角圆尾蚜属研究及一新种记述（同翅目：蚜科）

本文系统研究了角圆尾蚜属ＣｅｒｕｒａｐｈｉｓＢｏｒｎｅｒ, １９２６, 并描述了１新种：食沙棘角圆尾蚜ＣｅｒｕｒａｐｈｉｓｈｉｐｐｏｐｈａｅｔｒｏｐｈｉｓＺｈａｎｇ, ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．,给出了该属所有种类的分种检索表。新种与Ｃ． ｅａｓｔｏｐｉ近似,但尾片有毛９～１２根（后者５根）,触角末节端部约等于基部（后者４倍）。新种的模式标本存放于中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆。食沙棘角圆尾蚜ＣｅｒｕｒａｐｈｉｓｈｉｐｐｏｐｈａｅｔｒｏｐｈｉｓＺｈａｎｇ, 新种（图１）有翅孤雌蚜：活时体绿色,体长１．１７０、体宽０．４２０ｍ ｍ 。玻片标本头、胸黑色,触角、足和尾片灰色。额具中额瘤,额瘤不存在。触角５节,长０．７６０ｍ ｍ ,为体长的０．６５;节Ⅰ～Ⅴ比例：１３,１３,１００,４２,３５＋ ３５。触角次生感觉圈小圆形,节Ⅲ～Ⅵ分别有１６～２０,１～３个。腹管端部直径大于基部直径。雌性蚜：活时体绿色,体长１．５９０、体宽０．７４０ｍ ｍ 。额具中额瘤,额瘤不存在。头顶缘毛相当长,约为触角节Ⅲ直径的４．００～５．００倍。复眼无眼瘤。触角５节,长０．５８０ｍ ｍ ,为体长的０．３７;触角节Ⅰ～Ⅴ长度比例：２６,１８,１００,５８,５８＋     

中国斑蚜科一新属——群斑蚜属及新种记述（同翅目：蚜总科）

对中国斑蚜科 Drepanosiphidae叶蚜亚科 Phyllaphidinae叶蚜族 Phyllaphidini1新属——群斑蚜属 Thelazacallis Zhang进行了研究 ,提供了该新属的寄主植物、地理分布及其与近缘属的示差鉴别。同时记述 1新种——毛茛群斑蚜 Thelazacallis ranunculicolaQiao et Zhang。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆。群斑蚜属 Thelazacallis Zhang,新属模式种 :Thelazacallis ranunculicola Qiao et Zhang,sp.nov.本新属的胚胎和成蚜与新叶蚜属 N eophyllaphis Takahashi相近 ,但喙端部有次生毛 (后者无 ) ;尾片完整 (后者分裂呈双叶状 ) ;触角节 I短于节 II(后者长于 ) ;生殖突 3个(后者 4个 )。与迪叶蚜属 Diphyllaphis Takahashi在胚胎毛序、成蚜的触角、体蜡片、喙端节等方面十分接近 ,但复眼仅由 3个小眼面组成 (后者多于 3个 ) ;生殖突 3个 (后者 2个 )。毛茛群斑蚜 Thelazacallis ranunculicola Qiao et Zhang,新种 (图 1～ 9)正模 :无翅孤雌蚜 ,No.Y16 0 3- 1- 2 - 1,1979- - 1,四川 (西昌 ) ;常勇楠采 ;副模 :1头无翅孤雌蚜 ,其他同正模。寄主 :毛茛 Ranunculus sp.。本新种与新叶蚜属已知种和迪叶蚜属已知种的区别见群斑蚜属与新叶蚜属和迪叶蚜属的区别。     

中国蚜亚科新种记述(同翅目:蚜科)

本文记述我国蚜亚科(Aphidinae)蚜属(Aphis)4新种和二叉蚜属(Schizaphis)1新种。文中所用量度单位均为毫米。模式模本存中国科学院动物研究所。冻绿蚜Aphis utilis zhang,新种(图1) 本种在北京冻绿和其他鼠李属植物上大量发生。与泻鼠李定居蚜A.steinbergi ShaposhnikoV近缘,但触角6节(steinbergi,5或6节),触角为体长0.61(后者0.25—0.50),Ⅵ鞭部为其基部3.0(后者1.6—2.1)倍,为Ⅲ的1.4(后者0.79—0.91)倍;腹部Ⅰ缘毛为触角Ⅲ直径的3(后者1.5)倍。     

