PFKFB3参与了11'-deoxyverticillin A(C42)诱导的HeLa细胞自噬和凋亡

摘要:【目的】明确糖酵解调节基因PFKFB3参与11-脱氧轮枝菌素A(11'-deoxyverticillin A,C42)诱导HeLa细胞自噬和凋亡中的作用。【方法】利用电镜、荧光显微镜、蛋白免疫杂交、转染、MTS 活性检测、siRNA干扰、定量RT-PCR等对C42处理的HeLa 细胞自噬和凋亡情况进行了检测。【结果】C42能够引起HeLa细胞不同的死亡。敲降自噬关键基因BECN1或LC3后,明显增加PARP-1的切割和促进C42引起的细胞活性丢失。尽管高浓度C42能更明显地抑制细胞增殖,但却不能增加细胞的自噬流;C42促进的自噬能被糖酵解调节基因PFKFB3的抑制剂所降低;而过量表达糖酵解调节基因PFKFB3能促进细胞自噬。【结论】糖酵解调节基因PFKFB3直接参与了C42诱导的HeLa细胞自噬,这种自噬的发生抑制了其诱导的细胞凋亡。     

磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)参与了曲格列酮诱导的HeLa细胞自噬和凋亡

【目的】明确磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)在细胞自噬和凋亡中的作用。【方法】利用电镜、荧光显微镜、蛋白免疫杂交、siRNA干扰、流式细胞计数、MTS细胞活性检测等对曲格列酮(troglitazone,TZ)处理的HeLa细胞自噬和凋亡情况进行了检测。【结果】不同检测方法均表明TZ增加了HeLa细胞的自噬,这种自噬的发生伴随着AMPK的磷酸化的降低;抑制AMPK增加基础细胞自噬,而阻断了TZ引起的自噬标记物LC3-II的增加,同时也减少了TZ引起的凋亡分子PARP的切割;用自噬抑制剂3-MA和干扰细胞自噬基因,不仅PARP的切割明显地受到抑制,而且也部分阻断了TZ引起的细胞活性丧失。【结论】AMPK直接参与了TZ引起的HeLa细胞自噬过程,这种自噬发生促进了其诱导的细胞凋亡。     

构建基于Keima蛋白的细胞自噬评价体系

目的:构建表达Cyto-Keima蛋白的宫颈癌细胞系HeLa及小鼠原代神经元,作为新的细胞自噬评价体系。方法:包装pCDH-Cyto-Keima慢病毒,感染HeLa细胞和小鼠原代神经元,采用激光共聚焦荧光显微镜观察Cyto-Kei?ma蛋白在HeLa细胞和小鼠原代神经元中的表达情况,用已知自噬诱导剂和抑制剂处理细胞,检测该体系对自噬的响应。结果:感染Cyto-Keima慢病毒48 h后,通过激光共聚焦荧光显微镜观察,细胞表达Cyto-Keima蛋白;在Earle平衡盐溶液或自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素处理下,HeLa-Cyto-Keima细胞和Cyto-Keima原代神经元自噬水平明显增强;在自噬抑制剂巴弗洛霉素A1和氯喹处理下,细胞自噬水平明显降低。结论:构建了基于Cyto-Keima蛋白的细胞自噬评价体系。     

微管相关抗癌药物诱导胃癌细胞自噬性细胞死亡的研究

目的:探讨对微管相关抗癌药物诱导凋亡不敏感的胃癌细胞是否发生非凋亡形式的细胞死亡,并进一步明确自噬和自噬性细胞死亡的存在。方法:Annexin V／PI双染用流式细胞仪和MTT法分别检测紫杉醇、长春新碱诱导SGC-7901及BGC-823细胞的凋亡率和总死亡率,死细胞DAPI染色荧光显微镜检测非凋亡性细胞死亡,吖啶橙染色流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜分别定量、定性检测自噬和自噬性细胞死亡的存在。结果:紫杉醇和长春新碱可以诱导凋亡不敏感胃癌细胞BGC-823出现非凋亡性细胞死亡,处理BGC-823细胞早期(24h内)即可出现明显的细胞自噬性变化,紫杉醇诱导的自噬高峰期出现在药物作用3h-6h,长春新碱诱导的自噬高峰期出现在药物作用24h,自噬性细胞死亡存在并可能是药物诱导的非凋亡性细胞死亡的主要形式。结论:微管相关抗癌药物紫杉醇和长春新碱可以诱导凋亡不敏感胃癌细胞BGC-823自噬及自噬性细胞死亡,可能为提高胃癌的化疗敏感性提供新的思路。     

