蝴蝶兰花发育的分子生物学研究进展

蝴蝶兰花非常独特且高度进化,如萼片瓣化、瓣片特化为唇瓣、雌雄蕊合生成合蕊柱及子房发育须由授粉启动等,是单子叶植物花发育研究的理想材料。近年来蝴蝶兰花发育分子生物学取得了重要进展。该文就近年来国内外有关蝴蝶兰开花转换及花器官发育相关基因研究以及B类基因与兰花花被的进化发育关系方面的研究进展进行综述。研究表明:MADS基因在蝴蝶兰开花转换及花器官发育过程中起重要作用,推测其中的DEF(DE-FICIENS)-like基因早期经过2轮复制,形成了4类不同的DEF-like基因,进而决定兰花花被属性。蝴蝶兰花发育分子生物学的深入研究,将极大地利于通过基因工程手段提高蝴蝶兰花品质如花色改良及花期调控等,推动分子育种进程。     

重要观赏兰科植物的分子生物学研究进展

兰科植物是开花植物中最大的家族之一,分子标记技术应用于兰科植物的分类鉴定和品种鉴别,为兰花的分类提供了分子水平的证据,也为兰花保护策略和措施的制定提供了理论基础。兰科植物表现有高度特异的形态、结构和生理特性,是研究花着色机理和子房发育的理想对象。兰花离体培养开花系统的建立,可以用来探明兰花从营养生长向生殖生长的转变机制,是研究花的分化和发育的理想材料。兰花具有特异的查尔酮合成酶（CHS）基因和二氢叶酸还原酶（DFR）基因等控制花色素的合成,DOH1基因控制石斛兰花芽的形成和提早开花,PHAL.039基因和ACC合成酶基因在蝴蝶兰授粉后的子房发育中起着重要的调控作用,这些特异基因的分离和克隆为兰花花的分化、发育及着色机制提供了分子基础。蝴蝶兰属、大花蕙兰(Cymbidium hybridium)、石斛兰属、文心兰属、五唇兰属和万代兰属等兰科植物都有转基因的研究报道,主要以原球茎为材料采用基因枪或农杆菌法转化,部分研究获得了转化植株。     

重要观赏兰科植物的分子生物学研究进展

兰科植物是开花植物中最大的家族之一,分子标记技术应用于兰科植物的分类鉴定和品种鉴别,为兰花的分类提供了分子水平的证据,也为兰花保护策略和措施的制定提供了理论基础.兰科植物表现有高度特异的形态、结构和生理特性,是研究花着色机理和子房发育的理想对象.兰花离体培养开花系统的建立,可以用来探明兰花从营养生长向生殖生长的转变机制,是研究花的分化和发育的理想材料.兰花具有特异的查尔酮合成酶(CHS)基因和二氢叶酸还原酶(DFR)基因等控制花色素的合成,DOHI基因控制石斛兰花芽的形成和提早开花,PHAL039基因和ACC合成酶基因在蝴蝶兰授粉后的子房发育中起着重要的调控作用,这些特异基因的分离和克隆为兰花花的分化、发育及着色机制提供了分子基础.蝴蝶兰属、大花蕙兰(Cymbidium hybrdium)、石斛兰属、文心兰属、五唇兰属和万代兰属等兰科植物都有转基因的研究报道,主要以原球茎为材料采用基因枪或农杆菌法转化,部分研究获得了转化植株.     

APETALA3/DEFICIENS和PISTILLATA/GLOBOSA基因与植物花发育

APETALA3(AP3)/DEFICIENS(DEF)和PISTILLATA(PI)/GLOBOSA(GLO)为植物花器官发育B类基因,控制双子叶植物花瓣和雄蕊的发育,它们属于MADS-box基因家族,编码转录因子,这些基因的突变能导致花瓣转变为萼片,雄蕊转变为心皮。近年来已经在多种植物中克隆到了AP3/DEF和PI/GLO基因,AP3/DEF和PI/GLO基因在拟南芥中只在花器官中表达,而在玉米等植物维管束、叶片等组织中也有表达。现对有关AP3/DEF和PI/GLO基因表达及其在植物系统发育学研究方面的进展进行综述。     

利用酵母双杂系统筛选与春兰CgSEP1相互作用的蛋白

兰花形态优雅,花香馥郁,花形奇特,具有高度特化的花器官,观赏价值较高。有关兰花花器官形成分子机理以及基因组测序正在不断研究中。为了探讨兰花基因间相互作用情况,本研究以春兰为材料进行基因克隆,获得了18个花发育相关基因的编码序列,经测序鉴定分别属于ABCDE类MADS-box家族基因。再以其中春兰AP/AGL9组的CgSEP1为诱饵蛋白,亚克隆至pGBKT7质粒,构建诱饵载体,将18个蛋白编码亚克隆至pGADT7质粒。通过酵母双杂系统筛选到了3个与其互作的蛋白:pGADT7-AG1、p GADT7-SEP2、pGADT7-AGL6-3。结果表明,C类AG-like和E类SEP-like、AGL-like家族基因参与SEP1基因春兰花发育过程,并形成多种蛋白混合物,共同调控花瓣和萼片的形成,进一步揭示了春兰的成花机理。     

