听囊腹侧成神经细胞的特化,但成熟SAG神经元释放的过量FGF5可抑制此过程,形成负反馈环路使SAG在稳定状态下发育。FGF20在Notch信号通路的调控下参与了前感觉上皮区域向毛细胞和支持细胞的分化过程,而内毛细胞分泌的FGF8可调控局部支持细胞分化为柱细胞。人类FGF信号通路异常可导致多种耳聋相关遗传病。此外,FGF信号通路在低等脊椎动物毛细胞自发再生以及干细胞向内耳毛细胞诱导过程中都起到了关键作用。本文综述了FGF信号通路在内耳发育调控以及毛细胞再生中的作用及其相关研究进展,以期为毛细胞再生中FGF信号通路调控机制的阐明奠定理论基础。     

Wnt与MAPK信号通路在肿瘤发生中的串话

Wnt和MAPK信号通路在生物进化过程中高度保守,参与调控胚胎发育和细胞增殖、分化及凋亡等。Wnt和MAPK信号通路调控失常可导致胚胎发育异常和肿瘤形成。近年来发现这两条信号通路在肿瘤发生发展中存在着大量串话（crosstalk）,彼此之间相互调节,共同发挥促癌或抑癌作用,因此,更好地了解两条通路是如何在肿瘤形成中发生交叉对话对于将来肿瘤治疗非常有价值。     

bHLH因子对大脑神经前体细胞的增殖分化与命运决定的调节北大核心CSCD

神经前体细胞(neural progenitor cells,NPCs)是具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能的细胞,它的增殖和分化受到多种内源或者外源因子,以及邻近或远程细胞信号通路的调控。多项研究表明,碱性螺旋——环——螺旋(basic helix-loop-helix,b HLH)家族转录因子之间相互联系,相互竞争,广泛参与调控端脑的发育过程,在NPCs向神经元和神经胶质细胞分化过程中起着重要的调控作用。而b HLH家族分子的不同的表达状态,即持续表达或波动表达,又与NPCs增殖或者分化的最终结局有着重要的关系。本文主要对在端脑发育中有重要代表性作用的b HLH转录因子,以及它们之间的表达调控关系的研究进展进行综述。     

Beta-catenin can induce hair follicle stem cell differentiation into transit-amplifying cells through c-myc activation

Hair follicle stem cells play important roles in maintaining homeostasis and skin tissue self-renewal. Transit-amplifying cells represent the transition of cells from hair follicle stem cells into differentiated epidermal cells. Thus far, the signaling pathway and the molecular biological mechanism that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hair follicle stem cells remain unclear. In this paper, we studied the relationship between β-catenin and c-myc during the process of the differentiation of hair follicle stem cells into transit-amplifying cells. Based on our results, the expression of β-catenin can activate the nuclear gene c-myc and regulate the expression of transit-amplifying cell markers K15, K19, a6-integrin and β1-integrin, indicating that β-catenin is involved in the transformation process from hair follicle stem cells to transit-amplifying cells and suggesting that β-catenin plays an important biological role in the induction of this differentiation process.     

Notch信号通路与生殖干细胞研究进展

Notch信号通路是一个在进化中高度保守的信号通道,具有调控细胞增殖、分化及凋亡的作用。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,发现Notch信号通路与生殖干细胞的增殖分化及干细胞微环境的作用机理密切关联,Notch信号通路在生殖系统发育及疾病治疗中的作用机制逐渐引起人们的广泛关注。该文综合论述了Notch信号通路的生理特性及功能,重点阐述Notch信号通路在精原干细胞、卵巢生殖干细胞及生殖干细胞微环境系统中的调控机制。     

A regulatory role of Wnt signaling pathway in the hematopoietic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells

One of the most important issues in stem cell research is to understand the regulatory mechanisms responsible for their differentiation. An extensive understanding of mechanism underlying the process of differentiation is crucial in order to prompt stem cells to perform a particular function after differentiation. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the hematopoietic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we investigated murine ES cells for the presence of hematopoietic lineage markers as well as Wnt signaling pathway during treatments with different cytokines alone or in combination with another. Here we report that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is down-regulated in hematopoietic differentiation of murine ES cells. We also found that differentiation induced by the interleukin-3, interleukin-6, and erythropoietin combinations resulted in high expression of CD3e, CD11b, CD45R/B220, Ly-6G, and TER-119 in differentiated ES cells. A high expression of beta-catenin was observed in two undifferentiated ES cell lines. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed that the members downstream of Wnt in this signaling pathway including beta-catenin, GSK-3beta, Axin, and TCF4 were significantly down-regulated as ES cells differentiated into hematopoietic progenitors. Our results show that the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway plays a role in the hematopoietic differentiation of murine ESCs and also may support beta-catenin as a crucial factor in the maintenance of ES cells in their undifferentiated state.     

Nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling in stem cell differentiation

The nitric oxide–cyclic GMP (NO–cGMP) pathway mediates important physiological functions associated with various integrative body systems including the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Furthermore, NO regulates cell growth, survival, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation at the cellular level. To understand the significance of the NO–cGMP pathway in development and differentiation, studies have been conducted both in developing embryos and in stem cells. Manipulation of the NO–cGMP pathway, by employing activators and inhibitors as pharmacological probes, and genetic manipulation of NO signaling components have implicated the involvement of this pathway in the regulation of stem cell differentiation. This review focuses on some of the work pertaining to the role of NO–cGMP in the differentiation of stem cells into cells of various lineages, particularly into myocardial cells, and in stem cell-based therapy.     

Cell aggregation-induced FGF8 elevation is essential for P19 cell neural differentiation

FGF8, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, has been shown to play important roles in different developing systems. Mouse embryonic carcinoma P19 cells could be induced by retinoic acid (RA) to differentiate into neuroectodermal cell lineages, and this process is cell aggregation dependent. In this report, we show that FGF8 expression is transiently up-regulated upon P19 cell aggregation, and the aggregation-dependent FGF8 elevation is pluripotent stem cell related. Overexpressing FGF8 promotes RA-induced monolayer P19 cell neural differentiation. Inhibition of FGF8 expression by RNA interference or blocking FGF signaling by the FGF receptor inhibitor, SU5402, attenuates neural differentiation of the P19 cell. Blocking the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway by overexpressing Smad6 in P19 cells, we also show that FGF signaling plays a BMP inhibition-independent role in P19 cell neural differentiation.     

单细胞测序分析人类胚胎干细胞神经分化的分子机制

目的 探讨人类胚胎干细胞(ESCs)分化为神经细胞的关键性靶基因及分子机制,为临床靶向治疗神经康复患者提供分子理论依据.方法 基于GEO数据平台芯片,采用单细胞测序方法(scRNA-seq),利用R语言从多分子维度(单细胞差异基因、蛋白互作网络和基因通路等)分析人类ESCs分化过程中的关键Marker基因并利用质控和数...     

Hippo信号对卵巢生殖干细胞增殖及卵巢功能的影响

已有研究表明,Hippo信号通路对干细胞的自我更新和分化至关重要,且Hippo信号通路在调控卵泡生长中起重要作用,然而,目前关于Hippo通路对卵巢生殖干细胞的增殖和分化以及卵巢功能重塑的影响相关的研究较少。为了明确Hippo信号通路效应因子YAP1与卵巢生殖干细胞体外增殖分化的关系,以及Hippo信号通路对卵巢癌的主要功能。我们采用两步法酶促分离和磁性分离技术分别鉴定卵巢生殖干细胞,通过测定MVH和OCT4标记物的表达,然后选择YAP1作为Hippo信号通路的主要效应分子,作为研究的靶基因。将含有过表达的YAP1或YAP1靶向的shRNA的慢病毒转导入卵巢生殖干细胞中。通过将过表达YAP1或YAP1 shRNA的慢病毒载体微量注射到不育小鼠模型中,观察调节Hippo信号通路对卵巢的增殖、分化和内分泌功能的影响。研究结果表明,在分离的卵巢生殖干细胞中观察到YAP1和MVH的共表达。与对照组相比,过表达YAP1的卵巢生殖干细胞中MVH和OCT4表达水平显著增加。而YAP1敲低后,MVH和OCT4水平显著降低;不育小鼠模型中YAP1过表达15 d后,E2和FSH含量显著升高,而YAP1 shRNA表达后,小鼠血清E2和FSH含量显著降低。YAP1可用于调控卵巢生殖干细胞的增殖和分化以及小鼠的卵巢功能。本研究表明,Hippo信号通路可能是调控卵巢功能重建的一个新的分子靶点。     

Olig2-Induced Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Involves Downregulation of Wnt Signaling and Induction of Dickkopf-1 Expression

Understanding stem cell-differentiation at the molecular level is important for clinical applications of stem cells and for finding new therapeutic approaches in the context of cancer stem cells. To investigate genome-wide changes involved in differentiation, we have used immortalized neural stem cell (NSC) line (HB1.F3) and Olig2-induced NSC differentiation model (F3.Olig2). Using microarray analysis, we revealed that Olig2-induced NSC differentiation involves downregulation of Wnt pathway, which was further confirmed by TOPflash/FOPflash reporter assay, RT-PCR analysis, immunoblots, and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, we found that Olig2-induced differentiation induces the expression of Dickkopf-1(Dkk1), a potent antagonist of Wnt signaling. Dkk1 treatment blocked Wnt signaling in HB1.F3 in a dosage-dependent manner, and induced differentiation into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Our results support cancer stem cell hypothesis which implies that signaling pathway for self-renewal and proliferation of stem cells is maintained till the late stage of differentiation. In our proposed model, Dkk1 may play an important role in downregulating self-renewal and proliferation pathway of stem cells at the late stage of differentiation, and its failure may lead to carcinogenesis.