几个能量代谢相关蛋白在HeLa细胞自噬过程中表达下调

自噬是真核细胞中的一种保守的代谢信号通路。人们已经知道自噬与肿瘤发生等疾病密切相关,但对于自噬的分子机制仍然不是很清楚。鉴定更多的自噬相关蛋白对于进一步阐明自噬的分子机制具有重要意义。该研究使用饥饿法处理HeLa细胞,通过电镜观察以及检测自噬标记蛋白LC3-I的转换,证实HeLa细胞发生了明显的自噬。之后,使用双向电泳结合串联质谱分析鉴定细胞自噬时发生变化的蛋白质。结果发现果糖二磷酸醛缩酶A、GAPDH和ATP合成酶O亚基的量在HeLa细胞发生自噬后明显降低。实时定量PCR结果证明饥饿诱导后,这三种蛋白的mRNA水平都发生了明显的下降。使用自噬抑制剂3-Methyladenine预处理HeLa细胞后再行饥饿,三种蛋白mRNA的表达水平与正常细胞相当而明显高于饥饿诱导的细胞。结果表明这三种蛋白在饥饿诱导的自噬中表达下调,其分子机制还有待进一步研究。     

DNA甲基化通过调控细胞自噬影响家蚕翅的发育

[目的]本研究旨在探索DNA甲基化是否通过调控细胞自噬进而影响家蚕Bombyx mori翅的发育.[方法]分别用1和2 μg DNA甲基化特异性抑制剂5-aza-dC处理家蚕卵巢Bm12细胞和家蚕预蛹,荧光显微镜下观察Bm12细胞的数量,利用dot blot检测Bm12细胞中DNA甲基化水平,利用溶酶体染色检测细胞自噬...     

抑制自噬促进冬凌草甲素诱导的多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡涉及胞内ROS产生

目的本实验主要研究冬凌草甲素诱导多发性骨髓瘤发生自噬、凋亡,两者之间的关系以及所涉及的相关机制。方法利用MTT比色法检测冬凌草甲素对多发性骨髓瘤RPMI8226细胞的增殖活性影响;透视电镜观察细胞内凋亡和自噬的形态学改变;TUNEL检测细胞凋亡;分别利用以下技术检测处理后的细胞内的自噬变化:使用QDs605nm-Anti-LC3荧光探针以及免疫荧光技术定位细胞胞内LC3Ⅰ和LC3Ⅱ蛋白,利用western blot免疫印记技术检测Beclin 1蛋白表达水平;利用DCFH-DA探针以及流式细胞术检测细胞胞内ROS水平。结果冬凌草甲素能明显抑制RPMI8226细胞增殖,其抑制作用呈时间、剂量依赖性;冬凌草甲素能同时诱发细胞凋亡、自噬和胞内ROS产生;NAC完全抑制胞内ROS产生后冬凌草甲素诱导的细胞凋亡消失;3-MA抑制自噬后,冬凌草甲素诱导的胞内ROS产生进一步增多,凋亡增多。结论冬凌草甲素能明显抑制RPMI8226细胞增殖;冬凌草甲素同时诱发细胞凋亡和自噬;胞内ROS产生介导冬凌草甲素诱导的凋亡;凋亡为细胞死亡的主要途径,而自噬通过下调胞内ROS产生抑制凋亡。     

细胞自噬对乙肝病毒感染细胞干扰素表达的影响

[目的]细胞自噬(Autophagy)是真核细胞用于清除胞内聚集物、损伤细胞器而维持其稳态平衡的一种溶酶体降解途径.细胞自噬不仅在细胞生长发育、成熟、分化等过程中起重要作用,且与病毒感染、细胞免疫密切相关.通过研究细胞自噬对乙肝病毒感染的Ⅰ型干扰素的影响,为进一步阐明乙肝病毒感染对机体天然免疫反应研究奠定基础.[方法]通过siRNA干扰Beclin1和Atg7表达,检测自噬小体形成,Real-TimePCR检测干扰素因子表达,分析了细胞自噬对乙肝病毒感染细胞中干扰素形成的影响.[结果]干扰Beclin1和Atg7均可抑制细胞自噬发生,抑制细胞自噬可降低干扰素因子的表达,而对细胞活力和细胞凋亡无明显影响.[结论]抑制细胞自噬,可降低HBV感染细胞中IFNβ和IFI27的表达,这在一定程度上意味着,HBV诱导的自噬具有增强感染细胞天然免疫反应的作用.     