中国长管蚜亚科一新属新种记述(同翅目:蚜科)(英文)

本文记述了中国长管蚜亚科Macrosiphinae的一新属：朱囊管蚜属ChusiphunculaZhanggen.nov．和新种——珍珠梅朱囊管蚜ChusiphunculasorbarisuctaZhang,sp.nov.本属与囊管蚜属（RhopalosiphoninusBaker1920）近似,但可由以下特征区别：1）额瘤发达,内缘外倾,不粗糙（后者额瘤粗糙）,2）腹管约为体长的0．36倍（后者0．2－0．33）;3）尾片五边形（后者三角形）;4）有翅蚜触角第三节仅有少量约7个次生感觉圈（后者感觉圈10个以上）。模式标本存放中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。     

角倍蚜 Schlechtendalia chinensis(Bell)(Hemiptera:Pemphigidae)各蚜型触角感器的比较分析

本研究利用扫描电镜对角倍蚜各蚜型触角感器的超微结构、类型、分布和数量进行了比较分析。结果表明,角倍蚜的触角上着生4种类型的感器：毛形感器、原生感觉圈、感觉突及次生感觉圈,它们在各蚜型触角上的分布和数量各不相同。其中,毛形感器有TypeⅠ和TypeⅡ两种类型,各蚜型触角上均有分布;原生感觉圈主要分布于干母、无翅干雌、第三代有翅干雌若蚜以及性蚜的触角上,有两种类型：PrⅠ和PrⅡ,分别位于触角的末节和倒数第二节,其中,第三代有翅干雌若蚜的触角上仅存在PrⅠ,无PrⅡ;感觉突仅出现于第三代有翅干雌若蚜触角的第3~5节;次生感觉圈仅存在于有翅型春迁蚜和秋迁蚜触角的第3~5节,其面积约占触角鞭节面积的2/3。我们认为,各蚜型触角感器的差异可能与蚜虫的生境（瘿内或瘿外）、行为（如取食、交配）以及翅的有无（如寄主选择、迁飞等）有关。     

长白山地区食蚜蝇科二新种记述(双翅目,食蚜蝇科)

在整理吉林省长白山地区的食蚜蝇标本时,发现2新种,分别为拟食蚜蝇属1新种,郑氏拟蚜蝇Parasyrphus zhengi sp.nov.,新种近似直带拟蚜蝇Parasyrphus lineola(Zetterstedt,1843),但新种复眼裸,翅暗黑色,足被黑毛,中足胫节端部黑色;长角蚜蝇属1新种,黑缘长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum nigrimarginatum sp.nov.,新种近似侧宽长角蚜蝇Chrysotoxum fasciolatum(De Geer,1776),与C.fasicolatum的主要区别是新种腹部背板侧缘黑色,触角3节长度之比为1∶1∶4,后者腹部背板黑、黄相间,触角3节长度之比(背面观)约为0.8∶1.0∶3.0。本文除记述新种外,同时提供其特征图。模式标本保存在陕西理工学院动植物标本馆。     

中国伪短痣蚜属（蚜科：伪短痣蚜亚科）研究及新种记述

研究表明中国伪短痣蚜属（Aiceona Takahashi,1921)四个种,其中包括一个新种,长柄伪短痣蚜Aiceona longifestuca,sp.nov.和一个新记录种,日本伪短痣蚜Aiceona japonica Takahashi,1960,中记述了大隅伪短痣蚜Aiceona osugii Takahashi,1924的两种新型－雌性蚜和雄性蚜,长柄伪短痣蚜Aiceona longifestuca,sp.nov,正模：无翅孤雌蚜,No.Y2542-1-1-2,May15,1980,云南省宾川县,寄主植物未知;本新种因无翅孤雌蚜中胸腹岔具有长柄而得名,本新种与A.pallida Ghosh and Raychaudhuri 1972的不同在于：无翅孤雌：中胸腹岔具长槽（后：两臂分离）;喙端节为后足跗节Ⅱ的0．65倍,端部具有2根次生长（后：为0．95－1．0倍,有3对次生毛）;腹部背片Ⅰ-Ⅵ每节具有淡褐色缘斑,背片Ⅶ-Ⅷ全节具有淡褐色横带（后：体背除毛基斑外,无缘斑和横带）;体背毛长,腹部前几节背板毛长为触角节Ⅲ最宽直径的3．75倍,背片Ⅷ毛长为0.21mm（后：体背毛短,腹部前几节背板毛长为触角节Ⅲ最宽直径的2．5倍,背片Ⅷ毛长为0.14mm）。提供了该属中国已知种的两个分种检索表,各种提供了地理分布和寄生植物信息,新种和新型给出形态特征图,所有标本保存在中国科学院院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

