不同灌溉条件下小麦冠层的反射光谱特征及其模糊聚类研究

应用傅立叶滤波和导数法等信号处理技术对获得的不同灌溉条件小麦冠层的反射光谱进行处理,选出最能有效区分小麦不同灌溉条件的波长,用这些波长对应的反射率为指标,用模糊聚类（ＦＣＡ）方法对不同灌溉条件的小麦进行区分。     

小麦叶片氮素状况与光谱特性的相关性研究

 系统分析了不同时相下两个小麦(Triticum aestivium)品种叶片含氮量及叶片氮积累量与冠层光谱反射特征的关系。结果表明,随施氮水平的增加,小麦冠层在可见光区的反射率逐渐降低,而近红外波段的反射率逐渐升高。小麦叶片氮素状况与比值指数或归一化指数显著相关,两个品种表现极为一致,可以用一个指数方程来拟合。分阶段建模并没有提高模型的精度,因此可以建立一个适用于整个生育时期的通用氮素诊断方程。叶片含氮量同光谱指数在整个生育期内的关系要优于叶片氮积累量的,其中,与叶片含氮量关系最佳的指数为红波段(660 nm)和蓝波段(460 nm)的组合(R2>0.80);与叶片氮积累量关系最佳的光谱指数为中红外波段(1 220 nm)与红波段(660 nm)的组合(R2>0.62)。     

土壤镉污染对水稻叶片光谱反射特性的影响

水稻移栽于添加不同量镉(50、100、200和400 ppm)的土壤上,叶片反射光谱特性发生变化:可见光区反射率增加,其中550—680nm波段反射率的增加更突出;反射光谱的一次微分图和二次微分图上叶绿素吸收边缘明显蓝移。这些变化以分蘖期最为显著。镉害水稻可见光区反射特性的变化与叶片中叶绿素含量的降低相一致。初步确定几个波段可用于区分镉毒害的和正常的水稻的光谱反射特性。     

UV-B辐射胁迫下杨梅幼苗的高光谱响应

设置UV-B滤光减弱、UV-B辐射增强和自然光(对照)3组模拟大田试验,比较了不同UV-B辐射处理下,亚热带典型木本植物杨梅幼苗的叶绿素含量、光谱反射率及光谱特征参数,研究UV-B辐射变化对亚热带森林树种的影响.结果表明:增强UV-B辐射可降低杨梅幼苗的叶绿素含量,而降低辐射则会显著促进叶绿素的增加,并且这种胁迫反应于光谱反射率中.3种不同梯度UV-B辐射作用下,可见光部分光谱反射率间的差异主要集中在绿光反射峰及红边附近,同时红边所在波长位置“红移”.UV-B辐射对杨梅的胁迫在时间上具有积累性.用反高斯模型参数R0、λ0、λp、Rs、6指示杨梅受UV-B胁迫,以Rs最显著.不同UV-B辐射水平下植物叶片光谱反射率上的差异,可通过较窄波段光谱反射率或特定波长光谱反射率所构建的植被指数加以有效区分.     

棉花冠层高光谱参数与叶片氮含量的定量关系

建立棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)氮素状况的光谱监测技术对于棉花营养诊断和长势估测具有重要意义。该研究利用冠层高光谱反射率及演变的多种高光谱参数,分析了不同施氮水平下不同棉花品种叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系,建立了棉花叶片氮含量的敏感光谱参数及预测方程。结果显示,棉花叶片氮含量和冠层高光谱反射率随不同施氮水平呈显著变化。棉花叶片氮含量的敏感光谱波段为600~700 nm的可见光波段和750~900 nm的近红外波段,且叶片氮含量与比值植被指数RVI [average (760~850), 700]有密切的定量关系,4个品种的平均决定系数在0.70左右。进一步分析表明,可以用统一的回归方程来描述不同品种、不同生育时期和不同氮素水平下棉花叶片氮含量随反射光谱参数的变化模式,从而为棉花氮素营养的监测诊断与精确施肥提供技术依据。     

