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1.
A novel β-glucosidase from Fusarium proliferatum ECU2042 (FPG) was successfully purified to homogeneity with a 506-fold increase in specific activity. The molecular mass of the native purified enzyme (FPG) was estimated to be approximately 78.7 kDa, with two homogeneous subunits of 39.1 kDa, and the pI of this enzyme was 4.4, as measured by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The optimal activities of FPG occurred at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at pH 4.0–6.5 and temperatures below 60 °C, and the deactivation energy (Ed) for FPG was 88.6 kJ mo1−1. Moreover, it was interesting to find that although the purified enzyme exhibited a very low activity towards p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucoside (pNPG), and almost no activity towards cellobiose, a relatively high activity was observed on ginsenoside Rg3. The enzyme hydrolyzed the 3-C, β-(1 → 2)-glucoside of ginsenoside Rg3 to produce ginsenoside Rh2, but did not sequentially hydrolyze the β-d-glucosidic bond of Rh2. The Km and Vmax values of FPG for ginsenoside Rg3 were 2.37 mM and 0.568 μmol (h mg protein)−1, respectively. In addition, this enzyme also exhibited significant activities towards various alkyl glucosides, aryl glucosides and several natural glycosides.  相似文献   

2.
The synthesis and pharmacology of 15 1-deoxy-Δ8-THC analogues, several of which have high affinity for the CB2 receptor, are described. The deoxy cannabinoids include 1-deoxy-11-hydroxy-Δ8-THC (5), 1-deoxy-Δ8-THC (6), 1-deoxy-3-butyl-Δ8-THC (7), 1-deoxy-3-hexyl-Δ8-THC (8) and a series of 3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ8-THC analogues (2, n=0–4, 6, 7, where n=the number of carbon atoms in the side chain−2). Three derivatives (1719) of deoxynabilone (16) were also prepared. The affinities of each compound for the CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined employing previously described procedures. Five of the 3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ8-THC analogues (2, n=1–5) have high affinity (Ki=<20 nM) for the CB2 receptor. Four of them (2, n=1–4) also have little affinity for the CB1 receptor (Ki=>295 nM). 3-(1′,1′-Dimethylbutyl)-1-deoxy-Δ8-THC (2, n=2) has very high affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki=3.4±1.0 nM) and little affinity for the CB1 receptor (Ki=677±132 nM).
Scheme 3. (a) (C6H5)3PCH3+ Br, n-BuLi/THF, 65°C; (b) LiAlH4/THF, 25°C; (c) KBH(sec-Bu)3/THF, −78 to 25°C then H2O2/NaOH.  相似文献   

3.
The 30-membered hexaaza macrocylic ligand, L (L=3,7,11,18,22,26-hexaazatricyclo-[26.2.2.213,16]tetratriaconta-1(31),13(33),14,16(34),28(32),29-hexaene), is capable of forming binuclear complexes with the divalent transition metal ions Ni, Cu and Zn. The two metal ions are bound by the two dipropylenetriamine units of the macrocycle. Extra coordination sites on the metal ions can be occupied by exogenous ligands such as acetate, chloride and thiocyanate. The crystal structure of one of the di-copper complexes is described: [LCu2(CH3CO2)2](ClO4)2·5H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14), with a=9.369(2), b=17.644(3), c= 27.466(3) Å, β=92.90(1)°, U=4534.7 Å3 and Z=4. The Cu1···Cu2 separation is 8.40(3) Å. The access for potential exogenous bridging ligands, to the cavity between the copper ions, is somewhat restricted by the two phenyl units of the macrocycle which appear almost parallel in the structure. The redox potential of the couple L(Cu2+)2/L(Cu+)2, recorded by cyclic voltammetry for the chloride adduct, [LCu2Cl2]Cl2·5H2O, is −0.061 V versus SCE in DMF.  相似文献   