拟爪绵蚜新属及三新种记述 (同翅目:蚜总科:瘿绵蚜科)

该文记述了瘿绵蚜科一新属拟爪绵蚜属ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．和这个属的二个新种,即十绵蚜Ｓ．ｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,九绵蚜Ｓ．ｎｏｖｅｎａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＨｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,另外还记述了爪绵蚜属ＡｐｈｉｄｏｕｎｇｕｉｓＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９６３一个新种,苹果根爪绵蚜Ａ．ｐｏｍｉｒａｄｉｃｏｌａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＨｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所．拟爪绵蚜新属ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．模式种：十绵蚜ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．本新属与爪绵蚜属ＡｐｈｉｄｏｕｎｇｕｉｓＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９６３和绵蚜属ＥｒｉｏｓｏｍａＬｅａｃｈ,１８１８有较近的亲缘关系,不同在于：有翅孤雌蚜腹管位于腹部背片Ⅵ,隆起,周围有毛环绕（前者：位于背片Ⅵ,不隆起,无毛环绕;后者：位于背片Ⅴ,隆起,有毛环绕）;触角稍长,至少为体长０．３５,具有线形次生感觉圈;后者：稍长,至少为体长０．４０,具有环形次生感觉圈）。十绵蚜ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ     

东北斑蚜科及蚜科新种及新纪录(同翅目:蚜总科)

本文记述我国东北地区斑蚜科一新种和蚜科一新种及一新纪录种。模式标本存中国科学院动物研究所。 椴绵叶蚜Sinishivaphis tilisucta Zhang新种(图1) 有翅孤雌蚜 活体灰绿,被白粉。体背及足股节、胫节有明显蜡片。腹部背片Ⅷ有一中瘤。喙不达中足基节。翊脉镶黑边如图所示。毛数:头背10,前胸背10,腹部背片Ⅰ—Ⅶ各4,Ⅷ6或7,触角节Ⅰ3,Ⅱ3或4,Ⅲ25—29,Ⅳ14—18,Ⅴ4或5,Ⅵ3+0,顶端3或4,喙节Ⅳ+Ⅴ10,附节Ⅰ7,尾片7,尾板15或16。触角次生感觉圈有睫:     

中国二叉蚜属研究及三新种记述 (同翅目:蚜科)(英)

本文记述中国二叉蚜属SchizaphisBruer6种,其中包括3新种：贴梗海棠二叉蚜Schizaphis（Schizaphis）chaenometicolaZhang,sp．nov．香草二叉蚜Schizaphis（Schizaphis）hierochlophagaZhangetChen,sp．nov．和长管二叉蚜Schizophis（Schizaphis）longituberclataZhangetQiao,sp．nov,并附亚属、种检索表。模式标本存放中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。贴梗海棠二叉蚜Schizapais（Schizaphis）chaenometicolaZhang,新种（图1）正模：无翅孤雌蚜,No．8101－1－11,甘肃：天水（北纬34．6°,东经105.7°）1580m,贴梗海棠Chaenomelesspeciosa（Sweet）,1985－VII－7,23,张广学、钟铁森;副模：7无翅孤雌蚜,其它同上。该种触角约为体长的0．50～0．70倍,腹管略长于尾片,与香草二叉蚜相近,但腹部各节无缘瘤,中胸腹盆两臂分离,寄主贴梗海棠和山丁子,使其不同于本属内任何种。香草二叉蚜Schizaphis（Schizaphis）hierochlophagaZhangetChen,新种（图2）正模：有翅孤雌蚜,No．Y2690－1－1－3,北京（北纬39．3°,东经116．4°）100m,香茅草Cymbopogonspp,1983－VI－2,张向才。副模：1有翅孤雌蚜,1无翅孤雌蚜,No．Y2690－11－2,其它同上。该种触角约为体长的0．64倍,有翅孤雌蚜触角3～5     

