Evaluation of the monophyly of Fomitopsis using parsimony and MCMC methods

To evaluate the monophyly of Fomitopsis and elucidate phylogenetic relationships of its members, partial nuclear large subunit (partial 28S) ribosomal RNA genes were sequenced from 10 species of Fomitopsis and 15 related species. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Fomitopsis was phylogenetically heterogeneous and its members were divided into three subgroups. The constrained tree excluding F. palustris (the type species of Pilatoporus) from Fomitopsis core group was rejected, thus rejecting the taxonomic concept to segregate Pilatoporus from Fomitopsis. The monophyly of taxa belonging to F. rosea complex was rejected, thus rejecting the complex definition based on morphological similarities. The exclusion of Piptoporus betulinus (the type species of Piptoporus) from Fomitopsis core group was rejected and Piptoporus proved to be heterogeneous in both best MP and MAP trees. The monophyly of F. officinalis with Fomitopsis core group also was rejected. Fomitopsis officinalis was closely related to Antrodia xantha and formed an independent lineage from Fomitopsis core group at the basal position of brown rotting fungi comprising Antrodia, Daedalea, Fomitopsis, Piptoporus and Postia. The MAP tree topologyobtained from MCMC computation of Bayesian inference was similar to the one of the best MP tree based on the parsimony analysis but showed a higher likelihood score in the Kishino-Hasegawa test and reflected better evolutionary patterns for the phylogeny of Fomitopsis.     

Two new Fomitopsis species from southern China based on morphological and molecular characters

Fomitopsis cana sp. nov. and F. subtropica sp. nov. are described from southern China based on morphological and molecular characters. Both species have annual, effused-reflexed basidiomata with several small imbricate pilei protruding from a large resupinate part. F. cana is characterized by its mouse-grey to dark grey basidiomata, pores 5–8 per mm, and small cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (5–6.2?×?2.1–3 μm). F. subtropica is characterized by its white, cream, straw-yellow to more or less flesh-pink basidiomata which was easily separable from the substrate, smaller pores (6–9 per mm) and smaller basidiospores (3.2–4?×?1.8–2.1 μm), and presence of yellowish oil-like substances in trama. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS and nLSU sequences suggest that the two new species belong in the Fomitopsis sensu stricto group within the Antrodia clade.     

红缘拟层孔菌发酵工艺的研究及其升罐培养

为筛选出红缘拟层孔菌发酵的最佳条件,并用于升罐发酵,试验优选出5个基础培养基,再以发酵菌丝体的生物量为指标,确定红缘拟层孔菌发酵的最佳条件。进行升罐发酵,间隔取出少量发酵液进行显微观察并检测葡萄糖含量,描述出菌丝体的生长状态。结果表明:红缘拟层孔菌发酵的最佳条件为马铃薯200 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L,磷酸二氢钾1 g/L,硫酸镁1.5 g/L,维生素B10.4 g/L。升罐发酵中,菌丝干质量在前60 h处于快速的增长状态,最大为6.890 1 g/L,而60 h之后菌丝的生长变缓慢,到84 h之后,菌丝自溶,菌丝的产量开始下降。菌丝的葡萄糖含量经血糖仪检测在60 h时最高,达到0.296 5 g/L,之后呈现下降趋势。红缘拟层孔菌升罐发酵的最佳发酵时间为56~64 h。     

药用拟层孔茵研究进展

对药用拟层孔菌的化学成分、药理活性、培养基优化、HPLC -指纹图谱鉴定以及生物学特性等方面进行了综述,并对药用拟层孔菌的深入研究进行了展望.     

药用拟层孔茵研究进展

对药用拟层孔菌的化学成分、药理活性、培养基优化、HPLC -指纹图谱鉴定以及生物学特性等方面进行了综述,并对药用拟层孔菌的深入研究进行了展望.     

中国主要天然落叶松林的多孔菌多样性

落叶松是我国北方重要的针叶树种,天然落叶松倒木上生长有种类繁多的多孔菌,它们能够分解倒木中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,促进森林生态系统的物质循环,同时维持生态系统中的碳平衡,在森林生态系统中发挥重要的生态功能.本文针对我国5种主要落叶松树种上的多孔菌种类,综合分析了该类群的物种组成和分布特征,并对不同树种上的多孔菌种群进行对比分析.结果表明： 落叶松上共有多孔菌107种,分属11科43属,其中褐腐真菌种类49种,占到总数的45.4%,是中国已报道褐腐真菌种类的50%.91.7%的多孔菌生长在刚开始腐烂的倒木上.兴安落叶松上的多孔菌不论是种类还是数量均比其他4种落叶松多.兴安落叶松和长白落叶松以及新疆落叶松和西藏落叶松上的多孔菌种群相似度高,这与其林分的天然分布相一致.     

