老龄大鼠海马CA_3区神经元的酶细胞化学改变及人参茎叶皂甙的抗衰老作用

本实验应用酶细胞化学方法观察了老龄大鼠海马ＣＡ３区神经元的琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）,酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰａｓｅ）的衰老变化,同时对比观察了人参茎叶皂甙的抗衰老作用。实验数据由彩色显微图像分析系统进行定量分析。实验结果提示老龄时海马ＣＡ３区神经元ＳＤＨ酶活性减弱,ＡＣＰａｓｅ活性增强。而人参茎叶皂甙具有促进神经元ＳＤＨ酶活性,降低ＡＣＰａｓｅ活性的作用。本结果为老龄时学习记忆能力下降及人参茎叶皂甙延缓衰老提供了一定的酶细胞化学变化的依据。     

一氧化氮合酶在豚鼠听觉核团的分布

为了研究一氧化氮合酶（ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅｓｙｔｈａｓｅ,ＮＯＳ）在听觉核团的分布特点,探讨一氧化氮（ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｅｄｅ,ＮＯ）在听觉径路中的作用,本文采用ＮＡＤＰＨ硫辛酸胺脱氢酶（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学方法,研究了豚鼠听觉核团内ＮＯＳ的分布。结果发现,在各级听觉传入核团,均有ＮＯＳ阳性神经元,而上橄榄复合体ＮＯＳ反应阴性。耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元主要集中在耳蜗后腹核,为圆形或椭圆形双极神经元。下丘ＮＯＳ阳性反应神经元位于下丘中央核团,胞体形状和大小不一。内侧膝状体背侧核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元相对集中,多为双极神经元,部分神经元突起很长,散在阳性纤维,部分阳性纤维穿行于内侧膝状体背侧核与内侧膝状体之间。本研究提示,ＮＯ可能是听觉中枢的神经递质或调质,参与声信号传递的调节。     

神经干细胞定向分化过程中溶酶体表达变化的研究

目的对神经干细胞向神经元定向分化过程中溶酶体的表达变化进行观察研究。方法采用细胞培养技术、荧光免疫细胞化学技术以及光电镜酶细胞化学技术对神经干细胞向神经元定向分化过程中溶酶体的表达变化进行观察。结果在神经干细胞向神经元定向分化的过程中,随着细胞分化的不断成熟,溶酶体的表达亦发生着变化。分化初期主要以核周附近表达明显,至神经元分化成熟则散在分布于胞质中及突起内,且表现有圆形、线状两种形态。结论在神经干细胞向神经元定向分化过程中溶酶体发生表达分布的变化,说明其参与了细胞的代谢和细胞内物质的运输。     

家兔肠系膜上神经节注射HRP后脊神经节内标记细胞的节段分布

将ＨＲＰ（ｈｏｒｓｅｒａｄｉｓｈ ｐｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅ，辣根过氧化物酶）注入７只家兔肠系膜上神经节内，观察逆行标记神经元胞体在脊神经节内的节段性分布。结果显示，标记细胞见于双侧Ｔ５（胸５）－Ｌ３（腰３）脊神经节内，较集中地分布于Ｔ８－Ｔ１２节段，高峰在Ｔ９和Ｔ１０。两侧脊神经节内的标记细胞数及节段分布模式无显著差异。标记细胞散布于脊神经节各部，大都是５０μｍ以下的中，小型细胞。研究结果揭示了肠系膜     

非遗传性老年痴呆的动物模型及行为学,病理学改变

通过毁损Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠迈内特基底核（ｎｂＭ）建立非遗传性老年痴呆（ＡＤ）动物模型。用Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫、六胺银染色、ａｃｅｔｙｌｃｈｏｌｉｎｅｓｔｅｒａｓｅ（ＡＣｈＥ）细胞化学、β淀粉蛋白（βＡＰ）和τ蛋白免疫细胞化学及超微结构观察等方法进行行为学及病理学变化研究。结果证明：毁损ｎｂＭ鼠学习、记忆能力下降,乙酰胆碱酯酶ＡＣｈＥ锐减,βＡＰ和τ蛋白样免疫神经元增加,细胞水胞、溶解,溶酶体、微管增加     

