我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

Stability analyses for estimating relative durability of quantitative resistance

Summary Experiments in which a series of host cultivars are inoculated in all combinations with a series of pathogen isolates have been used to detect specificity in the host resistance. A theoretical model of polygenic resistance involving both general and specific interactions with pathogen virulence was developed to test the abilities of statistical analyses to discriminate between host genotypes with different levels of general and specific resistance. Estimates of levels of specific resistance could be obtained in regressions of disease severity scores for each host cultivar X pathogen isolate combination vs. the virulence index of each isolate. If the virulence index was based on the mean disease severity induced by the isolate over all host cultivars, the slopes of the regression lines were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. If the virulence index was based on the disease severity induced by the isolate on a host cultivar with a minimum of specific resistance, the mean squares for deviations from the regression were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. A method was developed to consistently choose host cultivars with minimum specific resistance. The two regression analyses gave estimates of specificity in randomly generated, model genotypes of approximately equal accuracy, although the second method appeared to be more accurate when the numbers of loci controlling resistance and virulence were small. The best estimates of numbers of genes for specific resistance were obtained by calculating a rating based on mean disease severity, the mean square for deviation from the regression on the virulence index based on disease severity on the cultivar with minimum specific resistance and the slope of the regression on the virulence index based on the mean disease severity. The best estimates of proportions of resistance genes that were specific were obtained by calculating a rating based on the above deviation mean square and slope alone.Cooperative investigation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Journal Series Paper No. 8326 of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service     

甜菜夜蛾的抗性及抗性机理研究进展

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是世界性农业害虫,近年来在我国由次要害虫上升为主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾对很多种化学杀虫剂和生物杀虫剂产生了抗性。本文分别阐述了甜菜夜蛾对常用杀虫剂如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、生长调节类杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂等的抗性发展现状,并且对抗药性机理进行了总结,提出了抗性治理措施。     

西花蓟马的抗药性及其治理策略

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）是世界性的园艺作物上的重要害虫,几乎对每种类型的杀虫剂均产生了抗药性,包括有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和多杀菌素等。本文对国外西花蓟马的抗药性发展现状和抗性机制进行了总结,并提出了抗性治理策略,即科学合理使用杀虫剂,结合栽培防治、物理防治、生物防治和寄主植物抗性等方式降低杀虫剂对西花蓟马的选择压,从而达到抗性治理的目的。     

种子内生菌增强宿主植物重金属抗性的功能机制研究进展

种子是植物的繁殖器官,其内定殖有一定数量的内生菌,种子内生菌通过垂直传播成为新生植物组织内最早定殖的微生物,对连续几代植物内生菌群落的形成起着决定性作用,并在植物抗逆方面发挥着重要作用。本文对种子内生菌与宿主植物重金属抗性之间的关系及其功能机制进行综述,并对下一步研究方向予以展望。     

Selection of a dexamethasone-resistant H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma tissue-culture line

Summary Exposure of H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma cell cultures to the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, results in an inhibition of cellular proliferation which is not the result of steroid-induced cytolysis. A significant decrease in both the rat of DNA synthesis and DNA content precedes, a detectable effect on cell number. Continuous culture of H-4-IIE-C3 cells in medium containing 10⁻⁵ m dexamethasone results in the selection of a steroid-resistant cell population that has the growth characteristics of unselected sensitive cultures and shows normal steroid induction of tyrosine transaminase. Selection is a slow process requiring 24 to 36 months to obtain, a phenotypically stable resitant cell line, and can be subdivided into three phases—a sensitive phase, adaptation and resistance. A comparison of the karyotypes of unselected and resistant cultures shows that the selection process enriches for a dexamethasone-resistant subpopulation. This work was supported by Special Grant No. 716 from the California Division of the American Cancer Society, and a grant-in-aid from the San Diego State University Foundation.     

The evaluation of horizontal resistance of winter wheats by the ‘center pivot’ method

Summary Twenty bread wheat varieties were sown in forty meter long plots and infected with a mixture of three races of stem rust (14, 34, 311) in the Center-pivot design. The epidemic's development and its effect on yield (factors) were studied in an experiment.With the Center-pivot method we modelled the natural processes without chemicals. The epidemic's development and the processes connected with it can be studied quantitatively as well as by subjective evaluation.Some of the studied genotypes were quickly infected and others slowly. The date of infection proved to be especially important to the amount of yield decrease.However, a quick spread of the epidemic does not inevitably lead to a decrease of yield and 1000-grain-weight for every genotype.Vertical resistance has qualitative features. On the other hand, there is only a quantitative difference between field resistant and tolerant genotypes, and between horizontally resistant and susceptible ones. The tolerant genotypes cannot limit the spread of the epidemic, but they can limit the degree of damage, and so their yields and 1000-grain-weights are essentially uninfluenced. The field resistant genotypes slow down the epidemic's development, and therefore their yields and 1000-grain-weights decrease less. This fact makes possible their separation in two steps, first on the basis of epidemic development, and then by measuring the decrease of yield and 1000-grainweight.Tolerance and field resistance are supposed to be inherited olygenically. Consequently, breeding for horizontal resistance should work with basically different methods than those previously used for race-specific resistance.     