Lanostane triterpenoids from the inedible mushroom Fomitopsis spraguei

Investigation of the methanolic extract of the inedible mushroom Fomitopsis spraguei (Polyporaceae) led to the isolation of five lanostane-type triterpenoids (1-5): three new compounds named fomitopsins A-C (2-4), and two known compounds, quercinic acid C (1) and 3alpha-carboxyacetyl-12beta-hydroxyquercinic acid (5). Their structures were determined by 2D NMR, MS, IR, UV spectra, and X-ray crystallographic analyses. An X-ray crystal structure analysis of quercinic acid C (1) established its stereochemistry as 3R,12R-dihydroxy-24R-methyl-23-oxo-25S-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid.     

Diversity of coleoptera of the bracket fungus Fomitopsis pinicola in a Norwegian spruce forest

The beetle fauna of 299 sporocarps of the bracket fungus Fomitopsis pinicola in a 200 ha spruce forest in southeastern Norway was investigated in relation to sporocarp, tree and forest variables. The sporocarps contained 36 species of beetles, of which six species are on the Norwegian Red List. Of 12,373 individual beetles collected, 91% were Cis glabratus. Plots of species accumulation curves suggested that there may be more than 60 beetle species present in F. pinicola in the area, but that probably all the specialist Ciidae were found. The major factor influencing beetle diversity turned out to be the level of dead wood at and in the vicinity of the sampling site, with a higher number of species per unit volume of sporocarps in areas with high levels of dead wood. There were also significantly more red-listed species in those areas. Analysing the species occurrence with stepwise logistic regression, we show preferential habitat selection of the six most abundant species of Ciidae. Conservation of beetles associated with bracket fungi using amount of dead wood as a surrogate measurement is discussed.     

Polypore diversity in North America with an annotated checklist

Profound changes to the taxonomy and classification of polypores have occurred since the advent of molecular phylogenetics in the 1990s. The last major monograph of North American polypores was published by Gilbertson and Ryvarden in 1986–1987. In the intervening 30 years, new species, new combinations, and new records of polypores were reported from North America. As a result, an updated checklist of North American polypores is needed to reflect the polypore diversity in there. We recognize 492 species of polypores from 146 genera in North America. Of these, 232 species are unchanged from Gilbertson and Ryvarden’s monograph, and 175 species required name or authority changes. In addition, 40 new species and 45 new records published since that monograph are included in the checklist. Among the 492 species of polypores, 486 species from 143 genera belong to 11 orders, while six other species from three genera have uncertain taxonomic position at the order level. Three orders, viz. Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Russulales, accommodate most of polypore species (93.7 %) and genera (88.8 %). We hope that this updated checklist will inspire future studies in the polypore mycota of North America and contribute to the diversity and systematics of polypores worldwide.     

Degradation of crystalline cellulose by the brown-rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis palustris

This study demonstrated that the brown rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis palustris was able to degrade crystalline cellulose (Avicel). This fungus could also produce the three major cellulases (exoglucanases, endoglucanases, and beta-glucosidase) when the cells were grown on 2.0% Avicel. Avicel degraded by F. palustris showed a decrease in relative crystallinity from 83% to 78.5% after 14 days of incubation. The characterization study indicated that optimum pH was 4.5 and optimum temperature was 70 degrees C for exoglucanase (cellobiohydrolase) activity. Hydrolysis of Avicel by the crude enzyme from F. palustris yielded 1.6 mg/ml of glucose after 43 h, which corresponded to a cellulose conversion degree of 3.2%. Therefore, this study revealed for the first time that the brown rot basidiomycete F. palustris produces cellulases capable of yielding soluble sugars from crystalline cellulose.     

Insect Colonisation of Fruiting Bodies of the Wood-decaying Fungus Fomitopsis pinicola at Different Distances from an Old-growth Forest

We studied the colonisation rate of insects inhabiting fruiting bodies of the wood-decaying fungus Fomitopsis pinicola both within and at different distances (up to 1610 m) from an old-growth forest reserve. The colonisation rate of most species was not affected by the distance from the reserve, and none of the species were affected by the size of local sources of fruiting bodies in the managed forest. We suggest that many insect species inhabiting fruiting bodies of wood-decaying fungi can colonise fruiting bodies at a high enough rate to persist in managed forests of Fennoscandia. However, the colonisation rates of the fungivorous beetle Cis quadridens and the predatory fly Medetera apicalis were negatively affected by distance from the reserve. Cis quadridens is rare in many managed forests, but often quite common at sites with high substrate densities. The rarity of this species may therefore be due to weak ability to colonize distant patches. The same may also be true for M. apicalis, but less is known about the biology of this species. Medetera apicalis was the most common insect predator in the old-growth forest, but it was rare at the largest distances from it in the managed forest. Therefore, it seems likely that the overall pressure from natural enemies significantly declined with distance from the reserve.     

