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1.
Planktonic bacterial production in the tidal freshwater Hudson River is a major component of secondary productivity and is
uncoupled from planktonic primary productivity. There are several major sources of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon
(DOC) whose potential contribution to heterotrophic bacterial growth was examined with bioassays. Supply of DOC from the upper
Hudson drainage basin and a large tributary in the mid-Hudson together comprise 70 kT DOC/year, which is the bulk of the DOC
load to the tidal freshwater Hudson River. Two contrasting tidal wetlands contribute DOC to the main-stem river but were only
a few percent of the tributary load even during summer low-flow conditions. The quantity of DOC released from fine sediments
was intermediate to the other two loadings considered. Bacterial growth in bioassays receiving water from the sources varied,
but differences in thymidine incorporation between reference and DOC sources were small, usually less than 2 nmol/L/h. Similarity
in thymidine incorporation suggests that all sources of DOC were capable of supporting bacterial growth at approximately equal
rates. Seasonal shifts in carbon availability were clear in several cases, for example, greater growth on wetland-derived
DOC at times of peak plant productivity. Seasonal differences in tributary DOC bioavailability were not large despite the
well-known seasonality of tributary inputs. Activities of a suite of extracellular enzymes were used as a biologically based
characterization of DOC from the various sources. Shifts in allocation among enzymes were apparent, indicating that there
are biologically relevant differences in composition among the sources. Fluorescence characteristics and absorbance per unit
carbon also varied among sources, providing an independent confirmation of compositional differences among sources. The absence
of large differences in bacterial productivity among sources suggests that growth is supported by a wide range of DOC, and
the relative importance of the sources is probably related to the quantitative differences in inputs. Efforts to classify
carbon supplies to ecosystems must recognize that organism plasticity in carbon use and physical mixing processes will both
act to homogenize what might initially appear to be quite distinctive carbon inputs.
Received 15 April 1997; accepted 17 February 1998 相似文献
2.
Not going with the flow: a comprehensive time‐calibrated phylogeny of dragonflies (Anisoptera: Odonata: Insecta) provides evidence for the role of lentic habitats on diversification 下载免费PDF全文
Ecological diversification of aquatic insects has long been suspected to have been driven by differences in freshwater habitats, which can be classified into flowing (lotic) waters and standing (lentic) waters. The contrasting characteristics of lotic and lentic freshwater systems imply different ecological constraints on their inhabitants. The ephemeral and discontinuous character of most lentic water bodies may encourage dispersal by lentic species in turn reducing geographical isolation among populations. Hence, speciation probability would be lower in lentic species. Here, we assess the impact of habitat use on diversification patterns in dragonflies (Anisoptera: Odonata). Based on the eight nuclear and mitochondrial genes, we inferred species diversification with a model‐based evolutionary framework, to account for rate variation through time and among lineages and to estimate the impact of larval habitat on the potentially nonrandom diversification among anisopteran groups. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed lotic fresh water systems as their original primary habitat, while lentic waters have been colonized independently in Aeshnidae, Corduliidae and Libellulidae. Furthermore, our results indicate a positive correlation of speciation and lentic habitat colonization by dragonflies: speciation rates increased in lentic Aeshnidae and Libellulidae, whereas they remain mostly uniform among lotic groups. This contradicts the hypothesis of inherently lower speciation in lentic groups and suggests species with larger ranges are more likely to diversify, perhaps due to higher probability of larger areas being dissected by geographical barriers. Furthermore, larger range sizes may comprise more habitat types, which could also promote speciation by providing additional niches, allowing the coexistence of emerging species. 相似文献
3.
Not all droughts are created equal: the impacts of interannual drought pattern and magnitude on grassland carbon cycling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Climate extremes, such as drought, may have immediate and potentially prolonged effects on carbon cycling. Grasslands store approximately one‐third of all terrestrial carbon and may become carbon sources during droughts. However, the magnitude and duration of drought‐induced disruptions to the carbon cycle, as well as the mechanisms responsible, remain poorly understood. Over the next century, global climate models predict an increase in two types of drought: chronic but subtle ‘press‐droughts’, and shorter term but extreme ‘pulse‐droughts’. Much of our current understanding of the ecological impacts of drought comes from experimental rainfall manipulations. These studies have been highly valuable, but are often short term and rarely quantify carbon feedbacks. To address this knowledge gap, we used the Community Land Model 4.0 to examine the individual and interactive effects of pulse‐ and press‐droughts on carbon cycling in a mesic grassland of the US Great Plains. A series of modeling experiments were imposed by varying drought magnitude (precipitation amount) and interannual pattern (press‐ vs. pulse‐droughts) to examine the effects on carbon storage and cycling at annual to century timescales. We present three main findings. First, a single‐year pulse‐drought had immediate and prolonged effects on carbon storage due to differential sensitivities of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production. Second, short‐term pulse‐droughts caused greater carbon loss than chronic press‐droughts when total precipitation reductions over a 20‐year period were equivalent. Third, combining pulse‐ and press‐droughts had intermediate effects on carbon loss compared to the independent drought types, except at high drought levels. Overall, these results suggest that interannual drought pattern may be as important for carbon dynamics as drought magnitude and that extreme droughts may have long‐lasting carbon feedbacks in grassland ecosystems. 相似文献
4.