真菌次级代谢产物rasfonin促进舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)诱导的肾癌细胞自噬和凋亡

【目的】明确真菌次级代谢产物rasfonin影响舒尼替尼(Sunitinib,ST)诱导的肾癌细胞自噬和凋亡作用机理。【方法】应用MTS(Methanethiosulfonate assay)和克隆形成实验检测rasfonin和舒尼替尼对肾癌细胞ACHN活性和增殖的影响,通过透射电子显微镜、荧光显微镜、蛋白免疫印迹、免疫荧光方法检测rasfonin和舒尼替尼处理的ACHN细胞自噬、凋亡情况和相关信号通路的变化。【结果】Rasfonin和舒尼替尼能够抑制肾癌细胞ACHN活性和细胞增殖;免疫印迹结果表明,两者均可以引起caspase依赖的凋亡。在rasfonin存在的情况下,不仅舒尼替尼所引起的凋亡和细胞活性丢失明显增加,而且其诱导的自噬流显著提高。无论是rasfonin还是舒尼替尼均明显地抑制哺乳雷帕霉素靶蛋白m TOR(Mammal target of rapamycin)磷酸化,而两者均能促进细胞外调节蛋白激酶(Extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)活性增加。【结论】rasfonin促进了舒尼替尼诱导的细胞自噬和凋亡,提高了舒尼替尼抑制肾癌细胞增殖的活性。     

MiR-147a 通过抑制细胞自噬促进HIF-1alpha蛋白的积累

目的：HIF-1alpha是由低氧诱导表达的一个重要的调节肿瘤生长、代谢的转录因子,它的降解除了通过泛素- 蛋白酶体途径降解 之外还与可以通过细胞自噬途径降解。通过研究miR-147a 对细胞自噬的影响从而进一步研究miR-147a 对HIF-1alpha降解的影响。 方法：在HeLa 细胞中过表达miR-147a,用Western blot 和Q-PCR 检测细胞自噬相关的标志物LC3B、P62、LAMP-2A的变化。再 通过溶酶体- 自噬泡共定位实验共聚焦显微镜观察自噬泡的数量以及共定位情况。最后通过加入自噬诱导剂（EBSS）和自噬抑制 剂（Bafilomycin A1）,用Western blot 检测转染NC 与miR-147a 后HIF-1alpha蛋白的表达情况。结果：过表达miR-147a 后自噬相关的 标志物LC3B、P62 表达量上升,LAMP-2A 表达量下降,且溶酶体与自噬泡的共定位增多;加入自噬诱导剂和自噬抑制剂后 HIF-1-alpha蛋白的表达量增加。结果表明miR-147a 可以抑制细胞自噬的巨自噬途径以及分子伴侣介导的自噬途径,积累HIF-1-alpha蛋 白。结论：miR-147a通过抑制细胞自噬从而减少HIF-1-alpha蛋白的降解,但是miR-147a 作用靶点的分子机制需要进一步研究。     

Cytotoxicity and apoptosis produced by troglitazone in human hepatoma cells.

Troglitazone is an antidiabetic agent that increases the insulin sensitivity of target tissues in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It has been reported that troglitazone causes severe hepatic injury in certain individuals. In the present study, the mechanism for the hepatic injury by troglitazone was investigated with human hepatoma cell lines. HepG2 cells were incubated with troglitazone, its metabolites M-1 (sulfate), M-2 (gulucronide), M-3 (quinone), and other thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone). Troglitazone exhibited time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and M-3 also exhibited weak cytotoxicity. Troglitazone induced apoptotic cell death characterized by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. As other thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, did not induce cell death and apoptosis in the present study, the affinity to PPARgamma may not affect the induction of apoptosis by troglitazone. These results suggest that troglitazone induces apoptotic hepatocyte death which it may be one of the factors of liver injury in humans.     

Autophagonizer, a novel synthetic small molecule, induces autophagic cell death

Autophagy is an apoptosis-independent mechanism of cell death that protects the cell from environmental imbalances and infection by pathogens. We identified a novel small molecule, 2-(3-Benzyl-4-oxo-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid (2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl)-amide (referred as autophagonizer), using high-content cell-based screening and the autophagosome marker EGFP-LC3. Autophagonizer inhibited growth and induced cell death in the human tumor cell lines MCF7, HeLa, HCT116, A549, AGS, and HT1080 via a caspase-independent pathway. Conversion of cytosolic LC3-I to autophagosome-associated LC3-II was greatly enhanced by autophagonizer treatment. Transmission electron microscopy and acridine orange staining revealed increased autophagy in the cytoplasm of autophagonizer-treated cells. In conclusion, autophagonizer is a novel autophagy inducer with unique structure, which induces autophagic cell death in the human tumor cell lines.     