正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的投射

本文采用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）逆行追踪技术结合硫辛酰胺脱氨酸（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学方法,研究正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的上行投射特点。探讨耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元在听觉信号传递中的可能作用。结果表明,一侧上橄榄复合体加压注射ＨＲＰ后,两侧耳蜗核均出现ＨＲＰ标记细胞,同侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞较多占８２．６３％,并可见ＨＲＰ阳性纤维和终末包绕ＮＯＳ阳性胞体,对侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞相对较少,仅占１４．８７％。一侧下丘加压注入ＨＲＰ后两侧耳蜗核均无ＨＲＰ－ＮＯＳ双标细胞。结果提示,耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元向上橄榄复合体投射,可能具有调节听觉声信号传递的作用     

大鼠内侧隔核、斜角带中NOS与ChAT、NGF-R、AChE的共存神经元

用酶组织化学和免疫组织化学双标技术,观察了正常ＳＤ大鼠基底前脑内侧隔核（ＭＳ）、斜角带垂直支（ＶＤＢ）和水平支（ＨＤＢ）中ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的形态和分布及ＮＯＳ与胆碱能神经元标志物ＣｈＡＴ、ＮＧＦ受体（ＮＧＦ－Ｒ）和ＡＣｈＥ之间的共存关系。结果发现,ＭＳ、ＶＤＢ和ＨＤＢ的头端ＮＯＳ阳性神经元较多、胞体较大、突起多,尾端ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目较少、胞体较小、突起少而短。ＮＯＳ＋ＣｈＡＴ双标神经元占ＮＯＳ阳性神经元总数的９０％,占ＣｈＡＴ阳性神经元总数的３９％;ＮＯＳ＋ＮＧＦ－Ｒ双标神经元占ＮＯＳ阳性神经元总数的８３％,占ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元总数的４０％;ＮＯＳ＋ＡＣｈＥ双标神经元占ＮＯＳ阳性神经元总数的９６％,占ＡＣｈＥ阳性神经元总数的３９％。这些结果为研究Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ病理过程中基底前脑隔区胆碱能神经元退变与ＮＯ的关系提供了形态学依据。     

五种酶组织化学方洁显示大鼠海马微血管的比较

本文对１０例成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠海马,应用过氧化物酶二氨基联苯胺（ＤＡＢ）法、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＩＰ）、镁离子激活的三磷酸腺苷酶（Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）、钙离子激活的三磷酸腺昔酶（Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）和５’－核苷酸酶（５’－Ｎａｓｅ）等酶组织化学方法显示其微血管,并应用体视学方法测算,比较上述方法显示微血管的效果,结果表明：ＤＡＢ法显示微血管的效果最好,ＡＩＰ法次之,Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ法再次之。大鼠海马微血管Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ呈弱阳性,５‘－Ｎａｓｅ呈阴性。ＤＡＢ法和Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ法分别适宜作微血管长度密度和血管直径的定量分析。     

大鼠脊神经节内交感神经支配的荧光组织化学与HRP示踪观察

本研究应用乙醛酸诱发儿茶酚胺（ＣＡ）荧光技术观察大鼠肾上腺素（ＮＡ）能神经在脊神经节内的分布;并应用ＨＲＰ顺、逆行追踪技术对脊神经节内ＮＡ能神经纤维的起源及其与脊神经节神经元的关系进行了探讨。荧光组织化学观察发现、有些神经节神经元胞体周围分布有带膨体的ＮＡ能神经末梢;有的紧密围绕脊神经节细胞——卫星细胞复合体。颈上交感神经节内注射霍乱毒素Ｂ亚单位结合ＨＲＰ（ＣＢ┐ＨＲＰ）,在同侧Ｃ３～６节段脊神经节内可见标记的点状纤维末梢紧邻于节细胞旁。Ｔ１１～Ｌ２节段脊神经节内注射ＨＲＰ后,在同侧椎旁交感链（Ｔ９～Ｌ１）内可见标记的交感节后神经元胞体。上述实验结果表明,交感节后神经元发出节后纤维可直接到达脊神经节内,与节细胞发生接触。本研究提示、交感神经在脊神经节水平可能参与躯体初级传入信息的调制     

