双点突变核糖核酸酶抑制因子在毕赤酵母中的表达及对抗氧化能力的影响

人胎盘核糖核酸酶抑制因子(HRI)是一种存在于细胞浆中的50 kDa的酸性蛋白质,富含亮氨酸和半胱氨酸。作为胞浆蛋白可保护细胞不受外来的胰RNase的侵袭。HRI有32个半胱氨酸残基,且多数半胱氨酸残基是成对的并在序列上相连。文章用丙氨酸同时取代cys328/cys329,并将此双突变的HRI的cDNA片段构建于质粒pPIC9K,电击转化入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115中,进行分泌型表达。对表达产物进行亲和层析纯化及抗氧化活性检测。实验结果表明,双点突变后的HRI对RNase A的亲和力几乎没有影响,但其抗氧化能力却增加7～9倍。此种抗氧化能力的提高可能是因为在cys328-cys329之间不能形成二硫键而稳定了HRI的三维结构所致。     

血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子N端部分缺失对生物活性的影响

血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子 (vascularendothelialcellgrowthinhibitor,VEGI)是近年来发现的一类TNF家族新成员 ,具有抑制内皮细胞增殖与新血管生成的作用。为了探讨VEGI蛋白N端对其活性的影响 ,进行了VEGI与TNF家族成员基于结构知识的一级结构序列联配 ,在此基础上构建、表达了N端缺失 43与 5 1个氨基酸的VEGI突变体。N端缺失 43个氨基酸的VEGI(VEGI131)表达量占总菌体蛋白质的 2 5 .2 % ,N端缺失 5 1个氨基酸的VEGI(VE GI12 3)表达量为 2 7.8% ,纯化后纯度分别为 92 .5 % (VEGI131)和 91.6 % (VEGI12 3)。VEGI131可明显抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞 (HUVEC)增殖 ,IC50 约为 35mg/L ,而VEGI12 3在同样条件下几乎无抑制作用 ,野生型VEGI即N端缺失 2 3个氨基酸的VEGI(VEGI151,由作者实验室制备 )IC50 约为 2 7mg/L。鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜血管生成实验证明 ,VEGI151可使主血管数显著减少 ,VEGI131可使主血管变细 ,毛细血管数减少 ,而VEGI12 3 与对照组相比无明显变化。体内外研究显示VEGI活性从高到低依次为 :VEGI151>VEGI131>VEGI12 3。结果提示 :VEGI的N端前 43个氨基酸对活性无明显影响 ,而第 44～ 5 1位氨基酸对其生物活性的发挥具有重要作用。     

亨廷顿舞蹈病致病蛋白氨基端出核序列的研究及其对聚集体的影响

亨廷顿舞蹈病是一种常染色体显性遗传的神经变性疾病.其致病基因为IT15,其编码的蛋白为亨廷顿蛋白.IT15基因1号外显子含有多态性三核苷酸（胞嘧啶-腺嘌呤-鸟嘌呤（CAG））重复序列,当CAG重复拷贝数大于37时引起发病.亨廷顿蛋白羧基端存在一个明确的、经典的出核信号,而新近的报道指出该蛋白的氨基端也存在一个胞浆定位相关功能域.通过对亨廷顿蛋白氨基端的部分氨基酸缺失和点突变等方式来研究该功能域,继而用免疫荧光和Western等技术观察该蛋白表达、聚集物形成和细胞内定位.结果发现,4～17个氨基酸是亨廷顿蛋白胞浆定位所必需的.L4R和L7R（由疏水氨基酸变为亲水氨基酸）的突变方式会导致1～17个氨基酸胞浆定位功能的缺失,而L4M和M8L（均为疏水氨基酸）的突变方式并未影响1～17个氨基酸的胞浆定位功能,说明其胞浆定位功能的维系依赖于该段序列的空间结构.前3个氨基酸的缺失并未影响前17个氨基酸与线粒体的共定位.同时观察到,该胞浆定位序列的功能缺失将导致异常增多的CAG重复所致的聚集物总量减少、定位于核内的比例增高,表明亨廷顿蛋白在细胞内的分布一定程度上也影响了聚集物的形成过程.这些结果对进一步研究聚集物的分子机制有一定的启示作用.     