Troglitazone sensitizes tumor cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via down-regulation of FLIP and Survivin

Induction of apoptosis by the death ligand TRAIL might be a promising therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. However, since not all tumor cells are sensitive to TRAIL, there is a need for the development of strategies to overcome TRAIL-resistance. The results of the present study show that the anti-diabetic drug troglitazone sensitizes human glioma and neuroblastoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. This process is accompanied by a substantial increase of active caspase 8 and active caspase 3, but it is independent of troglitazone's effects on the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ. Troglitazone induces a pronounced reduction in protein expression levels of the anti-apoptotic FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) without affecting FLIP mRNA levels. Further, protein and mRNA expression levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Survivin significantly decrease upon treatment with troglitazone. Moreover, sensitization to TRAIL is partly accompanied by an up-regulation of the TRAIL receptor, TRAIL-R2. A combined treatment with troglitazone and TRAIL might be a promising experimental therapy because troglitazone sensitizes tumor cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via various mechanisms, thereby minimizing the risk of acquired tumor cell resistance. This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Krebshilfe (German Cancer Aid, Max Eder Program).     

Troglitazone can prevent development of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice.

Recent investigations suggest that cytotoxic cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta or free radicals play an essential role in destruction of pancreatic beta cells in Type 1 diabetes and that, therefore, anti-oxidant or anti-TNF alpha and IL-1beta therapy could prevent the development of Type I diabetes. Troglitazone belongs to a novel class of antidiabetic agent possessing the ability to enhance insulin action provably through activating PPAR gamma and to scavenge free radicals. In the present study, we examined whether troglitazone can prevent the development of Type 1 diabetes in multiple, low-dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ)-injected mice. In addition, effects of troglitazone on cytokine-induced pancreatic beta cell damage were examined in vitro. Type 1 diabetes was induced by MLDSTZ injection to DBA/2 mice (40 mg/kg/day for 5 days). Troglitazone was administered as a 0.2% food admixture (240 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks from the start of or immediately after STZ injection. MLDSTZ injection elevated plasma glucose to 615 +/- 8 mg/dl 4 weeks after final STZ injection and was accompanied by infiltration of leukocytes to pancreatic islets (insulitis). Troglitazone treatment with MLDSTZ injection prevented hyperglycemia (230 +/- 30 mg/dl) and, suppressed insulitis and TNF alpha production from intraperitoneal exudate cells. TNF alpha (10 pg/ml) and IL-1beta (1 pg/ml) addition to hamster insulinoma cell line HIT-T15 for 7 days in vitro decreased insulin secretion and cell viability. Simultaneous troglitazone addition (0.03 to approximately 3 microM) significantly improved cytokine-induced decrease in insulin secretion and in cell viability. These findings suggest that troglitazone prevents the development of Type 1 diabetes in the MLDSTZ model by suppressing insulitis associated with decreasing TNF alpha production from intraperitoneal exudate cells and the subsequent TNF alpha and IL-1beta-induced beta cell damage.     

Troglitazone inhibits endothelial cell proliferation through suppression of casein kinase 2 activity

Troglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), has been reported to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation by suppressing Akt activation. Recently, it has been also proposed that phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) plays an important role in such effect of troglitazone. However, the mechanism of how troglitazone regulates PTEN remains to be elucidated. We therefore investigated the effects of troglitazone on casein kinase 2 (CK2), which is known to negatively regulate PTEN activity. Troglitazone significantly inhibited serum-induced proliferation of HUVEC in a concentration dependent manner. Serum-induced Akt and its downstream signaling pathway activation was attenuated by troglitazone (10 microM) pretreatment. The phosphorylation of PTEN, which was directly related to Akt activation, was decreased with troglitazone pretreatment and was inversely proportional to CK2 activity. DRB, a CK2 inhibitor, also showed effects similar to that of troglitazone on Akt and its downstream signaling molecules. In conclusion, our results suggest that troglitazone inhibits proliferation of HUVECs through suppression of CK2 activity rendering PTEN to remain activated, and this effect of troglitazone in HUVECs seems to be PPARgamma independent.     

Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of 4-anilino-n-methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives (n=6, 7). Part 5

A series of 27 differently substituted 4-anilinofuro[2,3-b]quinolines were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against the HeLa, SKHep1, SAS, AGS, A549, and CE81T cell lines, cancers commonly found in Asian countries. Among the compounds tested, 1-{4-[(3-chloro-7-methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolin-4-yl)amino]phenyl}ethanone (1) was the most potent, with IC(50) values of 3.1, 3.0, and 4.2 microM, resp., against the growth of HeLa, SKHep, and CE81T cells. Compound 1 was, thus, further evaluated by flow cytometry to evaluate its effect on the cell-cycle distribution of HeLa cells. Our results indicated that 1 readily induces cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, followed by DNA fragmentation and, ultimately, cell death.     