原代培养脊髓神经元线状溶酶体与细胞骨架蛋白-纽蛋白关系的研究

目的研究原代培养脊髓神经元线状溶酶体(nematolysosome)的形成与分布及其与细胞骨架蛋白-纽蛋白(vinculin)的关系.方法用细胞松弛素D(cytochalasin D,CD)及佛波醇酯(phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)处理原代培养脊髓神经元,用免疫荧光双标记纽蛋白及组织蛋白酶D(cathepsin D)、酸性磷酸酶(ACPase)、电镜细胞化学及共焦激光扫描显微镜方法研究线状溶酶体与纽蛋白的关系.结果在正常对照组神经元,组织蛋白酶D(标记溶酶体)与纽蛋白分布于胞质及突起内;在CD及PMA处理神经元,纽蛋白及组织蛋白酶D的分布呈向心性移动,但集聚的部位不同;电镜酶细胞化学方法显示CD组及PMA组神经元内线状溶酶体均增多.结论组织蛋白酶D及纽蛋白在培养脊髓神经元内协同分布,CD及PMA均可引起二者分布的变化,提示纽蛋白可通过增强细胞内吞体/溶酶体系统活动而使线状溶酶体增加,也可通过促进丝状肌动蛋白聚合而影响线状溶酶体的形成及运动.     

Density gradient separation of two populations of lysosomes from rat parotid acinar cells

Exocrine acinar cells possess two cytochemically distinct populations of secondary lysosomes. One population is Golgi associated and has demonstrable acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity, whereas the second is basally located and lacks AcPase activity but has trimetaphosphatase (TMPase) activity. The basal lysosomes are tubular in shape and rapidly label with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after intravenous injection. In the present study using isolated rat parotid acinar cells, the two lysosomal populations were separated by cell fractionation on Percoll density gradients and were analyzed biochemically and by EM cytochemistry. On 35% Percoll gradients, two peaks of AcPase and beta-hexosaminidase, both lysosomal marker enzymes, and succinic dehydrogenase, an enzyme marker for mitochondria, could be resolved. The major peaks of beta-hexosaminidase and succinic dehydrogenase and the minor peak of AcPase corresponded with the dense lysosome fraction. The major peak of AcPase and the minor peaks for beta-hexosaminidase and succinic dehydrogenase coincided with the light membrane fraction. Galactosyl transferase (a marker enzyme for Golgi saccules) and 5'-nucleotidase (a plasma membrane marker) were also associated with this fraction. By electron microscopy, the light membrane fraction was seen to contain tubular elements, multivesicular bodies (MVB), Golgi saccules, GERL, immature secretory granules, and some mitochondria. Electron microscopic cytochemical examination showed that these tubular structures were lysosomes. The dense lysosome fraction contained lysosomes positive for both AcPase and TMPase. After continuous incubation of isolated acinar cells with HRP, reaction product was rapidly localized to the light membrane fraction (greater than 2 min), where it was found in vesicles and tubular lysosomes. By 10 min it was present in MVB and tubular lysosomes, but by 60 min no HRP reaction product had appeared in the dense lysosomes. These results demonstrate that the tubular lysosomes are separable from dense lysosomes, typical secondary lysosomes, and are involved in the initial stages of endocytosis.     

beta-NADPHase- and TMPase-positive "snake-like tubules" in the exocrine pancreas: cytochemical and immunocytochemical studies

Using five different protocols, two enzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate phosphohydrolase (beta-NADPHase) and sodium trimetaphosphatase (TMPase), were localized in the acinar cell of rat pancreas by ultrastructural cytochemistry. The beta-NADPHase cytochemical localization was realized at pH 4.8 and pH 3.9. At pH 4.8, the beta-NADPHase activity was found in the Golgi intermediate saccules, lysosomes, gland lumen, and tubular structures, described as snake-like tubules (Beaudoin AR, Grondin G, Lord A: Eur J Cell Biol 33:275, 1984; Beaudoin AR, Grondin G, Lord A, Pelletier M: In Proc 42nd Ann Meeting Electron Microscopy Soc Am. San Francisco Press, CA, 1984). There was no detectable beta-NADPHase activity at pH 3.9. The TMPase cytochemistry was done at pH 3.9 according to Oliver (J Histochem Cytochem 28:78, 1980) and at pH 3.9 and 4.8 with the medium described by Berg (J Histochem Cytochem 8:92, 1960). TMPase localization varied according to the protocols. It was found in tubular structures described as "basal lysosomes," lysosomes, and zymogen granules, whereas Golgi saccules were generally negative. Our observations showed that the structures identified as "basal elongated lysosomes" and revealed by TMPase (Oliver C: J Histochem Cytochem 28:78, 1980; J Histochem Cytochem 31:1209, 1983) were morphologically similar to snake-like tubules (SLT) revealed by beta-NADPHase. Relationships between SLT and mitochondria as well as lysosomes and plasma membranes were observed. Using amylase-specific antibodies, it was also shown, by the protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique, that SLT do not contain amylase and, in fasting conditions, would not be involved in the transport of secretory proteins.     