Climate‐change assessments project increasing precipitation variability through increased frequency of extreme events. However, the effects of interannual precipitation variance per se on ecosystem functioning have been largely understudied. Here, we report on the effects of interannual precipitation variability on the primary production of global drylands, which include deserts, steppes, shrublands, grasslands, and prairies and cover about 40% of the terrestrial earth surface. We used a global database that has 43 datasets, which are uniformly distributed in parameter space and each has at least 10 years of data. We found (a) that at the global scale, precipitation variability has a negative effect on aboveground net primary production. (b) Expected increases in interannual precipitation variability for the year 2,100 may result in a decrease of up to 12% of the global terrestrial carbon sink. (c) The effect of precipitation interannual variability on dryland productivity changes from positive to negative along a precipitation gradient. Arid sites with mean precipitation under 300 mm/year responded positively to increases in precipitation variability, whereas sites with mean precipitation over 300 mm/year responded negatively. We propose three complementary mechanisms to explain this result: (a) concave‐up and concave‐down precipitation–production relationships in arid vs. humid systems, (b) shift in the distribution of water in the soil profile, and (c) altered frequency of positive and negative legacies. Our results demonstrated that enhanced precipitation variability will have direct impacts on global drylands that can potentially affect the future terrestrial carbon sink. 相似文献
5.
PATRICK J. MULHOLLAND BRIAN J. ROBERTS WALTER R. HILL‡ JOHN G. SMITH 《Global Change Biology》2009,15(7):1767-1776
Some expected changes in climate resulting from human greenhouse gas emissions are clear and well documented, but others may be harder to predict because they involve extreme weather events or heretofore unusual combinations of weather patterns. One recent example of unusual weather that may become more frequent with climate change occurred in early spring 2007 when a large Arctic air mass moved into the eastern United States following a very warm late winter. In this paper, we document effects of this freeze event on Walker Branch, a well‐studied stream ecosystem in eastern Tennessee. The 2007 spring freeze killed newly grown leaf tissues in the forest canopy, dramatically increasing the amount of light reaching the stream. Light levels at the stream surface were sustained at levels considerably above those normal for the late spring and summer months due to the incomplete recovery of canopy leaf area. Increased light levels caused a cascade of ecological effects in the stream beginning with considerably higher (two–three times) rates of gross primary production (GPP) during the late spring and summer months when normally low light levels severely limit stream GPP. Higher rates of stream GPP in turn resulted in higher rates of nitrate (NO3?) uptake by the autotrophic community and lower NO3? concentrations in stream water. Higher rates of stream GPP in summer also resulted in higher growth rates of a dominant herbivore, the snail Elimia clavaeformis. Typically, during summer months net NO3? uptake and snail growth rates are zero to negative; however, in 2007 uptake and growth were maintained at moderate levels. These results show how changes in forest vegetation phenology can have dramatic effects on stream productivity at multiple trophic levels and on nutrient cycling as a result of tight coupling of forest and stream ecosystems. Thus, climate change‐induced changes in canopy structure and phenology may lead to large effects on stream ecosystems in the future. 相似文献
6.
Lorna E. Street Gaius R. Shaver Edward B. Rastetter Mark T. van Wijk Brooke A. Kaye Mathew Williams 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(9):2838-2852
Arctic vegetation is characterized by high spatial variability in plant functional type (PFT) composition and gross primary productivity (P). Despite this variability, the two main drivers of P in sub‐Arctic tundra are leaf area index (LT) and total foliar nitrogen (NT). LT and NT have been shown to be tightly coupled across PFTs in sub‐Arctic tundra vegetation, which simplifies up‐scaling by allowing quantification of the main drivers of P from remotely sensed LT. Our objective was to test the LT–NT relationship across multiple Arctic latitudes and to assess LT as a predictor of P for the pan‐Arctic. Including PFT‐specific parameters in models of LT–NT coupling provided only incremental improvements in model fit, but significant improvements were gained from including site‐specific parameters. The degree of curvature in the LT–NT relationship, controlled by a fitted canopy nitrogen extinction co‐efficient, was negatively related to average levels of diffuse radiation at a site. This is consistent with theoretical predictions of more uniform vertical canopy N distributions under diffuse light conditions. Higher latitude sites had higher average leaf N content by mass (NM), and we show for the first time that LT–NT coupling is achieved across latitudes via canopy‐scale trade‐offs between NM and leaf mass per unit leaf area (LM). Site‐specific parameters provided small but significant improvements in models of P based on LT and moss cover. Our results suggest that differences in LT–NT coupling between sites could be used to improve pan‐Arctic models of P and we provide unique evidence that prevailing radiation conditions can significantly affect N allocation over regional scales. 相似文献
7.