Troglitazone acutely activates AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibits insulin secretion from beta cells

Changes in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity contribute to the regulation of insulin secretion. Troglitazone has been shown to lower serum insulin levels and protect beta cell function. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of troglitazone on AMPK activity and insulin secretion in beta cells. Isolated rat islets and MIN6 cells were treated for a short (1 h) or a long time (20 h) with troglitazone. One-hour troglitazone treatment activated AMPK and inhibited both glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the response of insulin secretion to combined stimuli of glucose and palmitate. Long (20 h) treatment with troglitazone caused a sustained phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and increased GSIS after withdrawal of the drug. This study provided evidence that troglitazone activated AMPK in beta cells. In addition to the insulin-sensitizing effects in peripheral tissues, troglitazone also directly inhibits insulin hypersecretion by the elevated glucose and fatty acids, and thus protects beta cells from glucolipotoxicity.     

1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells by preventing microtubule polymerization

1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) is known as a specific inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Previously, however, ODQ was reported to induce cell death via sGC-dependent and sGC-independent means in a variety of cell types. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which ODQ induces cell death in HeLa cells.Treatment of HeLa cells with ODQ induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability over the range from 10 to 100 μM. DNA fragmentation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis using annexin V and propidium iodide staining revealed that ODQ triggered apoptosis at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM within 24 to 48 h. The addition of 8-Br-cGMP in the presence of ODQ failed to rescue HeLa cells from death, suggesting that the inhibition of sGC was not responsible for the pro-apoptotic action of ODQ. ODQ arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and caused disassembly of the microtubule network. This process was reversed by dithiothreitol. In addition, ODQ was shown to inhibit the polymerization of purified tubulin, and this was also prevented by dithiothreitol. These results indicate that ODQ inhibits microtubule assembly by direct oxidation of tubulin, induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and triggers apoptosis in HeLa cells.     

Glitazones regulate glutamine metabolism by inducing a cellular acidosis in MDCK cells

We studied the effect of the antihyperglycemic glitazones, ciglitazone, troglitazone, and rosiglitazone, on glutamine metabolism in renal tubule-derived Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Troglitazone (25 microM) enhanced glucose uptake and lactate production by 108 and 92% (both P < 0.001). Glutamine utilization was not inhibited, but alanine formation decreased and ammonium formation increased (both P < 0.005). The decrease in net alanine formation occurred with a change in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) reactants, from close to equilibrium to away from equilibrium, consistent with inhibition of ALT activity. A shift of glutamine's amino nitrogen from alanine into ammonium was confirmed by using L-[2-(15)N]glutamine and measuring the [(15)N]alanine and [(15)N]ammonium production. The glitazone-induced shift from alanine to ammonium in glutamate metabolism was dose dependent, with troglitazone being twofold more potent than rosiglitazone and ciglitazone. All three glitazones induced a spontaneous cellular acidosis, reflecting impaired acid extrusion in responding to both an exogenous (NH) and an endogenous (lactic acid) load. Our findings are consistent with glitazones inducing a spontaneous cellular acidosis associated with a shift in glutamine amino nitrogen metabolism from predominantly anabolic into a catabolic pathway.     

TMEM166, a novel transmembrane protein,regulates cell autophagy and apoptosis

Programmed cell death can be divided into apoptosis and autophagic cell death. We describe the biological activities of TMEM166 (transmembrane protein 166, also known as FLJ13391), which is a novel lysosome and endoplasmic reticulum-associated membrane protein containing a putative TM domain. Overexpression of TMEM166 markedly inhibited colony formation in HeLa cells. Simultaneously, typical morphological characteristics consistent with autophagy were observed by transmission electron microscopy, including extensive autophagic vacuolization and enclosure of cell organelles by double-membrane structures. Further experiments confirmed that the overexpression of TMEM166 increased the punctate distribution of MDC staining and GFP-LC3 in HeLa cells, as well as the LC3-II/LC3-I proportion. On the other hand, TMEM166-transfected HeLa and 293T cells succumbed to cell death with hallmarks of apoptosis including phosphatidylserine externalization, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, caspase activation and chromatin condensation. Kinetic analysis revealed that the appearance of autophagy-related biochemical parameters preceded the nuclear changes typical of apoptosis in TMEM166-transfected HeLa cells. Suppression of TMEM166 expression by small interference RNA inhibited starvation-induced autophagy in HeLa cells. These findings show for the first time that TMEM166 is a novel regulator involved in both autophagy and apoptosis.