东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌区系和生态习性

对东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌区系和生态习性进行了分析,发现该地区多孔菌极为丰富,共有10目19科101属372种,其中优势科为多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科,优势属为木层孔菌属和多孔菌属。种的区系地理成分可以分为8类,其中北温带类型种类最多,表明东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌具有明显的北温带区系特征。该地区的多孔菌有常见种、偶见种、稀有种和濒危种分别为156、141、54和21个;有腐生菌304种、寄生菌49种、菌根菌19种。在寄主方面,能够生长在被子植物上的有256种,裸子植物上的有137种,既能生长在被子植物,也能生长在裸子植物上的有40种,地上生长的有19种。东喜马拉雅地区的裸子植物,特别是云杉属、松属和冷杉属树木对于多孔菌的生长更重要,因为生长在这些属树木上的多孔菌分别有71、68和51种,高于该地区被子植物其他属树木上的多孔菌。     

Antrodiella chinensis sp. nov., a Chinese representative of the Antrodiella americana complex

A new wood-decaying polypore, Antrodiella chinensis, is described and illustrated from China based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequences. The new species belongs to the Antrodiella americana complex, and is characterized by an annual habit, resupinate basidiocarps, cream to straw coloured pore surface with larger and regular pores, and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores. Discriminating characteristics between the new species and the closely related species in the complex are discussed.     

拟层孔菌属一新种

本文报道了拟层孔菌属一新种,安徽拟层孔菌(Fomitopsis anhuiensis X.F.Ren etX.Q.Zhang)同时讨论了该种与近似种的区别。新种的模式标本分别保藏在安徽师范大学生物系植物标本室(No.8301)和中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS 54121)。     

Recognizing ecological patterns of wood-decaying polypores on gymnosperm and angiosperm trees in northeast China

Wood-decaying polypores are macrofungi with the capacity to decompose lignocellulose, and hence play essential roles in forest ecosystems. Host (tree species) range and preference are among the most important factors influencing polypore communities. Here, we studied polypore ecological patterns between gymnosperm and angiosperm trees based on data collected from more than 10 yr field investigations in Fenglin and Changbaishan Nature Reserve, northeast China (boreal and temperate zone). Although species richness was similar between the polypores associated with the two tree groups, gymnosperm trees showed: (1) a higher similarity in polypores species; (2) a lower polypore species richness on fallen trunks; (3) a lower polypore species richness in unprotected forests; (4) fewer common polypores but more occasional species; (5) a lower proportion of white rot but a higher proportion of brown rot polypores. In general, our findings supported previous views that different preferences between gymnosperm and angiosperm trees in polypores are probably caused by different structure and content of lignins between the two tree groups.     

Purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Fomitopsis pinicola

An extracellular xylanase was purified to homogeneity by sequential chromatography of Fomitopsis pinicola culture supernatants on a DEAE-sepharose column, a gel filtration column, and then on a MonoQ column with fast protein liquid chromatography. The relative molecular weight of F. pinicola xylanase was determined to be 58 kDa by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by size exclusion chromatography, indicating that the enzyme is a monomer. The hydrolytic activity of the xylanase had a pH optimum of 4.5 and a temperature optimum of 70 degreesC. The enzyme showed t(1/2) value of 33 h at 70 degrees C and catalytic efficiency (k(cat) = 77.4 s?1, k(cat)/K(m) = 22.7 mg/ml/s) for oatspelt xylan. Its internal amino acid sequences showed a significant homology with hydrolases from glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10, indicating that the F. pinicola xylanase is a member of GH family 10.     

Biodegradation of polyvinyl alcohol by a brown-rot fungus, Fomitopsis pinicola

A brown-rot fungus, Fomitopsis pinicola, degraded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in quartz sand but not in liquid culture. From gel permeation chromatography analysis, the high-molecular-weight fraction of PVA was decreased by the action of F. pinicola but the coloration of the culture filtrate with I₂ solution increased. The reason for the increase in coloration was assumed to be the increase in the low-molecular-weight fraction in degraded PVA. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectral analysis showed that spectral changes of the fungally degraded PVA were similar to those of PVA treated with Fenton’s reagent suggesting that PVA degradation by F. pinicola was via the Fenton reaction. F. pinicola can thus be used to degrade PVA in woody wastes.