Materials for Chinese Phyllanthoideae

The present paper is part of taxonomic study on Chinese Phyllanthoideae. Included in it are two new varieties, Leptopus esquirolii var. villosus and Drypetes hainanensis var. longistipitata, one new combination, Glochidion triandrum var. siamense, and seven new records in China: Drypetes salicifolia, D. hoaensis. Actephila subsessilis, Glochidion khasicum, G. nubigennum, Bridelia spiosa and B. poilanei. In addition, seventeen taxon names are newly reduced: Liodendron formosanum = Drypetes formosana, Liodendron matsumurae = Drypetes matsumurae, D. longipes = D. indica, Antidesma paxii = A. acidum, A. hiiranense, A. filipes and A. pentandrum var. hiiranense = A. japonicum, A. calvescens = A. montanum, A. microphyllum = A. venosum, Breynia stipitata var. formosana and B. jormosana = B. vitis-idaea, Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum = G. hirsutum, G. rubidulum = G. thomsonii, G. acuminatum = G. triandrum, G. fagifolium and Phyllanthus fagifolius = Glochidion sphaerogynum, Bridelia penangiena = B. insulana, B. henryana = B. tomentosa. All the types are kept in SCBl and PE.     

Neutrino intergalactic communication,metal life,and viruses: Part 1 quo vadis ex machina

At one spectrum extreme, Astrobiology conjectures that for exoplanets with Goldilocks conditions, terrestrial-like life is inevitable. Moreover, it is envisaged that via panspermia, terrestrial-like life and its precursors are transferred among galaxies, stars, and within solar systems via transiting comets, asteroids, and planetoids. In addition, expelled stars, which have solar systems, it is inferred, transfer life as well. However, at the other extreme, we propose a paradigm shift that on some planets, subject to non- Goldilocks conditions, metal machine life could arise, ab initio, and evolve viruses, intelligence, and civilizations, conjointly. Accordingly, intelligent mechanized civilizations could readily and efficiently commence space exploration. Furthermore, as a counter paradigm shift, such civilizations could experiment and produce non-metallic life, based on carbon and other non-metal elements, under suitable conditions, related to Goldilocks life. Even a single example of validated interstellar or intergalactic communication received on the Earth would support the existence of life elsewhere. However, the communication platform should not be restricted to electromagnetic radiation. Other platforms should be included as well - one such example, which would require sophisticated technology, is neutrino communication. This is the case for any advanced civilization, be it metal-machine based, biological-based, and carbon-based. In sum, civilizations based on machine life, would be highly productive due to the longevity and hardiness of machine life. However, significant caveats are raised in this brief report, because possibly dissimilar psychologies and intelligence may lead to conflicts between metal machine life and biological life, inter-paradigm conflict.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Nicotinic Agonists, Antagonists, and Modulators From Natural Sources

1. Acetylcholine receptors were initially defined as nicotinic or muscarinic, based on selective activation by two natural products, nicotine and muscarine. Several further nicotinic agonists have been discovered from natural sources, including cytisine, anatoxin, ferruginine, anabaseine, epibatidine, and epiquinamide. These have provided lead structures for the design of a wide range of synthetic agents.2. Natural sources have also provided competitive nicotinic antagonists, such as the Erythrina alkaloids, the tubocurarines, and methyllycaconitine. Noncompetitive antagonists, such as the histrionicotoxins, various izidines, decahydroquinolines, spiropyrrolizidine oximes, pseudophrynamines, ibogaine, strychnine, cocaine, and sparteine have come from natural sources. Finally, galanthamine, codeine, and ivermectin represent positive modulators of nicotinic function, derived from natural sources.3. Clearly, research on acetylcholine receptors and functions has been dependent on key natural products and the synthetic agents that they inspired.     

Systematics and phylogeny of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with descriptions of a new genus and four new species from Indo-Pacific deep waters