4.
The objective of this study was to investigate hormonal and TGF-β1 characterizations of delayed parturition in the SCNT recipients (Korean native beef cattle: Hanwoo). The SCNT blastocysts produced by Hanwoo fetal fibroblast cells were transferred into the synchronized Hanwoo recipients. The artificially inseminated Hanwoo recipients (AI-R) were used as control. All AI-R were labored by natural delivery. The SCNT recipients (SCNT-R) with no signs of delivery were operated by Caesarean section. The blood and placentomes were collected during parturition. The weight of placentomes in SCNT-R (n = 12, 301 ± 41.22 g) was significantly higher than that of AI-R (n = 10, 204.8 ± 24.89 g) (p < 0.05). There were significantly lower E2 (p < 0.05) or higher P4 (p < 0.01) and TGF-β1 (p < 0.01) levels in the SCNT-R compared to that of AI-R, respectively. The SCNT-R showed a higher placentomal TGF-β1 protein level compared to that of AI-R (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the TGF-β1 protein level in SCNT-R with normal delivery was dramatically decreased as same as AI-R, but it was highly maintained in C-sec at days 250 of pregnancy in AI-R. These results suggest that delayed parturition in clone calving may be associated with persistence of elevated TGF-beta-1 expression in late pregnancy.  相似文献   

5.
Possibilities of the linear-polarized infrared (IR-LD) spectroscopy of oriented colloid suspensions in nematic liquid crystals, for structural and local structural elucidation for first time are demonstrated of inorganic compounds and glasses. The advantages of the method for tellurite and borate glasses are shown. The IR-band assignment of the typical local structural units in the glasses are proposed by a comparison with the IR-characteristics of appropriate crystalline analogues as α-TeO2, V2O5, MoO3 · H2O and its high temperature form. The IR-spectroscopic characteristics of BO3, BO4 and boroxol ring are elucidated, using crystalline β-BaB2O4, SrB4O7, H3BO3 and B2O3 as model systems, where the structural moieties have been refined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.  相似文献   

6.
It has been reported that catalpol, an iridoid glucoside, isolated from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, protected cells from damage induced by a variety of toxic stimulus such as LPS, MPP+ and rotenone. Here, we further evaluated the effect of catalpol against Aβ1–42-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neuron cultures. In the present study, the primary cortical neuron culture treated with Aβ1–42 was severed as cell model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vitro. By exposure to Aβ1–42 (5 μM) for 72 h in cultures, neuronal apoptosis occurred characterized by enhancement of activities of caspases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as Bax increase, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release. Pretreatment with catalpol (0.5 mM) for 30 min prior to Aβ1–42 treatment attenuated neuronal apoptosis not only by reversing intracellular ROS accumulation, Bax level, mitochondrial membrane potential and, cytochrome c release to some extent, but also through regulating the activity and cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Thus, catalpol protects primary cultured cortical neurons induced by Aβ1–42 through a mitochondrial-dependent caspase pathway.  相似文献   

7.
Mouse peritoneal macrophages activated by bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were incubated with human α2-macroglobulin converted to its ‘fast’ form with either trypsin or methylamine before being stimulated with phorbol myrystate acetate. Both α2-macroglobulin-trypsin and α2-macroglobulin-methylamine inhibited macrophage production of superoxide anion (O2) while native α2-macroglobulin had little effect except at high concentration. The α2-macroglobulin ‘fast’ forms, which bind with a Kd of about 8 nM, inhibited 50% generation of O2(ID50) at a concentration of 7 nM while α2-macroglobulin inhibited O2 production with an ID50 of 141 nM. The ‘fast’ forms of α2-macroglobulin may play a role in the feedback regulation of inflammatory reactions.  相似文献   

8.
ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst prepared by impregnation method was examined in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. It was found that the catalyst with 21 wt% loaded La2O3 and calcined at 600 °C showed the optimum activity. The basic property of the catalyst was studied by CO2-TPD, and the results showed that the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was related to their basicity. The catalyst was also characterized by TG–DTA, XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM, and the mechanism for the formation of basic sites was discussed. It was also found that the crystallite size of support ZrO2 decreased by loading of La2O3, and the model of the solid-state reaction on the surface of La2O3/ZrO2 catalyst was proposed. Besides, the influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated.  相似文献   