Altering Rainfall Timing and Quantity in a Mesic Grassland Ecosystem: Design and Performance of Rainfall Manipulation Shelters 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Philip A. Fay Jonathan D. Carlisle Alan K. Knapp John M. Blair Scott L. Collins 《Ecosystems》2000,3(3):308-319
Global climate change is predicted to alter growing season rainfall patterns, potentially reducing total amounts of growing
season precipitation and redistributing rainfall into fewer but larger individual events. Such changes may affect numerous
soil, plant, and ecosystem properties in grasslands and ultimately impact their productivity and biological diversity. Rainout
shelters are useful tools for experimental manipulations of rainfall patterns, and permanent fixed-location shelters were
established in 1997 to conduct the Rainfall Manipulation Plot study in a mesic tallgrass prairie ecosystem in northeastern
Kansas. Twelve 9 x 14–m fixed-location rainfall manipulation shelters were constructed to impose factorial combinations of
30% reduced rainfall quantity and 50% greater interrainfall dry periods on 6 x 6–m plots, to examine how altered rainfall
regimes may affect plant species composition, nutrient cycling, and above- and belowground plant growth dynamics. The shelters
provided complete control of growing season rainfall patterns, whereas effects on photosynthetic photon flux density, nighttime
net radiation, and soil temperature generally were comparable to other similar shelter designs. Soil and plant responses to
the first growing season of rainfall manipulations (1998) suggested that the interval between rainfall events may be a primary
driver in grassland ecosystem responses to altered rainfall patterns. Aboveground net primary productivity, soil CO2 flux, and flowering duration were reduced by the increased interrainfall intervals and were mostly unaffected by reduced
rainfall quantity. The timing of rainfall events and resulting temporal patterns of soil moisture relative to critical times
for microbial activity, biomass accumulation, plant life histories, and other ecological properties may regulate longer-term
responses to altered rainfall patterns. 相似文献
8.
Jennifer C. Jenkins David W. Kicklighter Scott V. Ollinger John D. Aber Jerry M. Melillo 《Ecosystems》1999,2(6):555-570
Because model predictions at continental and global scales are necessarily based on broad characterizations of vegetation,
soils, and climate, estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes made by global terrestrial biosphere models may not be accurate
for every region. At the regional scale, we suggest that attention can be focused more clearly on understanding the relative
strengths of predicted net primary productivity (NPP) limitation by energy, water, and nutrients. We evaluate the sources
of variability among model predictions of NPP with a regional-scale comparison between estimates made by PnET-II (a forest
ecosystem process model previously applied to the northeastern region) and TEM 4.0 (a terrestrial biosphere model typically
applied to the globe) for the northeastern US. When the same climate, vegetation, and soil data sets were used to drive both
models, regional average NPP predictions made by PnET-II and TEM were remarkably similar, and at the biome level, model predictions
agreed fairly well with NPP estimates developed from field measurements. However, TEM 4.0 predictions were more sensitive
to regional variations in temperature as a result of feedbacks between temperature and belowground N availability. In PnET-II,
the direct link between transpiration and photosynthesis caused substantial water stress in hardwood and pine forest types
with increases in solar radiation; predicted water stress was relieved substantially when soil water holding capacity (WHC)
was increased. Increasing soil WHC had little effect on TEM 4.0 predictions because soil water storage was already sufficient
to meet plant demand with baseline WHC values, and because predicted N availability under baseline conditions in this region
was not limited by water. Because NPP predictions were closely keyed to forest cover type, the relative coverage of low- versus
high-productivity forests at both fine and coarse resolutions was an important determinant of regional NPP predictions. Therefore,
changes in grid cell size and differences in the methods used to aggregate from fine to coarse resolution were important to
NPP predictions insofar as they changed the relative proportions of forest cover. We suggest that because the small patches
of high-elevation spruce-fir forest in this region are substantially less productive than forests in the remainder of the
region, more accurate NPP predictions will result if models applied to this region use land cover input data sets that retain
as much fine-resolution forest type variability as possible. The differences among model responses to variations in climate
and soil WHC data sets suggest that the models will respond quite differently to scenarios of future climate. A better understanding
of the dynamic interactions between water stress, N availability, and forest productivity in this region will enable models
to make more accurate predictions of future carbon stocks and fluxes.
Received 19 June 1998; accepted 25 June 1999. 相似文献