The phylogenetic relationships of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are studied, based on the examination of the type species of all the genera previously described. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports that the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are a monophyletic group and the sister group of the clade formed by Astemnotus Ehrenberg, 1831 and Halgerda Bergh, 1880. Several genera previously considered as valid or regarded as uncertain are here synonymized: Peronodoris Bergh, 1904, Trippa Bergh, 1877, Phlegmodoris Bergh, 1878, Petelodoris Bergh, 1881, Kentrodoris Bergh, 1876, Audura Bergh, 1878, Centrodoris P. Fischer, 1883, Anisodoris Bergh, 1898, Awuka Er. Marcus, 1955, Rhabdochiia P. Fischer, 1883, Boreodoris Odhner, 1939, Dictyodoris Bergh, 1880, Gravieria Vayssiere, 1912, Aporodoris Ihering, 1886. The following genera are regarded as valid: Astemnotus, Atagema J.E. Gray, 1850, Jorunna Bergh, 1876, Platydoris Bergh, 1877, Diaulula Bergh, 1878, Rostanga Bergh, 1879, Halgerda Bergh, 1880, Baptodoris Bergh, 1884, Gargamella Bergh, 1894, Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904, Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904, Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955, Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977. The new genus Nophodoris is described based on two new species from New Caledonia deep waters. Two additional new species from New Caledonia belonging to the genera Atagema and Gargamella are also described. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are discussed, and several type species, neotypes and lectotypes are selected.     

Revision of the Malagasy genus Trichoteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea, Platygastridae)

The species of the genus Trichoteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) are revised: 42 species are recognized, of which two were previously named and are redescribed: Trichoteleia afo Talamas, sp. n., Trichoteleia albidipes Kieffer, Trichoteleia bicolor Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia bidentata Talamas sp. n.; Trichoteleia carinata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia cincta Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia delilah Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia eburata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia echinata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia fisheri Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia funesta Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia halterata Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia hemlyae Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia irwini Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia janus Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia jiro Talamas, sp. n.; T. ketrona Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia levii Talamas & Johnson, sp. n.; Trichoteleia longiventris Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia minima Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia nify Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia oculea Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia orona Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia parvipennis Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia pauliani (Risbec); Trichoteleia picturata Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia prima Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia prolixa Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia quazii Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia ravaka Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia rugifrons Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia solocis Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia sphaerica Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia subtilis Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tahotra Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia takariva Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tezitra Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tigris Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia tonsa Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia warreni Talamas & Masner, sp. n.; Trichoteleia xantrox Talamas, sp. n.; Trichoteleia zuparkoi Talamas & Masner, sp. n. A neotype is designated for Trichoteleia albidipes and a lectotype is designated for Trichoteleia pauliani.     

Oxypred： Prediction and Classification of Oxygen-Binding Proteins

This study describes a method for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding pro- teins. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) modules were developed using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition for predicting oxygen-binding pro- teins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 85.5% and 87.8%, respectively. Sec- ondly, an SVM module was developed based on amino acid composition, classify- ing the predicted oxygen-binding proteins into six classes with accuracy of 95.8%, 97.5%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 99.4%, and 96.0% for erythrocruorin, hemerythrin, hemo- cyanin, hemoglobin, leghemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins, respectively. Finally, an SVM module was developed using dipeptide composition for classifying the oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 96.1%, 98.7%, 98.7%, 85.6%, 99.6%, and 93.3% for the above six classes, respectively. All modules were trained and tested by five-fold cross validation. Based on the above approach, a web server Oxypred was developed for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins(available from http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/oxypred/).     

Mating systems of some putative polypore — agaric relatives

Mating systems are reported for taxa of polypores and agarics considered related. Taxa areDictyopanus pusillus, Favolus alveolaris, F. tenuiculus, Lentinus bertierii, L. crinitis, L. punctaticeps, L. strigellus, L. strigosus, L. suavissimus, Pleurotus australis, P. levis, P. tuberregium, Polyporus ciliatus, P. elegans, P. squamosus, andP. varius. All are tetrapolar exceptP. elegans.     

Some New Taxa and Records of Characeae in Hunan,China

In this paper, one new species, four new varieties and thirteen new records of Characeae from Hunan, China, are reported. They are Chara quadriscutulum, sp. nov., Nitella axilliformis var. biformis, var. nov., N. microcarpa var. unicarpa, var. nov., Chara braunii var. cylindrospora, var. nov., C. hydropitys var. hunanensis, var. nov., Nitella microcarpa Braun, N. leptoclada Braun, N. annandalei Pal, N. confervacea A. Braun, N. gracilliformis J. Groves, N. inversa Imahori, N. musashiensis Morioka, N. paucicostata T. F. Allen, N. acuminata var. gollmeriana (A. Br.) Zanev. et Wood, Tolypella boldii Sawa. Chara longifolia Robinson, C. pistianensis J. Vilhelm, C. grovesii Pal.