9.
Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) demonstrated in human colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), indicates its possible significance in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma TGF-β1concentration in patients with different degrees of colonic mucosal injury, as a possible indicator of ulcerative colitis activity. TGF-β1concentration was measured with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in plasma of 45 patients with endoscopically confirmed UC. Values observed in UC patients (40.5±15.9 ng/ml) were significantly higher than in healthy people (18.3±11.6 ng/ml) and higher than in patients with irritable colon syndrome (ICS), (20.5±13.6 ng/ml). The highest plasma TGF-β1(58.6±112.1 ng/ml) was in patients with the severe UC course. TGF-β1level analysed in all UC patients revealed significant positive correlation with scored degree of mucosal injury (r=0.396;P<0.01). Among other possible laboratory markers of the disease activity, only C-reactive protein concentration demonstrated significant correlation. Enhanced production of TGF-β1can be related to inflammation activity. Measurement of plasma TGF-β1may be considered as a biomarker of the disease activity.  相似文献   

10.
We have shown earlier a requirement for Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) in the H2O2-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (PKB), key mediators of growth-promoting, proliferative, and hypertrophic responses in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Because the effect of CaM is mediated through CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), we have investigated here the potential role of CaMKII in H2O2-induced ERK1/2 and PKB phosphorylation by using pharmacological inhibitors of CaM and CaMKII, a CaMKII inhibitor peptide, and siRNA knockdown strategies for CaMKIIα. Calmidazolium and W-7, antagonists of CaM, as well as KN-93, a specific inhibitor of CaMKII, attenuated H2O2-induced responses of ERK1/2 and PKB phosphorylation in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar to H2O2, calmidazolium and KN-93 also exhibited an inhibitory effect on glucose/glucose oxidase-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKB in these cells. Transfection of VSMC with CaMKII autoinhibitory peptide corresponding to the autoinhibitory domain (aa 281–309) of CaMKII and with siRNA of CaMKIIα attenuated the H2O2-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKB. In addition, calmidazolium and KN-93 blocked H2O2-induced Pyk2 and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) phosphorylation. Moreover, treatment of VSMC with CaMKIIα siRNA abolished the H2O2-induced IGF-1R phosphorylation. H2O2 treatment also induced Thr286 phosphorylation of CaMKII, which was inhibited by both calmidazolium and KN-93. These results demonstrate that CaMKII plays a critical upstream role in mediating the effects of H2O2 on ERK1/2, PKB, and IGF-1R phosphorylation.  相似文献   

11.
Yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) efficiently catalyzes the reduction of H2O2 to H2O by ferrocytochrome c in vitro. The physiological function of CCP, a heme peroxidase that is targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is not known. CCP1-null-mutant cells in the W303-1B genetic background (ccp1Δ) grew as well as wild-type cells with glucose, ethanol, glycerol or lactate as carbon sources but with a shorter initial doubling time. Monitoring growth over 10 days demonstrated that CCP1 does not enhance mitochondrial function in unstressed cells. No role for CCP1 was apparent in cells exposed to heat stress under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. However, the detoxification function of CCP protected respiring mitochondria when cells were challenged with H2O2. Transformation of ccp1Δ with ccp1W191F, which encodes the CCPW191F mutant enzyme lacking CCP activity, significantly increased the sensitivity to H2O2 of exponential-phase fermenting cells. In contrast, stationary-phase (7-day) ccp1Δ-ccp1W191F exhibited wild-type tolerance to H2O2, which exceeded that of ccp1Δ. Challenge with H2O2 caused increased CCP, superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzyme activities (but not glutathione reductase activity) in exponentially growing cells and decreased antioxidant activities in stationary-phase cells. Although unstressed stationary-phase ccp1Δ exhibited the highest catalase and glutathione reductase activities, a greater loss of these antioxidant activities was observed on H2O2 exposure in ccp1Δ than in ccp1Δ-ccp1W191F and wild-type cells. The phenotypic differences reported here between the ccp1Δ and ccp1Δ-ccp1W191F strains lacking CCP activity provide strong evidence that CCP has separate antioxidant and signaling functions in yeast.  相似文献   