小麦冠层反射光谱与植株水分状况的关系

研究了不同土壤水、氮条件下小麦冠层光谱反射特征与叶片和植株水分状况的相关性．结果表明,在小麦主要生育期,冠层叶片含水率与460～510、610～680和1480～1500nm波段范围内的光谱反射率有较高的相关性,植株含水率与810～870nm波段范围内的光谱反射率密切相关．在整个生长期内,小麦冠层叶片含水率与460～1500nm波段范围内的光谱反射率均有良好相关性,植株含水率与560～1480nm波段范围内光谱反射率的相关性均达到极显著水平．冠层叶片(CL)、上层叶(UL)和下层叶片(LL)含水率与光谱指数的相关程度为CL>LL>UL．冠层叶片和植株含水率与比值指(R(610,560))和光谱指数(R(610,560)／ND(810,610))呈极显著线性负相关,与归一化指数((R810-R610)／(R810+R610))呈极显著线性正相关．其中,用光谱指数(R(610,560)／ND(810,610))监测不同生育期小麦冠层叶片和植株含水率的效果最好。     

辽西不同针叶被害率的油松冠层光谱特征

通过对辽宁西部大面积油松冠层反射光谱的测定,分析了不同针叶被害率的油松冠层光谱反射率的差异.结果表明:在可见光波段,健康植被和不同针叶被害率的油松冠层光谱均符合绿色植物的光谱特征,但针叶被害率大于60％的油松冠层的红谷不十分明显;在近红外波段,随着针叶被害率的减少,780～1350 nm波段范围的光谱反射率增大,1450～1800和1950 ～2350 nm波段范围的光谱反射率下降.随着针叶被害率的增加,红边拐点波长位置向短波方向移动,即出现“蓝移”现象.不同针叶被害率与红边特征参数和多种植被指数均具有显著或极显著的相关关系,其中,以DVI(1470,860)为参数所建模型能更好地监测油松冠层针叶被害率.     

黄土高原冬小麦田光谱特征变化及其与二氧化碳日收支的相关分析

根据光谱辐射仪对黄土高原冬小麦整个生育期光谱反射率的连续观测数据及CO₂通量观测数据,对冬小麦田光谱特征变化及其与CO₂日收支的相关性进行了分析.结果表明：冬小麦田不同波长光谱反射率和归一化植被指数（NDVI）呈现明显的日变化和季节变化.同一天内,反射率随太阳高度角的变化而变化,变化最大的波段（550 nm左右、700～1 050 nm）表现为峰.不同生育期同一时刻,可见光波段（350～670 nm）反射率变化不大,近红外波段（700～1 050 nm）出现较大差异,在出苗期、分蘖期和越冬期后红边位置向长波方向“红移”;越冬期前出现向短波方向“蓝移” 的现象;但成熟期“蓝移”现象不明显,表现为突变;其他生育时期没有观测到波谱位移.NDVI的日变化呈U型,13：00左右最低,16：00后出现较大波动,与抛物线有较好的拟合效果,小麦生长旺盛时期,对其地面遥感观测应选择在NDVI变化不大的13：00左右进行;整个冬小麦生长季11:00反射率及NDVI以播种后第140天为中心对称,NDVI的季节变化表现为M型,可用四次多项式拟合;在整个小麦生育期中NDVI与CO₂的日收支呈极显著负相关,但正午左右的相关性稍差.     

