奖赏记忆改善焦虑行为的小鼠模型及机制初探

焦虑是当今社会最普遍的精神障碍之一.药物疗法和心理疗法是焦虑症的主要治疗手段,后者因无副作用且不易反复而倍受重视.在焦虑症的心理行为疗法中,奖赏记忆缓解焦虑的模型及机制是一个重要的科学问题.对这一问题的研究将有助于理解其内在机制并开发更好的治疗焦虑症的方法.基于经典的小鼠焦虑行为评测工具——高架十字迷宫,我们首先考查了焦虑评测结合行为训练的可行性,发现小鼠在高架十字迷宫上反复评测后行为达到稳态,则可通过在开放臂末端设置食物奖赏来研究奖赏记忆对焦虑行为的影响;然后通过实验证明短期奖赏训练和无奖赏的强制开放臂暴露不能改善焦虑行为;进而确定并验证了奖赏训练改善焦虑行为的正确方式;最后在此行为模型中应用有致遗忘效应的蛋白激酶C的抑制剂白屈菜赤碱(chelerythrine),发现奖赏记忆形成被抑制伴随着焦虑行为改善的削弱.初步揭示了此行为模型涉及的细胞分子机制.     

不同年龄段小鼠抑郁及焦虑样行为的比较

目的观察和比较不同年龄段实验小鼠的抑郁及焦虑样行为。方法将27只雄性C57BL/6小鼠按年龄分为青年组(3月龄,n=9)、中年组(10月龄,n=9)、老年组(18月龄,n=9),分别进行悬尾测试、强迫游泳测试、高架十字迷宫测试、开放旷场测试和糖水偏好测试,观察小鼠抑郁及焦虑样行为,并用液质联用(LC-MS/MS)法检测C57BL/6小鼠血清5-羟色胺含量。结果中年组小鼠比老年组小鼠的悬尾不动时间长(P0. 05);青年组、中年组、老年组小鼠强迫游泳不动时间显著递减,青年组小鼠游泳不动时间显著大于中年组小鼠(P0. 001)和老年组小鼠(P0. 001),中年组小鼠游泳不动时间显著大于老年组小鼠(P0. 01);中年组小鼠比老年组小鼠12小时糖水偏好率高(P0. 05),青年组小鼠比老年组小鼠12、36、48、60小时糖水偏好率高(P0. 05);老年组小鼠比中年组和青年组小鼠开臂时间长(P0. 05),青年组小鼠比中年组小鼠探头次数多(P0. 01);青年组小鼠比老年组小鼠在旷场中的移动总距离长(P0. 05);老年组、中年组、青年组小鼠血清5-HT含量呈递减趋势,青年组小鼠血清5-HT显著低于中年组(P0. 05)和老年组(P0. 01)。结论整体而言,同一刺激下,小鼠的年龄越小,越易表现出抑郁及焦虑样行为,血清中5-HT水平越低。     

Synaptotagmin 1基因敲除对小鼠行为的影响*

目的: 研究Synaptotagmin 1基因敲除(Syt1^+/-)对小鼠情绪行为的影响并初步探讨其可能机制。方法: 选取8周龄雄性Syt1^+/-小鼠及同窝野生型(WT)小鼠各5只,采用免疫荧光染色方法观察小鼠前额叶皮层、海马、杏仁核、伏隔核、纹状体和腹侧被盖区等6个脑区中Syt1的表达;选用8周龄雄性Syt1^+/-小鼠9只,以及WT小鼠10只为对照,通过旷场实验、高架十字迷宫实验和强迫游泳实验检测比较成年Syt1^+/-小鼠和WT小鼠的焦虑样行为;另选用8周龄雄性Syt1^+/-小鼠及WT小鼠各5只,检测小鼠前额叶皮层、海马和杏仁核的谷氨酸含量。结果: 与WT小鼠相比,Syt1^+/-小鼠在前额叶皮层、海马、杏仁核、伏隔核、纹状体和腹侧被盖区Syt1阳性细胞数目显著减少(P＜0.01);Syt1^+/-小鼠在旷场中总移动距离显著减少(P＜0.01),并更偏爱在外周区域活动(P＜0.01),对中心区域的探索欲望显著下降(P＜0.01);Syt1^+/-小鼠更偏好待在封闭安全环境中(P＜0.01),开臂探索次数(P＜0.05)和在其中运动的时间显著减少(P＜0.01);Syt1^+/-小鼠在强迫游泳实验中不动时间明显增加(P＜0.01);同时,Syt1^+/-小鼠杏仁核中谷氨酸的含量显著增加(P＜0.01)。结论: Syt1基因敲除可以引起小鼠显著的焦虑样行为,推测与杏仁核中谷氨酸含量增加有关。     