12.
The direct immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD) on TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite and its application as glucose biosensor were investigated. The room-temperature phosphorescence of TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite can be quenched by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The detection of glucose may be accomplished by monitoring the formation of hydrogen peroxide which generated in the oxidation process of glucose with the catalysis of GOD. To our surprise, by using a 96-hole polyporous plate accessory of fluorescence spectrophotometer, the biosensor exhibits excellent linear response to glucose concentrations ranging from 1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−2 M with a detection limit of 1.2 × 10−10 M. The TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite can be used as both supporting material and signal transducer. The phosphorescence intensity and color of the biosensor change obviously and even could be observed with naked eyes by continuous addition of glucose. Based on the room-temperature phosphorescence of TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite, a new method of solid substrate-room-temperature phosphorimetry (SS-RTP) for glucose determination is proposed. A glucose biosensor was fabricated with wide determination concentration range, low detection limit, high sensitivity, and fast response time. And the biosensor has been successfully applied to the determination of glucose in human blood serum. The coacervation of GOD enzyme and its interaction with TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite enlarge the surface area and enhance the chemical stability of GOD. The nice biocompatibility, large surface area, good chemical stability and nontoxicity of the TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite have made this material suitable for functioning as biosensor.  相似文献   

13.
We synthesized and isolated 2α-substituted analogs of 14-epi-previtamin D3 after thermal isomerization at 80 °C for the first time. The VDR binding affinity and transactivation activity of osteocalcin promoter in HOS cells were evaluated, and the 2α-methyl-substituted analog was found to have greater genomic activity than 14-epi-previtamin D3.  相似文献   

14.
Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) was measured during 2005 using the eddy covariance (EC) technique over a reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) wetland in Northeast China (121°54′E, 41°08′N). Diurnal NEE patterns varied markedly among months. Outside the growing season, NEE lacked a diurnal pattern and it fluctuated above zero with an average value of 0.07 mg CO2 m−2 s−1 resulting from soil microbial activity. During the growing season, NEE showed a distinct V-like diel course, and the mean daily NEE was −7.48 ± 2.74 g CO2 m−2 day−1, ranging from −13.58 g CO2 m−2 day−1 (July) to −0.10 g CO2 m−2 day−1 (October). An annual cycle was also apparent, with CO2 uptake increasing rapidly in May, peaking in July, and decreasing from August. Monthly cumulative NEE ranged from −115 ± 24 g C m−2 month−1 (the reed wetland was a CO2 sink) in July to 75 ± 16 g C m−2 month−1 (CO2 source) in November. The annual CO2 balance suggests a net uptake of −65 ± 14 g C m−2 year−1, mainly due to the gains in June and July. Cumulative CO2 emission during the non-growing season was 327 g C m−2, much greater than the absolute value of the annual CO2 balance, which proves the importance of the wintertime CO2 efflux at the study site. The ratio of ecosystem respiration (Reco) to gross primary productivity (GPP) for this reed ecosystem was 0.95, indicating that 95% of plant assimilation was consumed by the reed plant or supported the activities of heterotrophs in the soil. Daytime NEE values during the growing season were closely related to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (r2 > 0.63, p < 0.01). Both maximum ecosystem photosynthesis rate (Amax) and apparent quantum yield (α) were season-dependent, and reached their peak values in July (1.28 ± 0.11 mg CO2 m−2 s−1, 0.098 ± 0.027 μmol CO2 μmol−1 photon, respectively), corresponding to the observed maximum NEE in July. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) relied on temperature and soil water content, and the mean value of Q10 was about 2.4 with monthly variation ranging from 1.8 to 4.1 during 2005. Annual methane emission from this reed ecosystem was estimated to be about 3 g C m−2 year−1, and about 5% of the net carbon fixed by the reed wetland was released to the atmosphere as CH4.  相似文献   