2005年至2008年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药性变迁

调查2005年至2008年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药情况,为临床有效治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染提供依据。从各类标本中分离出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌株并利用API系统鉴定。采用Kirby-Bauer法和微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验。2005年至2008年共分离出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌株337株。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对碳氢酶烯类药物、氨基糖苷类、三代头孢菌素、氨曲南和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂高度耐药,复方新诺明和米诺环素对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的敏感率在90%以上。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对临床上常用的大多数抗菌药物高度耐药,可首选复方新诺明和米诺环素治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染。     

木麻黄抗逆性研究进展

木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)是热带、亚热带常绿乔木,天然生长于滨海疏松沙土中,为多用途速生树种.长期生长在恶劣的沿海气候和环境中使其具有较强的抗盐、抗风、耐瘠薄、抗涝能力.木麻黄已广泛种植于我国东南沿海,主要用于防风固沙、盐碱地改良和干旱地区绿化等,在防御沿海自然灾害、改善生态环境方面发挥了巨大作用.杂交和盐碱地露地育苗等技术使木麻黄的抗寒性也得到了较大提高.本文就近年来木麻黄抗非生物胁迫的研究进行了综述,旨在为合理开发和利用木麻黄资源提供参考依据.     

植物抗病毒病育种策略

为了得到抗病毒的寄主植物,植物育种学家进行了许多有益研究,形成了许多行之有效的抗病毒病育种策略。利用植物本身对病毒侵染所具有的一些免疫功能及其本身的一些抗性基因来获得抗性;利用来源于病毒自身基因的一些抗病性策略(PDR),如利用病毒外壳蛋白基因,病毒复制酶基因,病毒移动蛋白基因,病毒卫星RNA和反义RNA等,植物也可以获得抗性。近年来对由转录后RNA沉默引起的由RNA介导的病毒抗性策略(RMVR)也进行了深入地研究。除了PDR和RMVR以外,还有一些导致植物抗病毒的策略,包括利用美国商陆的病毒抗性蛋白(PAP),2',5’-寡腺苷酸合成酶,“植物抗体”以及病毒蛋白多肽来获得病毒抗性等。     

Fungicide Resistance Phenotypes of Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Commercial Vineyards in South West Germany

Fungicide resistance frequencies of Botrytis cinerea populations in the German Wine Road region were determined for 4 years. Strains showing specific resistance against carbendazim, iprodione or fenhexamid were found to occur wide‐spread, but at low frequencies. In contrast, cyprodinil resistance increased from 5.4% in 2006 to 21.9% in 2008 and 16% in 2009, and strains resistant to boscalid increased from 2% in 2006 to 26.7% in 2009. Strains with multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes were found at high frequencies. One of the three MDR phenotypes, MDR1, with reduced sensitivity to cyprodinil and fludioxonil, was dominating, representing 19% to 35% of the total population. Strains with a combination of cyprodinil resistance and MDR1 were found to be strongly increasing in 2008 and 2009.     

脑膜炎败血伊丽莎白菌耐药性的研究进展

脑膜炎败血伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, EM)可引起肺部感染、新生儿脑膜炎、菌血症等疾病,医院重症监护病房检出率较高,是院内感染的重要病原体之一。随着抗菌药物的广泛使用,EM对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类等临床常用抗菌药物呈多重耐药,给临床治疗带来极大困难。目前EM的耐药机制研究主要集中于产生药物灭活酶、药物作用靶位改变、外排泵、形成生物膜等方面。EM可同时携带多个耐药基因,如GOB、BlaB、CME等,从而介导多重耐药。本文就国内外EM耐药现状、耐药机制进行综述,旨在为预防和控制EM的医院内感染提供参考。     

烟粉虱抗药性的研究进展

烟粉虱是一种世界性的重要害虫,目前已对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯等许多常规杀虫剂产生高水平抗性,在一些地区烟粉虱对昆虫生长调节剂和烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性也是十分普遍.文中综述了世界范围内烟粉虱的抗药性现状、抗药性机理、以及抗药性与生物型的关系,并介绍了美国和以色列较为成功的烟粉虱抗药性治理计划.     

PC12 Variants Deficient in Catecholamine Transport

We have isolated PC12 cell variants deficient in transporter-mediated uptake of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine). The variants either were obtained nonselectively, or they were selected by resistance to guanethidine or N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Dopamine uptake into guanethidine-resistant cells occurred with a decreased Vmax; the Km for dopamine and inhibition by guanethidine were normal. MPTP-resistant cells lacked the capacity to take up dopamine. Most of the variants resembled wild-type PC12 in their response to nerve growth factor and the storage and secretion of dopamine. MPTP-resistant cells exhibited several deficiencies in addition to dopamine transport, i.e., no measurable storage of dopamine or acetylcholine and no observable response to nerve growth factor. Wild-type and variant cells were compared with respect to the labeling of cell proteins with [3H]xylamine, which binds covalently to certain proteins apparently only after entering PC12 via the catecholamine transporter. When intact variant cells were used, there was markedly reduced labeling of the proteins by [3H]xylamine. Almost all of these proteins were readily labeled when cell homogenates were exposed to [3H]xylamine. However, MPTP-resistant cells were missing three of these proteins. Northern blot analysis with cDNA clones revealed that the MPTP-resistant cells had markedly reduced levels of several specific mRNA species.     