激素和活性多肽

924384在解淀粉芽抱杆菌中克隆和表达低妥白酶活性的人胰岛案漂甚因〔俄〕/Selivanova,G.N.…IB iotekhnologiya一1992,i一9~13[译自DBA,1992,11(11),92一06143〕 通过连续UV诱变,分离出缺失外蛋白酶活性的解淀粉芽抱杆菌A50的突变株。突变株的蛋白酶活性仅是A50的1八00和1/10。。。突变株GT32和GT74映乏中性和碱性主要蛋白酶,只能生产少量次要蛋白酶。用载体质粒pBA13。转化这些突变株,并在该菌a一淀粉酶基因的启动子、核糖体结合位点和信号肤的调控下表达。质粒pBA130由解淀粉芽抱杆菌载体质粒pBA91和pBINSI构建而成,含有人胰…     

SMAD3介导TGF-β1抑制MMP9在COS7细胞中的表达

用明胶酶谱的方法检查了野生型和Smad3ex8 ex8纯合突变小鼠血清中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP9)的活性 .发现突变小鼠血清中MMP9的含量较正常小鼠的明显增高 ,提示SMAD3有抑制MMP9表达的功能 .通过细胞转染实验证实 ,TGF β1和野生型的SMAD3可以抑制COS7细胞分泌MMP9,而C端缺失的突变型Smad3基因过表达可以解除这种抑制作用 ,说明SMAD3介导TGF β1信号抑制MMP9在COS7细胞中的表达 .     

耐热碱性磷酸酯酶的功能结构域的定位

 为了确定耐热碱性磷酸酯酶 (TAPND2 7)发挥活性所必需的功能结构域 ,通过 PCR介导的诱变缺失 ,得到了 N端分别缺失 8、1 6、2 5个氨基酸的 3个缺失体 p TAPN8、p TAPN1 6和p TAPN2 5以及 C端分别缺失 1 0和 30个氨基酸的两个缺失体 p TAPC1 0和 p TAPC30 .经表达和活性测定 ,发现 p TAPN8和 TAPC1 0保持了较高的活性而其余 3个缺失体则失去酶活性 .据此 ,TAPND2 7的活性区域被定位在 8～ 465氨基酸之间 .在分离纯化的基础上测定了一些酶学性质 .发现 TAPN8和 TAPC1 0的比活没有大的改变 ,Tm 下降了 5.5℃ ;TAPN8的最适反应温度上升了1 0℃ .结果提示了 N端和 C端的这些氨基酸残基对热稳定性有一定的贡献 ,N端氨基酸残基还对酶的亲热性有贡献 .     

三个编码富含甘氨酸异构体的基因在棉花不同组织的差异表达

从棉花cDNA文库中分离了3个编码富含甘氨酸蛋白（glycine-rich proteins, GRPs）的基因,分别命名为GhGRP1、GhGRP2、GhGRP3.推断的编码蛋白质的氨基酸序列都富含甘氨酸,甘氨酸含量超过40%.而且GhGRP1和GhGRP2蛋白质序列同源性高达99%,仅在C末端有1个氨基酸残基（Arg/Pro）的差别.这3个蛋白在富含甘氨酸区相互显示较高的同源性,GhGRP1与GhGRP2达到100%,而GhGRP2与GhGRP3达到45.1%,但它们与基因数据库中其它蛋白质的同源性很低.根据结构域的组织特点,将GhGRP1和GhGRP2归为C端富含半胱氨酸结构域(C-cysteine-rich )类GRP,将GhGRP3归为N端有信号肽的GRP. GhGRP1和GhGRP2都含有12个GGX （此处X代表P/W/F）重复,GhGRP3含有22个GGX(此处X代表A/F/V/L/T/P)重复.此外,它们还含有不同数量GX, GGGX等的重复.实时RT-PCR分析表明,GhGRP1在花药中优势表达.GhGRP2在10 dpa(day post anthesis)胚珠中表达最强,10 dpa纤维和下胚轴次之,而在花药、根和花瓣中表达量相对较低.GhGRP3在花药,根和下胚轴中表达量较高,而在子叶,花瓣、纤维和胚珠中表达较低.上述结果表明, GhPRP基因家族的不同成员可能分别在棉花不同组织细胞的发育过程中发挥作用.     