15.
Receptors for α2-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes have been characterized in rat and human liver membranes. The affinity for binding of 125I-labelled α2-macroglobulin · trypsin to rat liver membranes was markedly pH-dependent in the physiological range with maximum binding at pH 7.8–9.0. The half-time for association was about 5 min at 37°C in contrast to about 5 h at 4°C. The half-saturation constant was about 100 pM at 4°C and 1 nM at 37°C (pH 7.8). The binding capacity was approx. 300 pmol per g protein for rat liver membranes and about 100 pmol per g for human membranes. Radiation inactivation studies showed a target size of 466 ± 71 kDa (S.D., n = 7) for α2-macroglobulin · trypsin binding activity. Affinity cross-linking to rat and human membranes of 125I-labelled rat α1-inhibitor-3 · chymotrypsin, a 210 kDa analogue which binds to the α2-macroglobulin receptors in hepatocytes (Gliemann, J. and Sottrup-Jensen, L. (1987) FEBS Lett. 221, 55–60), followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed radioactivity in a band not distinguishable from that of cross-linked α2-macroglobulin (720 kDa). This radioactivity was absent when membranes with bound 125I-α1-inhibitor-3 complex were treated with EDTA before cross-linking and when incubation and cross-linking were carried out in the presence of a saturating concentration of unlabelled complex. The saturable binding activity was maintained when membranes were solubilized in the detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]profane sulfonate (CHAPS) and the size of the receptor as estimated by cross-linking experiments was shown to be similar to that determined in the membranes. It is concluded that liver membranes contain high concentrations of an approx. 400–500 kDa α2-macroglobulin receptor soluble in CHAPS. The soluble preparation should provide a suitable material for purification and further characterization of the receptor.  相似文献   

16.
One and a half year-old Ginkgo saplings were grown for 2 years in 7 litre pots with medium fertile soil at ambient air CO2 concentration and at 700 μmol mol−1 CO2 in temperature and humidity-controlled cabinets standing in the field. In the middle of the 2nd season of CO2 enrichment, CO2 exchange and transpiration in response to CO2 concentration was measured with a mini-cuvette system. In addition, the same measurements were conducted in the crown of one 60-year-old tree in the field. Number of leaves/tree was enhanced by elevated CO2 and specific leaf area decreased significantly.CO2 compensation points were reached at 75–84 μmol mol−1 CO2. Gas exchange of Ginkgo saplings reacted more intensively upon CO2 than those of the adult Ginkgo. On an average, stomatal conductance decreased by 30% as CO2 concentration increased from 30 to 1000 μmol mol−1 CO2. Water use efficiency of net photosynthesis was positively correlated with CO2 concentration levels. Saturation of net photosynthesis and lowest level of stomatal conductance was reached by the leaves of Ginkgo saplings at >1000 μmol mol−1 CO2. Acclimation of leaf net CO2 assimilation to the elevated CO2 concentration at growth occurred after 2 years of exposure. Maximum of net CO2 assimilation was 56% higher at ambient air CO2 concentration than at 700 μmol mol−1 CO2.  相似文献   

17.
Reaction of excess CNCH2SiMe3(L) with CuX2·nH2O (X=NO3, n=3; ClO4, n=6) in THF gives the CuI complexes [CuL4]NO3 (1) and [CuL4]ClO4 (2). When CuCN is used as starting material, complex 3, Cu(L3)CN, C4H10O·3H2O, is obtained. Immediate reduction occurs with AgNO3 precipitating metallic Ag. Reactions with MnCl2·6H2O and Mn(NO3)2·6H2O in THF produce two new compounds which analyze as MnL4Cl2·4H2O (6) and MnL2(NO3)2·H2O (7). When excess p-tolylsulfonylmethylisocyanide (L′) is reacted with Cu(NO3)2, the mixed-valence CuI---CuII complex Cu2L′6(NO3)3 (5) is precipitated, while using CuCN gives the CuI dimer Cu2L′4(CN)2 (4). In analogous conditions the manganese complex MnL′2(NO3)2·C3H6O·3H2O (8) is precipitated. All these complexes have been isolated, characterized by IR, NMR for diamagnetic species, magnetic susceptibilities, EPR measurements and electrochemical analyses. Influence of the two substituents is discussed.  相似文献   