稻麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

作物氮素含量是评价作物长势、估测产量与品质的重要参考指标,叶片氮素含量的无损快速监测对于指导作物氮素营养的精确管理及生产力的预测预报具有重要意义.以5个小麦品种和3个水稻品种在不同施氮水平下的3a田间试验为基础,综合研究了稻麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系.结果显示：（1）不同试验中拔节后稻麦叶片氮含量均随施氮水平呈上升趋势;（2）稻麦冠层光谱反射率在不同施氮水平下存在明显差异,在可见光区（460～710 nm）的反射率一般随施氮水平的增加逐渐降低,而在近红外波段（760～1100 nm）却随施氮水平的增加逐渐升高;（3）就单波段光谱而言,610、660 nm和680 nm处的冠层反射率均与稻麦叶片氮含量具有较好的相关性;（4）在光谱指数中,归一化差值植被指数NDVI（1220,610）与水稻和小麦叶片氮含量均具有较好的相关性,且相关性好于单波段反射率;（5）对于小麦和水稻,可以利用共同的波段和光谱指数来监测其叶片氮含量,采用统一的回归方程来描述其叶片氮含量随单波段反射率和冠层反射光谱参数的变化模式,但若采用单独的回归系数则可以提高稻麦叶片氮含量估测的准确性.     

新一代Landsat系列卫星：Landsat8遥感影像新增特征及其生态环境意义

美国Landsat 8卫星的成功发射使一度中断的Landsat对地观测得以继续。Landsat 8除了保持Landsat 7卫星的基本特征外,还在波段的数量、波段的光谱范围和影像的辐射分辨率上进行了改进。基于该卫星的首幅影像,针对这些新的特性进行了分析和研究。研究发现:(1)新增的卷云波段有助于区别点云和高反射地物;(2)卷云波段设计的波长范围位于粘土矿物光谱反射的强吸收带,有利于土壤与建筑不透水面信息的区别;(3)新增的深蓝波段有助于水体悬浮物浓度的监测;(4)全色影像波长范围的收窄有利于该影像上植被和非植被的区别;(5)辐射分辨率的提高可避免极亮/极暗区的灰度过饱和现象,这对反射率极低的水体的细微特征识别有很大帮助。显然,Landsat 8这些新增的优点将会对全球生态环境变化的监测产生积极的作用。     

Estimation of leaf nitrogen content from spectral characteristics of rice canopy

Ground-based remotely sensed reflectance spectra of hyperspectral resolution were monitored during the growing period of rice under various nitrogen application rates. It was found that reflectance spectrum of rice canopy changed in both wavelength and reflectance as the plants developed. Fifteen characteristic wavebands were identified from the apparent peaks and valleys of spectral reflectance curves, in accordance with the results of the first-order differentiation, measured over the growing season of rice. The bandwidths and center wavelengths of these characteristic wavebands were different among nitrogen treatments. The simplified features by connecting these 15 characteristic wavelengths may be considered as spectral signatures of rice canopy, but spectral signatures varied with developmental age and nitrogen application rates. Among these characteristic wavebands, the changes of the wavelength in band 11 showed a positive linear relationship with application rates of nitrogen fertilizer, while it was a negative linear relationship in band 5. Mean reflectance of wavelengths in bands 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, and 15 was significantly correlated with application rates. Reflectance of these six wavelengths changed nonlinearly after transplanting and could be used in combination to distinguish rice plants subjected to different nitrogen application rates. From the correlation analyses, there are a variety of correlation coefficients for spectral reflectance to leaf nitrogen content in the range of 350-2400 nm. Reflectance of most wavelengths exhibited an inverse correlation with leaf nitrogen content, with the largest negative value (r = -0.581) located at about 1376 nm. Changes in reflectance at 1376 nm to leaf nitrogen content during the growing period were closely related and were best fitted to a nonlinear function. This relationship may be used to estimate and to monitor nitrogen content of rice leaves during rice growth. Reflectance of red light minimum and near-infrared peak and leaf nitrogen content were correlated nonlinearly.     