p53基因敲除对小鼠神经行为及桶状皮层神经元数目的影响

目的探究p53基因在小鼠神经行为活动中的作用及对桶状皮层神经元数目的影响。方法 45只8～12周龄C57BL/6背景的p53基因敲除(KO)小鼠为实验组,38只同年龄同背景的野生型(WT)小鼠为对照组。通过旷场实验、Y迷宫实验和纹理辨别实验测试小鼠焦虑样行为、自发运动、工作记忆能力及触须敏感性。用尼氏染色法观察桶状皮层II/III层神经元数目变化。结果与WT小鼠相比,p53基因敲除小鼠在旷场中心活动的时间(P 0.05)、旷场中总运动路程(P 0.05)和Y迷宫中自发交替率(P 0.05)、进入臂的总次数(P 0.05)均无显著差异,但对新纹理目标物的探索百分比显著减少(P0.01); p53基因敲除小鼠桶状皮层II/III层的神经元数目较野生型小鼠显著减少(P0.01)。结论 p53基因缺失不会导致小鼠出现焦虑样行为、也不影响其自发运动及工作记忆能力,但损伤了小鼠对新纹理的辨别能力,即触须敏感性,可能与桶状皮层II/III层神经元数目减少有关。     

小鼠动物实验方法系列专题(七)旷场实验在小鼠行为分析中的应用

旷场实验是一个研究小鼠自发活动与探索行为的实验。该文以GAT1基因敲除小鼠为例介绍了旷场实验的原理和实验步骤。将小鼠置于箱型的旷场装置中,通过录像记录并分析小鼠在旷场中的活动。结果发现,GAT1基因敲除小鼠的自发活动与野生型小鼠无明显差异,而GAT1敲除小鼠的趋避性及焦虑水平较低。旷场实验简单、有效,是一项重要的行为学实验。     

慢性脑低灌注大鼠焦虑样行为与海马区域炎性细胞因子水平的相关性分析

目的:分析慢性脑低灌注(CCH)大鼠模型焦虑样行为和海马和血清炎性细胞因子水平的相关性。方法:将成年雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠(200-220 g)分为两组(假手术(sham)和双侧颈总动脉结扎(BCCAO)组,每组N=40),分别给予BCCAO或者假手术。造模4周后,通过旷场实验和高架十字迷宫测试大鼠焦虑样行为;间接免疫荧光(Iba1和GFAP染色)和酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)分别测定海马CA1区胶质细胞激活和血清及海马区域白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、细胞粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)和血管细胞粘附分子-1(VCAM-1))水平。结果:旷场实验结果表明相比sham组,BCCAO组总穿行距离、中央区穿行距离和停留时间明显增多(P<0.05),高架十字迷宫实验中BCCAO组开臂停留时间和访问次数明显增加(P<0.05),闭臂停留时间显著缩短(P<0.05)。另外,相比sham组,BCCAO组大鼠海马CA1区胶质细胞明显激活,海马以及血清中炎性因子的表达水平均显著上调。Pearson相关性分析显示海马区域而非血清ICAM-1和VCAM-1水平与CCH大鼠焦虑样行为(中央区和开臂的停留时间)呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论:海马区域ICAM-1和VCAM-1升高与CCH大鼠焦虑样行为显著相关,可能参与CCH慢性期焦虑样行为的发生。     