18.
NO (nitric oxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) are important signaling molecule in plants. Brassica napus L. was used to understand oligochitosan inducing production of NO (nitric oxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and their physiological function. The result showed that the production of NO and H2O2 in epidermal cells of B. napus L. was induced with oligochitosan by fluorescence microscope. And it was proved that there was an interaction between NO and H2O2 with L-NAME (NG-nitro-l-arg-methyl eater), which is an inhibitor of NOS (NO synthase) in mammalian cells that also inhibits plant NO synthesis, and CAT (catalase), which is an important H2O2 scavenger, respectively. It was found that NO and H2O2 induced by oligochitosan took part in inducing reduction in stomatal aperture and LEA protein gene expression of leaves of B. napus L. All these results showed that oligochitosan have potential activities of improving resistance to water stress.  相似文献   

19.
The interaction of redox-active copper ions with misfolded amyloid β (Aβ) is linked to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been associated with oxidative stress and neuronal damages in Alzheimer disease. Despite intensive studies, it is still not conclusive how the interaction of Cu+/Cu2+ with Aβ aggregates leads to ROS production even at the in vitro level. In this study, we examined the interaction between Cu+/Cu2+ and Aβ fibrils by solid-state NMR (SSNMR) and other spectroscopic methods. Our photometric studies confirmed the production of ∼60 μm hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from a solution of 20 μm Cu2+ ions in complex with Aβ(1–40) in fibrils ([Cu2+]/[Aβ] = 0.4) within 2 h of incubation after addition of biological reducing agent ascorbate at the physiological concentration (∼1 mm). Furthermore, SSNMR 1H T1 measurements demonstrated that during ROS production the conversion of paramagnetic Cu2+ into diamagnetic Cu+ occurs while the reactive Cu+ ions remain bound to the amyloid fibrils. The results also suggest that O2 is required for rapid recycling of Cu+ bound to Aβ back to Cu2+, which allows for continuous production of H2O2. Both 13C and 15N SSNMR results show that Cu+ coordinates to Aβ(1–40) fibrils primarily through the side chain Nδ of both His-13 and His-14, suggesting major rearrangements from the Cu2+ coordination via Nϵ in the redox cycle. 13C SSNMR chemical shift analysis suggests that the overall Aβ conformations are largely unaffected by Cu+ binding. These results present crucial site-specific evidence of how the full-length Aβ in amyloid fibrils offers catalytic Cu+ centers.  相似文献   

20.
The immunostimulant β-1,3 glucan was fed at 0·1% in feed for 7 days to healthy and aflatoxin B1(AFB1)-induced immunocompromised fish, Labeo rohita (one of the major tropical carp species), in a 60 day trial. The effects of AFB1, glucan and their interactions on non-specific and specific immunity levels and disease resistance of fish were studied. A single intraperitoneal injection of AFB1at 1·25 mg kg−1body weight) caused a significant (P< 0·05) reduction in non-specific immunity as measured through neutrophil phagocytic indices, serum bactericidal activity, and specific immunity as measured through bacterial agglutination titre against Edwardsiella tarda, as well as reduced protection against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in comparison to control fish which were exposed neither to aflatoxin nor to glucan. Feeding of glucan to healthy fish raised the non-specific and specific immunity level and protection against bacterial infection compared with the control. Feeding of glucan to AFB1-induced immunocompromised fish for 7 days significantly raised the degree of resistance against A. hydrophila challenge and the non-specific immunity level in comparison to non-treated AFB1exposed fish. Although feeding of glucan was able to increase specific immunity, al measured through haemagglutination titre against sheep red blood cells, and bacterial (E. tarda) agglutination titre in healthy fish in comparison to all other groups, no significant increase in specific immunity to the aflatoxin-exposed group was seen.  相似文献   

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