土壤—植物系统中水流阻力变化和分布规律的研究

以植物根系吸水的人工模拟试验测得资料为依据,运用水流的电模拟原理,定量分析了不同土壤水分水平处理下土壤-植物系统中水流阻力各分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性．结果表明,土壤阻力（Rs）、根内木质部传导阻力（Rc）随生任时间的推移而减小,随土层深度的加深而增大,土根接触组力（Rsr）、根系吸收阻力（Rr）、土壤-植物系统中水流总阻力（RA）随时间表现出先下降后上升阶段的动态变化特征,Rs、Rc、Rsr、Rr、RA均随土壤湿度减小而大幅度增大;在土壤-植物系统水流阻力各分量中,Rr占RA的比例为55～96％,Rsr约占RA的4－45％,而Rs、Pc相对可忽略不计,故Rr,是决定液态水流速率的重要因素．     

表层阻力和环境因素对杨树(Populus sp.)人工林蒸散发的控制

在水资源短缺地区大面积栽植高耗水的人工林相比于低矮农作物会加剧地区的水分短缺,因而其可持续性正受到越来越多的关注。但是,在不同地域复杂的水、能量和气候条件下的人工林蒸散发的控制机制仍不清楚。基于涡度相关(EC)系统和微气象系统对北京市大兴区杨树(Populus euramerLcana CV."74/76")人工林生态系统与大气间水分交换的连续监测,(a)分析了2006-2009年生长季中生态系统蒸散发(ET)、表层阻力(R_s)、气候阻力(R_i)和空气动力学阻力(R_a)在干湿年份间的变化动态;(b)以偏相关分析法探讨了干旱和湿润年份中不同土壤水分条件下生物因素R_s和环境因素(R_i和R_a)对杨树人工林ET的直接控制作用。研究结果表明:在年际尺度上,干旱年份杨树人工林的日平均ET(2.23±1.30)mm/d低于湿润年份约17%,对应地,干旱年份的表层阻力(R_s:LAI)高于湿润年份(71.2 s/m)约50%,而R_i和R_a未表现出干湿年份间的差异。在季节尺度上,季节性的干旱胁迫显著影响杨树人工林的ET和R_s、R_i的变化,水分供应(降雨量与灌溉量之和)是该尺度上影响杨树人工林ET的主导因素,其解释了ET变化的71%(P0.01)。偏相关分析结果表明,除了在土壤水分严重胁迫(REW0.1)情况外,其他土壤水分条件下表层阻力R_s是日尺度上控制ET变化的主导因素,其与ET呈负相关关系,二阶相关系数(SOCC)变化范围为-0.518--0.293(P0.01),且干旱年份中R_s对ET的控制程度高于湿润年份;环境因素中气候阻力R_i和空气动力学阻力R_a各自对ET的控制作用远小于表层阻力R_s;相对土壤含水量(REW)只在干旱年份中干旱胁迫时段(REW0.4)直接影响ET(Pearson相关系数为0.217-0.323,P0.01),其他情况下则是通过影响表层阻力R_s、气候阻力R_i和空气动力学阻力R_a对ET的作用来间接影响ET的。另外,相比于偏相关分析,简单的相关性分析会对各因素对ET的控制作用造成估计偏差。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及其耐药基因分析

目的:探讨多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDR-Ab)的耐药性及其耐药基因,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2018年12月鲍曼不动杆菌感染的住院患者信息。使用VITEK-32微生物分析仪/梅里埃药敏卡片GN13鉴定MDR-Ab 95株。采用聚合酶链式反应(多重PCR)检测MDR-Ab携带相关耐药基因。结果:95株MDR-Ab对头孢类抗菌药物耐药率为100%。对氨苄西林-舒巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦耐药率分别为95.79%和81.05%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南耐药率分别为56.84%和57.89%,对庆大霉素和阿米卡星耐药率均为88.42%,对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为100%和88.42%,对四环素、米诺环素、替加环素耐药率分别为87.37%、16.84%和9.47%,对多粘菌素B耐药率为1.05%。95株MDR-Ab中携带β-内酰胺酶中A类酶耐药基因TEM、PER分别95株和25株,D类酶耐药基因OXA-51、carO和adeB各95株,OXA-23基因90株。携带消毒剂耐药基因qacE 60株。携带16S r RNA甲基化酶耐药基因armA 75株。每株MDR-Ab除携带TEM+carO+adeB+OXA-51四种基因外,另同时携带四种基因20株(21.05%),三种基因38株(40.00%)。结论:MDR-Ab对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,携带的耐药基因型主要为TEM、carO、adeB及OXA-51。携带多种耐药基因是MDR-Ab耐药重要原因。加强医院感染防控、合理应用抗菌药物对于延缓泛鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性发展具有重要的临床意义。