长角凤仙花（凤仙花科）的花器官发生和发育

以不同发育时期的长角凤仙花Impatiens longicornuta Y.L.Chen（凤仙花科Balsaminaceae）为材料,利用扫描电镜技术观察了其花器官的分化及其发育过程。长角凤仙花为两侧对称花,具2枚侧生萼片,唇瓣囊状,旗瓣具鸡冠状突起,雄蕊5枚,子房上位,5心皮5室。其花器官分化顺序为向心式,萼片—花瓣—雄蕊—雌蕊原基。2枚侧生萼片先发生,然后近轴萼片（即唇瓣）原基和2枚前外侧萼片原基近同时发生;但是这3枚萼片原基的发育不同步,远轴的2枚前外侧萼片原基的发育渐渐滞后,然后停止发育,最后渐渐为周围组织所吸收,直至消失不见。花瓣原基中,旗瓣原基最先发生,4个侧生花瓣原基相继成对发生,且之后在基部成对愈合形成翼瓣;5枚雄蕊原基几乎同时发生,5个心皮原基轮状同时发生。本文结果支持凤仙花属植物为5基数的花,并进一步证实了唇瓣的萼片来源;此外,研究结果表明花器官早期发育资料对植物系统与进化研究具有重要参考价值。     

蝴蝶兰PhalPI基因的克隆及在花器官突变体中的表达分析

为深入研究兰科植物花器官发育的调控机理,从蝴蝶兰花瓣中克隆了一个B类MADS-box转录因子PhalPI（GenBank登录号为KY020416）。序列分析表明,该基因的cDNA全长为944 bp,含完整的开放阅读框,可编码210个氨基酸,属于BGLO/PI蛋白家族,与蝴蝶兰属的PhPI10和PeMADS6基因关系最近;表达模式分析表明,PhalPI基因在生殖器官中表达,在营养器官中不表达,在授粉后的子房中,该基因的表达水平降低。在5种花器官突变体中,PhalPI基因在萼片唇瓣化突变体的萼片和蕊柱中表达水平明显升高;在雄蕊花瓣化突变体的萼片和侧瓣中表达水平降低,在其唇瓣和蕊柱中显著升高;在侧瓣合柱化突变体的蕊柱中,PhalPI基因的表达也发生了显著升高;PhalPI基因表达的改变与花器官形态的突变相关;而在侧瓣唇瓣化和侧瓣花药化突变体中,PhalPI基因的表达水平没有变化。推测该基因在决定蝴蝶兰侧瓣和唇瓣的发育中起重要的调控作用。     

植物MADS盒基因与花器官的进化发育

已在维管植物中发现百余种MADS盒基因,此种基因家族由表达模式和功能关系密切的基因构成多种特定的亚族和DEF／GLO类（B功能）,AG类（C和D功能）等,植物花器官发生和花形态多样性的遗传机理和进化规律都可能与MADS盒基因的结构,表达以及功能进行相关。     

春兰CgSEP3基因的克隆和表达分析

该研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术从春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)中分离到1个SEPALLATA3(SEP3)基因。序列分析表明,该基因含有1个732bp的开放阅读框(ORF),共编码243个氨基酸。系统进化树分析显示,该基因是MADS-box基因家族AP1/AGL9组SEP的同源基因,其编码蛋白与其它植物SEP3类蛋白具有较高的一致性,命名为CgSEP3(登录号为KF924272)。实时荧光定量分析表明,CgSEP3在春兰花器官中均有表达,其中在唇瓣、侧瓣和萼片中的表达量较高,在子房和蕊柱中的表达量较低;而且CgSEP3在花发育各个时期都有表达,在1~2cm的花芽中表达量最高,在盛开的花中的表达量最低。研究认为,CgSEP3基因可能在春兰花瓣和萼片的形成过程中具有重要作用。     

植物花发育的分子机理研究进展

花的发育分为开花决定、花的发端和花器官的发育三个阶段。植物开花由多条途径诱导,包括光周期和光质诱导、春化作用、自主途径、赤霉素诱导、碳水化合物诱导等;植物体本身也存在着开花抑制途径。各种开花诱导途径能激活花分生组织特性基因,使茎端分生组织转变为花分生组织。花器官的发育由器官特性基因决定,这些基因的精确表达需要花分生组织特性基因的激活和多个正、负调节因子的调控;另有一类基因控制着花发育的对称性。花发育机理的研究具有重要的理论意义和广泛的应用前景。     