核糖体蛋白质在翻译层次上调节λN基因表达的机理

报道大肠杆菌核糖体蛋白质S1 2或L2 4突变体均可以在翻译层次上抑制λN基因表达 .为研究其机理 ,用DNA外切酶Ⅲ(DNAExoⅢ)对λN lacZ融合基因上的λN基因部分进行了 5′→ 3′的缺失 ,以期改变λN基因的TIR(Translationalinitiationregion)或编码区 .经DNA序列分析共得到 2 3种缺失的λN lacZ融合基因 .比较它们在野生型菌株与核糖体蛋白质突变体内的β 半乳糖苷酶活性的结果表明 :( 1 )核糖体蛋白质S1 2突变体可以影响 30S小亚基同λN基因的TIR识别与结合 ,从而不利于 30S起始复合物形成 ,降低了翻译起始效率 ;( 2 )λN基因的编码区也是造成它在S1 2突变体内表达下降的原因 ;( 3)核糖体蛋白质L2 4突变体抑制λN基因表达的原因与翻译起始和λN基因 5′端的编码区无关 ,而可能与其 3′端结构基因有关     

保守的第52位色氨酸突变引起的胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段活性丧失

通过易错PCR方法建立了一个鼠肺不同长度的nGLP-1R(从第21个氨基酸开始到第145个氨基酸)的噬菌体随机突变展示肽库,通过噬菌体表面展示技术检测胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段(nGLP-1R)在缺失一段或两段基因后是否还具有结合Exendin-4的活性.经ELISA分析发现了一株无结合活性的突变株,命名为EP16.经测序比对,发现EP16缺失了前20个和后10个氨基酸,且第52位色氨酸突变为精氨酸.为确定EP16与Exendin-4无结合活性的原因,重新构建了无前20个和后10个氨基酸的EP16野生型及第52位色氨酸变为精氨酸的全长nGLP-1Rw52R与EP16进行对比分析.结果表明,EP16的活性丧失是由保守的第52位色氨酸突变为精氨酸引起的,缺失的前20个和后10个氨基酸没有影响其生物学活性.关键位点单个氨基酸残基的突变可以改变胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段整个蛋白质的生物学活性.     

肝细胞中活化转录因子ATF6抑制SREBP1的转录活性

内质网膜定位的活化转录因子ATF6和SREBP1均是经过蛋白酶切水解激活,激活后的ATF6(N)和SREBP1(N)进入细胞核内,分别指导内质网膜未折叠蛋白聚集反应相关基因和脂肪酸合成相关基因的表达.研究发现,肝细胞内葡萄糖饥饿激活ATF6并抑制SREBP1的转录活性及其靶基因的表达.过表达ATF6(N)能够抑制SREBP1介导的转录及其下游基因的表达.免疫共沉淀实验显示,ATF6(N)在细胞核内结合SREBP1(N),这种结合在无糖状况下增强.不同功能区缺失分析表明,ATF6和SREBP1通过亮氨酸拉链(leucinezipper)功能区相互作用.在葡萄糖饥饿状况下,ATF6对SREBP1转录活性的抑制保证了细胞基本生命活动所需要的能量.     

Anti-oxidative effect of ribonuclease inhibitor by site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Pichia pastoris

Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor(hRI)is an acidic protein of Mr-50kDa with unusually high contents of leucine and cysteine residues.It is a cytosolic protein that protects cells from the adventitious invasion of pancreatic-type ribonuclease.hRI has 32 cysteine residues,and the oxidative formation of disulfide bonds from those cysteine residues is a rapid cooperative process that inactivates hRI.The most proximal cysteine residues in native hRI are two pairs that are adjacent in sequence.In the present aork,two molecules of alanine substituting for Cys328 and Cys329 were performed by site-directed mutagenesis.The site-mutated RI cDNA was constructed into plasmid pPIC9K and then transformed Pichia pastoris GS115 by electroporation.After colony screening,the bacterium was cultured and the product Was purified with affinity chromatography.The affinity of the recombinant human RI with double site mutation was examined for RNase A and its anti-oxidative effect.Results indicated that there were not many changes in the affinity for RNase A detected when compared with the wild type of RI.But the capacity of anti-oxidative effect increased by 7～9 times.The enhancement in anti-oxidative efrect might be attributed to preventing the formation of disulfide bond between Cys328 and Cys329 and the three dimensional structure of RI was thereby maintained.     

Inhibition of human pancreatic ribonuclease by the human ribonuclease inhibitor protein

The ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) binds to members of the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) superfamily with an affinity in the femtomolar range. Here, we report on structural and energetic aspects of the interaction between human RI (hRI) and human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase 1). The structure of the crystalline hRI x RNase 1 complex was determined at a resolution of 1.95 A, revealing the formation of 19 intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving 13 residues of RNase 1. In contrast, only nine such hydrogen bonds are apparent in the structure of the complex between porcine RI and RNase A. hRI, which is anionic, also appears to use its horseshoe-shaped structure to engender long-range Coulombic interactions with RNase 1, which is cationic. In accordance with the structural data, the hRI.RNase 1 complex was found to be extremely stable (t(1/2)=81 days; K(d)=2.9 x 10(-16) M). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments enabled the identification of two cationic residues in RNase 1, Arg39 and Arg91, that are especially important for both the formation and stability of the complex, and are thus termed "electrostatic targeting residues". Disturbing the electrostatic attraction between hRI and RNase 1 yielded a variant of RNase 1 that maintained ribonucleolytic activity and conformational stability but had a 2.8 x 10(3)-fold lower association rate for complex formation and 5.9 x 10(9)-fold lower affinity for hRI. This variant of RNase 1, which exhibits the largest decrease in RI affinity of any engineered ribonuclease, is also toxic to human erythroleukemia cells. Together, these results provide new insight into an unusual and important protein-protein interaction, and could expedite the development of human ribonucleases as chemotherapeutic agents.     