稻麦叶片氮积累量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

作物氮素积累动态是评价作物群体长势及估测产量和品质的重要指标,对于作物氮素的实时监测和精确管理具有重要意义。该文以5个小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种和3个水稻(Oryza sativa)品种在不同施氮水平下的3年田间试验为基础,综合研究了稻麦叶片氮积累量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系。结果表明,不同试验中拔节后叶片氮积累量均随施氮水平呈上升趋势;稻麦冠层光谱反射率在不同施氮水平下存在明显差异,可见光区(460~710 nm)反射率一般随施氮水平的增加逐渐降低,近红外波段(760~1 220 nm)反射率却随施氮水平的增加逐渐升高;就单波段而言,810和870 nm处的冠层光谱反射率均与稻麦叶片氮积累量具有相对较高的相关性;在光谱参数中,比值植被指数(Ratio vegetation index, RVI)(870,660)和RVI(810,660)均与稻麦叶片氮积累量具有高度的相关性,且相关系数明显高于单波段反射率,尤其是水稻作物;对于小麦和水稻,均可以利用统一的波段和光谱指数来监测其叶片氮积累量,并可以采用统一的回归方程来描述其叶片氮积累量随单波段反射率和反射光谱参数的变化模式,但若采用单独的回归系数则可以提高稻麦叶片氮积累量估测的准确性。     

Variation in ultraviolet reflectance by carotenoid-bearing feathers of tanagers (Thraupini: Emberizinae: Passeriformes)

Avian visual sensitivity encompasses both the human visible range (400–700 nm) and also near‐ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths (320–400 nm) invisible to normal humans. I used reflectance spectrophotometry to assess variation in UV reflectance for yellow, orange and red plumage in 67 species of tanager (Passeriformes). Previous chemical studies, and my analysis of reflectance minima, suggest that carotenoids are the dominant pigments in yellow, orange and red tanager plumage. Spectra recorded over the range of wavelengths to which birds are sensitive (320–700 nm) were invariably bimodal, with both a plateau of high reflectance at longer (> 500 nm) wavelengths and a distinct secondary peak at UV (< 400 nm) wavelengths. Within this overall framework, variation in UV reflectance was expressed within well‐defined quantitative limits: (1) peak reflectance was always lower than the corresponding plateau of reflectance at longer visible wavelengths; (2) the intensity of peak reflectance declined steadily below 350 nm; (3) wavelengths of peak reflectance clustered between 350 and 370 nm. Significant correlations were detected between various measures of total reflectance in the UV and visible wavebands, but not between various measures of spectral location of UV and visible reflectance. I propose that the strong absorption band at short visible wavelengths (～ 380–550 nm) responsible for bimodal spectra of carotenoids in vitro is also responsible for bimodal reflectance by carotenoid‐based plumage colours. The construction of the UV and visible reflectance bands from different sides of this same absorbance band provides a mechanism for the observed covariation between UV and visible wavelengths. Lack of an association between the spectral locations of the UV and visible reflectance bands may result from the limited variation in spectral location of the UV band. These patterns suggest that plumage colours are subject to constraints, just as are more traditional morphological characters. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 84 , 243–257.     

Spectral characteristics of rice plants infested by brown planthoppers

Spectral characteristics of rice plants at various levels of infestation by the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l), (Homoptera:Delphacidae), in the early grain-filling stage were measured and analyzed using a spectroradiometer. Plant damage was classified into six scales, i.e., 0 (CK), 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, based on the scale of infestation displayed on the surfaces of plant parts. Results showed that mean curves of reflectance spectra (350 - 1800 nm) from different scales of insect infestation were clearly differentiated, especially in the region of 737 - 925 nm, where reflectance was in the order of severity. There were significant differences in reflectance among infestations at wavelengths of 755 and 890 nm particularly. Spectral parameters such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and cumulative reflectance may also be used to discriminate levels of infestation. Twelve wavelengths from apparent peaks and valleys of individual spectra were selected as characteristic wavelengths making up the spectral signature of each infestation.     