五红汤对小鼠抗氧化作用的初步研究

文章主要研究五红汤的抗氧化、缓解焦虑、补气补血功效。采用小鼠分组，按相应剂量灌胃五红汤饲养30 d的研究方法。通过灌胃50%乙醇溶液建立氧化损伤模型，与灌胃五红汤后还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量、蛋白质羰基（PCO）含量对比，验证五红汤的抗氧化能力；幽闭小鼠建立焦虑模型，对比糖水偏好、强迫游泳时间及出凝血时间，验证五红汤的抗焦虑功效及补气补血作用。因此得到实验结果如下：（1）GSH含量：五红汤可提高小鼠体内的GSH含量；（2）糖水偏好：五红汤有升高小鼠糖水偏好的趋势；（3）强迫游泳时间：五红汤可缩短小鼠抑郁后行为绝望的时间；（4）出血时间、凝血时间测定：五红汤可缩短小鼠出凝血时间；（5）PCO含量：五红汤可降低PCO含量。最终可得到以下实验结论：五红汤可提高小鼠抗氧化、缓解焦虑和补气养血能力。     

小鼠T型迷宫空间学习模型的建立和教学拓展研究

通过拓展性实验研究,建立小鼠T型迷宫空间学习模型。采用T型迷宫,分别进行食物(A臂)和电(B臂)刺激,观察小鼠进入A臂和B臂的次数百分比以研究小鼠空间学习模型,并采用问卷调查方法评估教学质量。电刺激后随着时间推移小鼠进入A臂次数的百分比逐渐增高,第5天小鼠进入A臂的次数百分比为95%,明显高于第1天(45%)。通过问卷调查,实验满意度为98.11%。通过拓展性实验研究,成功建立小鼠空间学习模型,取得较好的教学效果。     

马乳酒样乳杆菌1207对CUMS小鼠焦虑及抑郁样行为的缓解作用

【目的】越来越多的研究表明,益生菌能够通过“微生物-肠-脑”轴来调节中枢神经系统,影响精神障碍疾病的发生和发展。因此,精神健康相关的益生菌资源的开发具有重要的意义。本文利用慢性不可预知温和应激小鼠模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS),研究了一株分离自西藏Kefir粒的马乳酒样乳杆菌1207对小鼠焦虑样和抑郁样行为的缓解作用。【方法】本研究构建了CUMS模型,并利用马乳酒样乳杆菌1207 (109 CFU/d)灌胃进行2周的干预。随后,分别利用旷场实验、悬尾实验和强迫游泳评估了该菌株对小鼠的焦虑样和抑郁样行为的影响;通过测定下丘脑、血清和脾脏中生物标记物的含量变化,研究了该菌株对色氨酸代谢、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena,HPA)轴和炎症因子的调节作用。【结果】与对照小鼠相比,灌胃马乳酒样乳杆菌1207可显著增加小鼠在旷场实验中中央区域的滞留时间(P<0.05);降低小鼠在悬尾实验(P<0.01)和强迫游泳实验(P<0.05)中的不动时间;可通过降低小鼠下丘脑中5-羟基吲哚...     

丙戊酸钠联合雌二醇对去卵巢APP/PS1双转基因小鼠精神行为及神经元的影响

该文旨在研究丙戊酸钠(valproic acid, VPA)和雌二醇(17β-Estradiol, E2)联合用药对去卵巢APP/PS1双转基因小鼠精神行为和脑内神经元的影响及可能机制。将3.5月龄雌性APP/PS1双转基因小鼠进行双侧卵巢切除(ovariectomy, OVX), 1个月后随机将小鼠分为4组,然后单独或联合应用VPA和E2处理1个月(生理盐水组为对照)。高架十字迷宫实验结果显示,与对照组相比, VPA和E2单独用药组小鼠进入开放臂的次数和在开臂停滞时间均有上升,但无统计学意义(P0.05),而VPA+E2联合用药组小鼠较对照组有显著上升(P0.05)。旷场实验结果显示,与对照组相比,各药物处理组小鼠在旷场中央区活动的路程和时间显著上调(P0.05),这可显著改善小鼠的焦虑情绪和自主性活动变化。与对照组相比, E2组和VPA+E2组NeuN的表达量升高具有统计学意义(P0.05),VPA组无明显改变(P0.05);高尔基染色结果显示, VPA+E2组树突棘密度升高较对照组和E2组均具有统计学意义(P0.05),是VPA组的1.39倍,但无显著统计学差异(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示, E2组和VPA+E2组与对照组相比ERα的表达量升高具有统计学差异(P0.05),其中VPA+E2组升高更为显著, VPA组与对照组相比没有明显差异(P0.05); VPA+E2组小鼠脑内Wnt3a表达量与对照组、VPA组和E2组相比其升高均具有统计学意义(P0.05); E2组和VPA+E2组β-Catenin含量相较对照组升高具有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。上述结果说明,丙戊酸钠联合雌二醇治疗可缓解小鼠的焦虑情绪并延缓小鼠脑内神经元的变性,这种改善作用可能与ERα-Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路激活相关。     