Compensating effects on the cytotoxicity of ribonuclease A variants

Ribonuclease (RNase) A can be endowed with cytotoxic activity by enabling it to evade the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI). Enhancing its conformational stability can increase further its cytotoxicity. Herein, the A4C/K41R/G88R/V118C variant of RNase A was created to integrate four individual changes that greatly decrease RI affinity (K41R/G88R) and increase conformational stability (A4C/V118C). Yet, the variant suffers a decrease in ribonucleolytic activity and is only as potent a cytotoxin as its precursors. Thus, individual changes that increase cytotoxicity can have offsetting consequences. Overall, cytotoxicity correlates well with the maintenance of ribonucleolytic activity in the presence of RI. The parameter (k(cat)/K(m))(cyto), which reports on the ability of a ribonuclease to manifest its ribonucleolytic activity in the cytosol, is especially useful in predicting the cytotoxicity of an RNase A variant.     

A ribonuclease A variant with low catalytic activity but high cytotoxicity

Onconase, a homolog of ribonuclease A (RNase A) with low ribonucleolytic activity, is cytotoxic and has efficacy as a cancer chemotherapeutic. Here variants of RNase A were used to probe the interplay between ribonucleolytic activity and evasion of the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) in the cytotoxicity of ribonucleases. K41R/G88R RNase A is a less active catalyst than G88R RNase A but, surprisingly, is more cytotoxic. Like Onconase, the K41R/G88R variant has a low affinity for RI, which apparently compensates for its low ribonucleolytic activity. In contrast, K41A/G88R RNase A, which has the same affinity for RI as does the K41R/G88R variant, is not cytotoxic. The nontoxic K41A/G88R variant is a much less active catalyst than is the toxic K41R/G88R variant. These data indicate that maintaining sufficient ribonucleolytic activity in the presence of RI is a requirement for a homolog or variant of RNase A to be cytotoxic. This principle can guide the design of new chemotherapeutics based on homologs and variants of RNase A.     

KFERQ sequence in ribonuclease A-mediated cytotoxicity.

Onconase(ONC) is an amphibian ribonuclease that is in clinical trials as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. ONC is a homolog of ribonuclease A (RNase A). RNase A can be made toxic to cancer cells by replacing Gly(88) with an arginine residue, thereby enabling the enzyme to evade the endogenous cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI). Unlike ONC, RNase A contains a KFERQ sequence (residues 7-11), which signals for lysosomal degradation. Here, substitution of Arg(10) of the KFERQ sequence has no effect on either the cytotoxicity of G88R RNase A or its affinity for RI. In contrast, K7A/G88R RNase A is nearly 10-fold more cytotoxic than G88R RNase A and has more than 10-fold less affinity for RI. Up-regulation of the KFERQ-mediated lysosomal degradation pathway has no effect on the cytotoxicity of these ribonucleases. Thus, KFERQ-mediated degradation does not limit the cytotoxicity of RNase A variants. Moreover, only two amino acid substitutions (K7A and G88R) are shown to endow RNase A with cytotoxic activity that is nearly equal to that of ONC.     

Disruption of shape-complementarity markers to create cytotoxic variants of ribonuclease A

Onconase (ONC), an amphibian member of the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) superfamily, is in phase III clinical trials as a treatment for malignant mesothelioma. RNase A is a far more efficient catalyst of RNA cleavage than ONC but is not cytotoxic. The innate ability of ONC to evade the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) is likely to be a primary reason for its cytotoxicity. In contrast, the non-covalent interaction between RNase A and RI is one of the strongest known, with the RI.RNase A complex having a K(d) value in the femtomolar range. Here, we report on the use of the fast atomic density evaluation (FADE) algorithm to identify regions in the molecular interface of the RI.RNase A complex that exhibit a high degree of geometric complementarity. Guided by these "knobs" and "holes", we designed variants of RNase A that evade RI. The D38R/R39D/N67R/G88R substitution increased the K(d) value of the pRI.RNase A complex by 20 x 10(6)-fold (to 1.4 microM) with little change to catalytic activity or conformational stability. This and two related variants of RNase A were more toxic to human cancer cells than was ONC. Notably, these cytotoxic variants exerted their toxic activity on cancer cells selectively, and more selectively than did ONC. Substitutions that further diminish affinity for RI (which has a cytosolic concentration of 4 microM) are unlikely to produce a substantial increase in cytotoxic activity. These results demonstrate the utility of the FADE algorithm in the examination of protein-protein interfaces and represent a landmark towards the goal of developing chemotherapeutics based on mammalian ribonucleases.     