Chlorophyll Fluorescence Detected Passively by Difference Reflectance Spectra of Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） Leaf

The chlorophyll fluorescence （CF） signature emitted from vegetation provides an abundance of information regarding photosynthetics activity and has been used as a powerful tool to obtain physiological information of plant leaves in a non-invasive manner. CF is difficult to quantify because the CF signal is obscured by reflected light. In the present study, the apparent reflectance spectra of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） leaves were measured under illuminations with and without filtering by three specially designed long-wave pass edge filters; the cut-off wavelengths of the three filters were 653.8, 678.2, and 694. l nm at 50% of maximum transmittance. The CF spectra could be derived as the reflectance difference spectra of the leaves under illuminations with and without the long wave pass edge filters. The ratio of the reflectance difference at 685 and 740 nm （Dif685/Dif740） was linear correlated with the CF parameters （maximal photochemical efficiency Fv/Fm, and the yield of quantum efficiency） measured by the modulated fluorometer. In addition, the ratio reflected the water stress status of the wheat leaf, which was very high when water deficiency was serious. This method provides a new approach for detecting CF and the physiological state of crops.     

Simple and robust methods for remote sensing of canopy chlorophyll content: a comparative analysis of hyperspectral data for different types of vegetation

Canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) is an essential ecophysiological variable for photosynthetic functioning. Remote sensing of CCC is vital for a wide range of ecological and agricultural applications. The objectives of this study were to explore simple and robust algorithms for spectral assessment of CCC. Hyperspectral datasets for six vegetation types (rice, wheat, corn, soybean, sugar beet and natural grass) acquired in four locations (Japan, France, Italy and USA) were analysed. To explore the best predictive model, spectral index approaches using the entire wavebands and multivariable regression approaches were employed. The comprehensive analysis elucidated the accuracy, linearity, sensitivity and applicability of various spectral models. Multivariable regression models using many wavebands proved inferior in applicability to different datasets. A simple model using the ratio spectral index (RSI; R815, R704) with the reflectance at 815 and 704 nm showed the highest accuracy and applicability. Simulation analysis using a physically based reflectance model suggested the biophysical soundness of the results. The model would work as a robust algorithm for canopy‐chlorophyll‐metre and/or remote sensing of CCC in ecosystem and regional scales. The predictive‐ability maps using hyperspectral data allow not only evaluation of the relative significance of wavebands in various sensors but also selection of the optimal wavelengths and effective bandwidths.     

Novel chromatic and structural biomarkers of diet in carotenoid-bearing plumage

Previous attempts to establish a link between carotenoid-based plumage reflectance and diet have focused on spectral features within the human visible range (400-700 nm), particularly on the longer wavelengths (550-700 nm) that make these plumages appear yellow, orange or red. However, carotenoid reflectance spectra are intrinsically bimodal, with a less prominent but highly variable secondary reflectance peak at near-ultraviolet (UV; 320-400 nm) wavelengths visible to most birds but not to normal humans. Analysis of physical reflectance spectra of carotenoid-bearing plumages among trophically diverse tanagers (Thraupini, Emberizinae, Passeriformes) indicated that both the absolute and relative (to long visible wavelengths) amounts of short waveband (including UV) reflectance were lower in more frugivorous species. Striking modifications to the branched structure of feathers increased with frugivory. These associations were independent of phylogenetic relatedness, or other physical (specimen age, number of carotenoid-bearing patches) or ecological (body size, elevation) variables. By comparison, reflectance at longer visible wavelengths ('redness') was not consistently associated with diet. The reflectance patterns that distinguished frugivores should be more apparent to UV-sensitive birds than to UV-blind humans, but humans can perceive the higher plumage gloss produced by modified gross feather structure. Basic aspects of carotenoid chemistry suggest that increases in pigment concentration and feather dimensions reduce short waveband reflectance by the plumages of frugivores.     

Optical parameters of leaves of 30 plant species

Optical parameters (absorption coefficient k, infinite reflectance R∞, scattering coefficient 8) are tabulated for seven wavelengths and analyzed for statistical differences for 30 plant species. The wavelengths are: 550 nm (green reflectance peak), 650 nm (chlorophyll absorption band), 850 nm (infrared reflectance plateau), 1450 nm (water absorption band), 1650 nm (reflectance peak following water absorption band at 1450 nm), 1950 nm (water absorption band), and 2200 nm (reflectance peak following water absorption band at 1950 nm).