Cytochemical study of macrophage lysosomal inorganic trimetaphosphatase and acid phosphatase

Cytochemical investigations have associated acid inorganic trimetaphosphatase (TMPase) activity with the lysosomes of certain cell types. We have used the modified staining technique of Berg to show that this enzyme activity is present in normal mononuclear phagocytes and macrophage cell lines. We have found this enzyme activity to be present in murine RAW264 macrophages, in human U937 macrophages, in normal human blood monocytes, and in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. All of the RAW264 and U937 macrophages showed intense TMPase activity. Many of the human monocytes and most of the guinea pig macrophages were labeled by this method. The reaction product was associated with the lysosomes of these cell types. The lysosomal staining-pattern was similar to that of acid phosphatase. Differences with regard to Golgi staining were noted. This indicates that TMPase is a lysosomal enzyme of mammalian macrophages. The distinction between TMPase and acid phosphatase activity has been demonstrated by measuring the pH optimum of each enzyme. Using substrates identical to those of the ultrastructural cytochemistry, we show that the pH optimum of TMPase is 4.0 and that of acid phosphatase is 5.0. The enzymatic activities are therefore ultrastructurally and biochemically distinct. Following phagocytosis of latex, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), or Corynebacterium parvum, TMPase has been found to be associated with phagosomes. This enzyme may take part in the degradation of phagocytosed materials, particularly microorganisms which contain inorganic polyphosphates and metaphosphates.     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF INHIBITORY SYNAPSES IN THE CRAYFISH

Physiological investigations have shown that the synaptic input to the sensory neuron of the stretch receptor in the abdominal muscles of the crayfish is purely inhibitory. This neuron was chosen, therefore, as a site in which to study the fine structure of inhibitory synaptic endings. It was hoped that this fine structure might (a) provide a morphological prototype for the study of more complex synaptic systems and (b) reflect the inhibitory mechanisms. Stretch receptors were fixed in situ in buffered OsO₄, dehydrated, and embedded in Araldite. Both cross and longitudinal sections were examined after staining with phosphotungstic acid. The inhibitory endings were easily identified by their great similarity to previously described excitatory endings. Small circular profiles (synaptic vesicles) about 460 A in diameter and an accumulation of mitochondria were consistently observed within the presynaptic endings. An increased osmiophilia of pre- and postsynaptic membranes, where they were in apposition, was also seen. The only observed difference between these inhibitory endings and excitatory endings, described by other authors, was the variable presence of a latticework of 230 A tubules in the connective tissue immediately adjacent to the inhibitory endings. Inhibitory endings were observed on all parts of the sensory neuron except the axon.     

A COMPARISON OF THE AXONAL TRANSPORT OF TAURINE AND PROTEINS IN THE GOLDFISH VISUAL SYSTEM

Abstract— Radioactive cystathionine, a metabolic precursor of taurine, was injected into the right eye of goldfish. At various times after injection the retina and both optic tecta were extracted with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and the amount and nature of the radioactivity was determined. Radioactive taurine and inorganic sulfate were present in the TCA-soluble extract of retina and radioactive taurine and a small amount of inorganic sulfate was found in the contralateral optic tectum. That taurine is migrating intraaxonally and is not diffusing in extraaxonal spaces is suggested from experiments in which the migration of taurine was compared with that of [¹⁴C]mannitol, used here as a marker of extracellular diffusion. In the time studied (up to 15 h) mannitol did not migrate to the tectum, whereas taurine was detectable in the tectum as early as 8 h after injection. Since intra-axonal diffusion of amino acids and other small molecules in this system has been ruled out, it is likely that taurine is being transported axonally. The axonal transport of taurine was found to be similar to the fast component of protein transport because: (1) their rates of transport are similar, (2) the transport of both is blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, (3) vinblastine, which disrupts neurotubules, appears to have similar effects on both protein and taurine transport, and (4) both rapidly transported proteins and taurine remain mostly intra-axonal once they have been transported to the tectum. Taurine and proteins differ in that rapidly transported proteins are primarily paniculate in nature and localized to a large extent in nerve endings, while taurine is primarily in a soluble fraction and is present in nerve endings only in trace amounts. We suggest that taurine may be loosely linked to a newly synthesized protein in the soma and is then transported along with that protein on a similar conveying mechanism in the axoplasm.     