Intraspecies regulation of ribonucleolytic activity

The evolutionary rate of proteins involved in obligate protein-protein interactions is slower and the degree of coevolution higher than that for nonobligate protein-protein interactions. The coevolution of the proteins involved in certain nonobligate interactions is, however, essential to cell survival. To gain insight into the coevolution of one such nonobligate protein pair, the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) proteins and secretory pancreatic-type ribonucleases from cow (Bos taurus) and human (Homo sapiens) were produced in Escherichia coli and purified, and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. The two intraspecies complexes were found to be extremely tight (bovine Kd = 0.69 fM; human Kd = 0.34 fM). Human RI binds to its cognate ribonuclease (RNase 1) with 100-fold greater affinity than to the bovine homologue (RNase A). In contrast, bovine RI binds to RNase 1 and RNase A with nearly equal affinity. This broader specificity is consistent with there being more pancreatic-type ribonucleases in cows (20) than humans (13). Human RI (32 cysteine residues) also has 4-fold less resistance to oxidation by hydrogen peroxide than does bovine RI (29 cysteine residues). This decreased oxidative stability of human RI, which is caused largely by Cys74, implies a larger role for human RI as an antioxidant. The conformational and oxidative stabilities of both RIs increase upon complex formation with ribonucleases. Thus, RI has evolved to maintain its inhibition of invading ribonucleases, even when confronted with extreme environmental stress. That role appears to take precedence over its role in mediating oxidative damage.     

High-level soluble production and characterization of porcine ribonuclease inhibitor.

Ribonucleases can be cytotoxic if they retain their ribonucleolytic activity in the cytosol. The cytosolic ribonucleolytic activity of ribonuclease A (RNase A) and other pancreatic-type ribonucleases is limited by the presence of excess ribonuclease inhibitor (RI). RI is a 50-kDa cytosolic scavenger of pancreatic-type ribonucleases that competitively inhibits their ribonucleolytic activity. RI had been overproduced as inclusion bodies, but its folding in vitro is inefficient. Here, porcine RI (pRI) was overproduced in Escherichia coli using the trp promoter and minimal medium. This expression system maintains pRI in the soluble fraction of the cytosol. pRI was purified by affinity chromatography using immobilized RNase A and by anion-exchange chromatography. The resulting yield of 15 mg of purified RI per liter of culture represents a 60-fold increase relative to previously reported recombinant DNA systems. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the thermal denaturation of pRI, RNase A, and the pRI-RNase A complex. The conformational stability of the complex is greater than that of the individual components.     

Anti-oxidative effect of ribonuclease inhibitor by site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Pichia pastoris

Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor (hRI) is an acidic protein of Mr∼50kDa with unusually high contents of leucine and cysteine residues. It is a cytosolic protein that protects cells from the adventitious invasion of pancreatic-type ribonuclease. hRI has 32 cysteine residues, and the oxidative formation of disulfide bonds from those cysteine residues is a rapid cooperative process that inactivates hRI. The most proximal cysteine residues in native hRI are two pairs that are adjacent in sequence. In the present aork, two molecules of alanine substituting for Cys328 and Cys329 were performed by site-directed mutagenesis. The site-mutated RI cDNA was constructed into plasmid pPIC9K and then transformed Pichia pastoris GS115 by electroporation. After colony screening, the bacterium was cultured and the product was purified with affinity chromatography. The affinity of the recombinant human RI with double site mutation was examined for RNase A and its anti-oxidative effect. Results indicated that there were not many changes in the affinity for RNase A detected when compared with the wild type of RI. But the capacity of anti-oxidative effect increased by 7∼9 times. The enhancement in anti-oxidative effect might be attributed to preventing the formation of disulfide bond between Cys328 and Cys329 and the three dimensional structure of RI was thereby maintained. __________ Translated from HEREDITAS, 2005, 27(2) [译自: 遗传,2005,27(2)]