Mouse genetic background is a major determinant of isotype-related differences for antibody-mediated protective efficacy against Cryptococcus neoformans

The protective efficacy of mAbs to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan depends on Ab isotype. Previous studies in A/JCr and C57BL/6J mice showed relative protective efficacy of IgG1, IgG2a > IgG3. However, we now report that in C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice, IgG3 is protective while IgG1 is not protective, with neither isotype being protective in 129/Sv mice. IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 had different effects on IFN-gamma expression in infected C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice. IgG1-treated C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice had significantly more pulmonary eosinophilia than IgG2a- and IgG3-treated C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice. C. neoformans infection and Ab administration had different effects on FcgammaRI, FcgammaRII, and FcgammaRIII expression in C57BL/6J, 129/Sv, and C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice. Our results indicate that the relative efficacy of Ab isotype function against C. neoformans is a function of the genetic background of the host and that IgG3-mediated protection in C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice was associated with lower levels of IFN-gamma and fewer pulmonary eosinophils. The dependence of isotype efficacy on host genetics underscores a previously unsuspected complex relationship between the cellular and humoral arms of the adaptive immune response.     

Mouse strain differences in autonomic responses to stress

In humans, anxiety disorders are often accompanied by an overactive autonomic nervous system, reflected in increased body temperature (BT) and heart rate (HR). In rodents, comparable effects are found after exposure to stress. These autonomic parameters can give important information on stress and anxiety responses in mice. In the present experiments, stress reactivity of three frequently used mouse strains [129 Sv/Ev, Swiss Webster (SW) and C57 BL/6] was assessed using their autonomic stress responses. BT, HR and activity were telemetrically measured. Undisturbed circadian rhythms already showed clear differences between the mouse strains. Hereafter, autonomic responses to stressors with increasing intensity were measured. Strain differences were found in magnitude and duration of the stress responses, especially after high-intensity stressors. Generally, C57BL/6 mice showed the largest autonomic response, SW the lowest and the 129Sv/Ev the intermediate response. Interestingly, the observed ranking in autonomic stress response does not match the behavioral stress responsivity of these strains. Finally, sensitivity to the anxiolytic diazepam (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg) was tested using the stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm. Pharmacological sensitivity to diazepam differed between the strains with the 129Sv/Ev being most sensitive. These studies show that simultaneous measurement of behavioral and autonomic parameters under stressful conditions contributes considerably to a better interpretation of anxiety and stress levels in mice.     

Cerebral angiogenic factors, angiogenesis, and physiological response to chronic hypoxia differ among four commonly used mouse strains.