Axonal transport of the mitochondria-specific lipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, in the rat visual system

Rats 24 d old were injected intraocularly with [2-3H]glycerol and [35S]methionine and killed 1 h-60 d later. 35S label in protein and 3H label in total phospholipid and a mitochondria-specific lipid, diphosphatidylglycerol(DPG), were determined in optic pathway structures (retinas, optic nerves, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, and superior colliculi). Incorporation of label into retinal protein and phospholipid was nearly maximal 1 h postinjection, after which the label appeared in successive optic pathway structures. Based on the time difference between the arrival of label in the optic tract and superior colliculus, it was calculated that protein and phospholipid were transported at a rate of about 400 mm/d, and DPG at about half this rate. Transported labeled phospholipid and DPG, which initially comprised 3-5% of the lipid label, continued to accumulate in the visual structures for 6-8 d postinjection. The distribution of transported material among the optic pathway structures as a function of time differed markedly for different labeled macromolecules. Rapidly transported proteins distributed preferentially to the nerve endings (superior colliculus and lateral geniculate). Total phospholipid quickly established a pattern of comparable labeling of axon (optic nerve and tract) and nerve endings. In contrast, the distribution of transported labeled DPG gradually shifted toward the nerve ending and stabilized by 2-4 d. A model is proposed in which apparent "transport" of mitochondria is actually the result of random bidirectional saltatory movements of individual mitochondria which equilibrate them among cell body, axon, and nerve ending pools.     

大肠癌细胞GST-Pi免疫细胞化学的超微结构定位

探讨GST－Pi在大肠癌细胞内亚微结构定位及其与大肠癌发生的关系。应用免疫电镜技术（免疫胶体金法）对6例大肠腺癌及3例正常大肠粘膜细胞进行GST－Pi的定位观察。6例大肠癌细胞内均出现GST－Pi胶体金阳性颗粒,主要分布于胞浆的线粒体、溶酶体、近胞膜部位的胞头中,也分布在核内和核膜上。金颗粒呈团状、点灶状分布,图象清晰。3例正常粘膜细胞内未见GST－Pi的金颗粒阳性表达,结果表明,GST－Pi在癌细胞内的特异性表达可作为大肠癌的诊断指标之一。     

Studies on mouse liver urate oxidase

Summary Distribution of urate oxidase in subcellular components such as nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, microsomes, and cell sap, was investigated by both enzymatic and immunochemical methods. The subcellular components were prepared from mouse liver homogenate by differential centrifugation and the resulting microbody-rich mitochondrial fraction was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The enzymatically determined urate oxidase was distributed mainly in mitochondrial and lysosome fractions. The immunochemically assayed urate oxidase antigen was localized in mitochondrial, lysosome, and microsome fractions. The antigen to enzyme ratio was 1.0 in the mitochondrial and lysosome fractions, and about 2.0 in the microsome fraction.Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the mitochondrial fraction indicated that the urate oxidase antigen was distributed around three density bands of 1.07, 1.15, and 1.24. The main band (1.24) was consistent with the microbody fraction. From these results, it was suggested that a precursor protein (proenzyme) might be located in the microsome fraction.This work was supported in part by a grant 777007 from the Ministry of Education, Japan, in 1972.     

Prostatic acid phosphatase is an ectonucleotidase and suppresses pain by generating adenosine

Thiamine monophosphatase (TMPase, also known as fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase) is a classic histochemical marker of small-diameter dorsal root ganglia neurons. The molecular identity of TMPase is currently unknown. We found that TMPase is identical to the transmembrane isoform of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), an enzyme with unknown molecular and physiological functions. We then found that PAP knockout mice have normal acute pain sensitivity but enhanced sensitivity in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. In gain-of-function studies, intraspinal injection of PAP protein has potent antinociceptive, antihyperalgesic, and antiallodynic effects that last longer than the opioid analgesic morphine. PAP suppresses pain by functioning as an ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Specifically, PAP dephosphorylates extracellular adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine and activates A1-adenosine receptors in dorsal spinal cord. Our studies reveal molecular and physiological functions for PAP in purine nucleotide metabolism and nociception and suggest a novel use for PAP in the treatment of chronic pain.