Evolution and function of MADS‐box genes involved in orchid floral development

Orchids are known for their beauty and complexity of flower and ecological strategies. The evolution in orchid floral morphology, structure, and physiological properties has held the fascination of botanists for centuries, from Darwin through to the present. In floral studies, MADS‐box genes contributing to the now famous ABCDE model of floral organ identity control have dominated conceptual thinking. The sophisticated orchid floral organization offers an opportunity to discover new variant genes and different levels of complexity to the ABCDE model. Recently, several remarkable research reports on orchid MADS‐box genes, especially B‐class MADS‐box genes, have revealed the evolutionary track and important functions on orchid floral development. Diversification and fixation of both paleoAP3 gene sequences and expression profiles might be explained by subfunctionalization and even neofunctionalization. Knowledge about MADS‐box genes encoding ABCDE functions in orchids will give insights into the highly evolved floral morphogenetic networks of orchids.     

Consumption of Habenaria sagittifera pollinia by juveniles of the katydid Ducetia japonica

While Habenaria (Orchidaceae) is a species‐rich genus and the orchid diversification is considered to be tightly related to its diverse pollination system, floral visitors of few Habenaria spp. have been studied. Here, we investigated the diurnal floral visitors of Habenaria sagittifera. While Orthoptera have not been considered a regular floral visitor, we observed that juvenile katydid Ducetia japonica (Tettigoniidae) regularly visited and consumed the pollinia and anther caps of H. sagittifera. The relationship between Habenaria and Ducetia would not be a tight mutualism. However, the regular visitation and pollinia consumption may showcase the evolutionary route to Orthoptera–orchid pollination mutualism.     

Floral isolation is the major reproductive barrier between a pair of rewarding orchid sister species

The crucial role of reproductive isolation in speciation has long been recognized; however, a limited number of studies quantify different isolation barriers and embed reproductive isolation in a phylogenetic context. In this study, we investigate reproductive isolation between the often sympatrically occurring orchid species, Gymnadenia conopsea and G. odoratissima. We examine the phylogenetic relationship between the two species and analyse floral isolation, fruit set and seed viability from interspecies crosses, as well as the ploidy level. Additionally, we quantify interspecies differences in floral signals and morphology. The results suggest that the two species have a sister–species relationship. In terms of reproductive isolation, we found complete floral isolation between the two species, but little to no post‐pollination isolation; the species also mostly had the same ploidy level in the studied populations. We also show clear distinctions in floral signals, as well as in floral size and spur length. We propose that respective adaptation to short‐ vs. long‐tongued pollinators was the driver of speciation in the here studied Gymnadenia species. Our study supports the key role of floral isolation in orchid speciation and shows that floral isolation is not restricted to highly specialized pollination systems, but can also occur between species with less specialized pollination.     

水稻花发育的分子生物学研究进展

水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作为之一,也是单子叶植物发育生物学研究较理想的模式植物。水稻花器官还是粮食赖以形成的基础。对水稻花发育的研究已开始成为植物分子遗传学的一个新的焦点。近年来有关水稻花发育基因调控的研究已取得了长足的进展,本文从水稻花的诱导、花分生组织的形成和花器官的发育三个方面综述近年来国内外的研究进展。 Abstract:Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is not only one of the most important food crops in the world,but also a model plant for study of molecular developmental biology in monocots.In addition,the rice floral organs provide the basis for grain formation.Study of rice floral development has become a new focus of plant molecular genetics.Recently,notable progress has been made in study of gene regulation in rice floral development.In the review,genetic and molecular mechanisms of floral induction,floral meristem formation,and floral organ development in rice are summarized.     

Cloning and characterization of PhPI9 involved in floral development from Phalaenopsis Orchid

In the attempt to discover new genes involved in the floral development in monoeotyledonousin species,we have cloned and characterized the homologous PISTALLATA-like (PI-like) gone from Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar named PhPI9 (Phalaenopsis PI STILLATA # 9).The eDNA of PhPI9 has a fragment of 834 bp and has 60% identity with the PISTILATA from Arabidopsis.The deduced amino acid sequence of PhPI9 had the typical PI-motif.It also formed a subelade with other monoeot PI-type genes in phylogenetie analysis.Southern analysis showed that PhPI9 was present in the Phalaenopsis orchid genome as a single copy.Furthermore,it was expressed only in the lip of the Phalaenopsis flower and no expression was detected in vegetative organs.Thus,as a B-function MADS-box gone,PhP19 specifies floral organ identity in orchids.     

花器官发育的分子机制研究进展

经典的ABC模型成功地解释了模式植物拟南芥和金鱼草因同源异型基因突变而引起的植物花器官的变异。随后,大量花器官特征基因和新突变体的研究不断完善和发展了ABC模型。该文综述了近年来花器官发育分子模型及花器官同源基因的调控机理等方面的最新研究成果,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为深入了解花发育的分子机理和遗传机制奠定基础。