Angiogenesis is a critical element for adaptation to low levels of oxygen and occurs following long-term exposure to mild hypoxia in rats. To test whether a similar response in mice occurs, CD1, 129/Sv, C57Bl/6, and Balb/c mice were exposed to 10% oxygen for up to 3 wk. All mice showed significant increases in the percentage of packed red blood cells, and CD1 and 129/Sv mice showed increased respiration frequency and minute volume, common physiological measures of hypoxia. Significant angiogenesis was observed in all strains except Balb/c following 3-wk exposure to chronic hypoxia. CD1 hypoxic mice had the largest increase (88%), followed by C57Bl/6 (48%), 129/Sv (41%), and Balb/c (12%), suggesting that some mice undergo more remodeling than others in response to hypoxia. Protein expression analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang2, and Tie2 were examined to determine whether regulation of different angiogenic proteins could account for the differences observed in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. CD1 mice showed the strongest upregulation of VEGF, Ang2, Ang1, and Tie2, whereas Balb/c had only subtle increases in VEGF and no change in the other proteins. C57Bl/6 mice showed a regulatory response that fell between the CD1 and Balb/c mice, consistent with the intermediate increase in angiogenesis. Our results suggest that genetic heterogeneity plays a role in angiogenesis and regulation of angiogenic proteins and needs to be accounted for when designing and interpreting experiments using transgenic mice and when studying in vivo models of angiogenesis.     

Cutting edge: genetic variation influences Fc epsilonRI-induced mast cell activation and allergic responses

Mast cell responses are influenced by a diverse array of environmental factors, but little is known about the effect of genetic background. In this study, we report that 129/Sv mice had high levels of circulating IgE, increased expression of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilonRI), and greater sensitivity to anaphylaxis when compared with C57BL/6 mice. Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) from 129/Sv mice showed more robust degranulation upon the engagement of Fc epsilonRI. Deficiency of the Src family kinase Lyn enhanced degranulation in 129/Sv BMMCs but inhibited this response in C57BL/6 cells. C57BL/6 lyn(-/-) BMMCs had reduced expression of the Src family kinase Fyn, and increasing its expression markedly enhanced degranulation. In human mast cells the silencing of Lyn or Fyn expression resulted in hyperdegranulation or hypodegranulation, respectively. The findings demonstrate a genetic influence on the extent of a mast cell's response and identify Fyn kinase as a contributory determinant.     

Novel approach to the behavioural characterization of inbred mice: automated home cage observations

Here we present a newly developed tool for continuous recordings and analysis of novelty-induced and baseline behaviour of mice in a home cage-like environment. Aim of this study was to demonstrate the strength of this method by characterizing four inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6, DBA/2, C3H and 129S2/Sv, on locomotor activity. Strains differed in circadian rhythmicity, novelty-induced activity and the time-course of specific behavioural elements. For instance, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice showed a much faster decrease in activity over time than C3H and 129S2/Sv mice. Principal component analysis revealed two major factors within locomotor activity, which were defined as 'level of activity' and 'velocity/stops'. These factors were able to distinguish strains. Interestingly, mice that displayed high levels of activity in the initial phase of the home cage test were also highly active during an open-field test. Velocity and the number of stops during movement correlated positively with anxiety-related behaviour in the elevated plus maze. The use of an automated home cage observation system yields temporal changes in elements of locomotor activity with an advanced level of spatial resolution. Moreover, it avoids the confounding influence of human intervention and saves time-consuming human observations.     

Genetic Difference of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in C57BL/6j and 129/Sv Mice

Adult-onset hypothyroidism induces cognitive impairments in learning and memory. Thyroxin (T4) replacement therapy appears to be effective in biochemically restoring euthyroidism, as evidenced by serum T4 and triiodothyronine concentrations within the normal range, although some the patients still exhibit cognitive dysfunctions. Here, we investigated the cognitive functions of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid mice in C57BL/6j and 129/Sv strains using the passive avoidance task and the novel object recognition test. Cognitive dysfunctions in hypothyroid mice were found only in the C57BL/6j strain, not in the 129/Sv strain. Further, we found that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain increased the membrane potential and input resistance with decreased capacitance, and that they decreased the amplitude and width of action potential in hypothyroid mice in the C57BL/6j strain but not in those in the 129/Sv strain, compared with the controls for each strain. Additionally, the excitability of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain was reduced in the hypothyroid mice in the C57BL/6j strain. These results indicated that transgenic mice with the C57BL/6j genetic background are more suitable for revealing the mechanism underlying hypothyroidism-induced cognitive dysfunction, and that the cholinergic basal forebrain may be the appropriate target for treating cognitive dysfunction in adult-onset hypothyroidism.

     

Behavioural profiles of inbred mouse strains used as transgenic backgrounds. II: cognitive tests

One of the characteristic manifestations of several neurodegenerative diseases is the progressive decline in cognitive ability. In order to determine the suitability of six mouse strains (129S2/Sv, BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6j, CBA/Ca and DBA/2) as transgenic background strains, we investigated the performance on a variety of tasks designed to identify subtle changes in cognition. In addition, a test of exploratory behaviour was used to probe the level of underlying anxiety in these mouse strains, as anxiety can be a confounding factor on behavioural performance generally. The C3H/He mice exhibited the least anxiogenic behavioural profile spending most time on the open arms of the maze, in contrast to the 129S2/Sv mice which spent the least amount of time in this location and were the quickest to move into a closed arm. The C3H/He mouse strain failed to acquire a visual discrimination task and failed to demonstrate learning on a water maze spatial learning task, in contrast to the CBA/Ca, DBA/2 and C57BL/6j strains which demonstrated a degree of learning in both tasks. No significant strain differences were identified on the object recognition task. These data, taken together, suggest that care must be taken when choosing cognitive tasks to be used with particular mouse strains and that task sensitivity must be considered as a critical element to research protocols with regard to these mouse strains.     

Interferon-gamma deficiency reveals that 129Sv mice are inherently more susceptible to Anaplasma phagocytophilum than C57BL/6 mice

Immunocompetent mice 129Sv (129) and C57BL/6 (B6) mice are similarly susceptible to Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We now show that 129 mice lacking interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) develop more severe infection with A. phagocytophilum than IFN-gamma deficient B6 mice. These data demonstrate that there is an inherent increased susceptibility of 129 mice, compared with B6 mice, to A. phagocytophilum that can only be discerned in the absence of IFN-gamma.     

Semen quality parameters and embryo lethality in mice deficient for Trp53 protein

Trp53 is a protein which is able to control semen parameters in mice, but the extent of that control depends on the genetic background of the mouse strain. Males from C57BL/6Kw, 129/Sv, C57BL×129 -p53+/+ (wild type controls) and C57BL×129-p53-/- (mutants) strains were used in the study, and histology and light microscopy were applied to evaluate the influence of genetic background and Trp53 (p53) genotype on testes morphology and semen quality in male mice. We showed that sperm head morphology, maturity and tail membrane integrity were controlled only by the genetic background of C57BL/6Kw and 129/Sv males, while testes weight and sperm concentration depended on both the genetic background and p53 genotype. Cell accumulation in seminiferous tubules may be responsible for heavier testes of p53-deficient males. In addition, to examine the effect of sex and p53 genotype on embryo lethality, pairs of control (C57BL×129-p53+/+) and heterozygous (C57BL×129-p53+/-) mice were examined. Before day 7 post coitum (dpc), female and male embryos were equally resorbed in both crosses types. After 7 dpc, preferential female embryo lethality in the heterozygote pairs was responsible for the skewed sex ratio in their progeny. Also, mutant female and male newborns were underrepresented in the litters of the heterozygous breeding pairs.     

品系对小鼠胚胎干细胞分离效率的影响

为了充分利用小鼠胚胎干(ES)细胞,就必须从众多小鼠品系中分离ES细胞系。本研究通过传统的成纤维细胞饲养层法,从CD-1、129/Sv、C57BL/6J和129/Sv×C57BL/6J四种不同遗传背景的小鼠中分离得到12个ES细胞系,而从KM小鼠没有得到ES细胞系。所有的ES细胞系都具有典型的ES细胞特征,AKP染色呈阳性。从四种不同遗传背景的ES细胞系得到了包含多种组织的畸胎瘤;与桑椹胚聚合后,都得到了生殖系嵌合体。结果表明:品系对小鼠ES细胞的分离有显著影响,利用129小鼠以及包含129小鼠遗传背景的杂交小鼠都较容易分离ES细胞,由ES细胞得到生殖系嵌合体的效率在不同品系间有显著差异,从杂交ES细胞比近交ES细胞中更容易得到生殖系嵌合体。