Physiological analysis of the possible causes of hypoxemia under conditions of weightlessness

It was found that the partial oxygen tension in the capillary blood in astronauts during a space flight was 12–30% lower than that before the space flight. Analysis of the possible causes and mechanisms of hypoxemia was performed, which made it possible to conclude that an increase in the venous blood flow that passes through the lungs and does not undergo complete gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries is most likely to be the main cause of the decrease in the oxygen tension in the blood in astronauts under conditions of weightlessness.     

On the estimation of cerebral blood flow obtained from electroplethysmographic observations

On the basis of a simple model and by introducing rather natural assumptions, it is shown that it may be possible to estimate relative blood flow rates if blood pressure values are obtained simultaneously with electroplethysmographic readings and if several sets of measurements can be made under suitable experimental conditions.     

Mechanism of the development of functional hyperemia in the palatal salivary glands of the rat

At various regimens of the secretory activity in the palatile salivary glands, changes occurring in the transversal profiles of the postcapillary venules, but not of the blood capillaries, are most noticeable. Under food stimulation of secretion, the former dilate essentially, that can demonstrate certain functional hyperemia developing in the palatine salivary glands. Some previous experiments concerning interpretation of principles on the microcirculatory bed spatial organization give a good reason to suggest that dilatation of the postcapillary venules is connected with an increased blood perfusion in the canals of the preferrable blood stream. The postcapillary dilatation is possible because blood from the precapillaries gets into the capacitance blood microvessels and its volume at that moment is greater than the capacity of the venous microvessels. A suggestion is made that filtrative function of the palatile salivary glands depends on development of the functional hyperemia. It is possible, that this mechanism is universal, since owing to it, reflectory reactions of the salivary glands directed to the immediate secure of the oral cavity with a necessary amount of liquor become possible.     

Effects of a 30-km race upon salivary lactate correlation with blood lactate

Blood lactate has been used to determine the aerobic capacity and long distance performance. Recently, a new methodology has been suggested to supplant the invasive blood lactate techniques. Salivary lactate has received attention because it shows high correlation to blood lactate in progressive overload test. We evaluated the correlation between salivary and blood lactate during a long distance run and assessed possible changes in salivary lactate concentration. Fifteen expert marathon racers ran 30 km as fast as possible. Saliva and 25 muL of blood were collected at rest and at each 6 km for lactate determination. Blood lactate concentration increased in the 6th km and then remained constant until the end of the race. Salivary lactate increased after 18 km in relation to basal. We found high correlations between blood and saliva absolute lactate (r=0.772, p<0.05) and the blood lactate relative concentration corrected by protein (r=0.718, p<0.05). The highest correlation found between absolute and relative salivary lactate was r=0.994 (p<0.001). Our results show that it is possible to use salivary lactate with absolute values or relative protein concentration. In addition, salivary lactate showed a high correlation with blood lactate in endurance events.     

A Simple Method for Isolation and Photography of Clostridium Botulinum Colonies from Surface Cultures on Agar Plates

Reflected light gives a very good contrast using blood agar plates in an obliquous position under a stereoscopic microscope. Thus it is possible to isolate pure colonies of Cl. botulinum in the early stage of the growth on blood agar plates.     

Clinical biological possibilities of the early detection of the side effects of antibiotics]

The study of the dynamics of biogenic amines in the blood of patients provided to a certain extent determination of the possible thread of the drug complications. In this respect the serotonin level was of special significance. As for the reaction of leucocyte agglomeration it may be used before the treatment if there is a doubt in the tolerance of the antibacterial drug prescribed. Increased serotonin blood levels in this case also serve a confirmation of the thread of the possible allergic or toxic reaction in the patient.     

Numerical study to evaluate the effect of a surface-based sensor on arterial tonometry

Abstract

Arterial tonometry is a widely used non-invasive blood pressure measurement method. In contrast to the cuff-based method, it is possible to obtain a continuous pressure profile with respect to systolic and diastolic pressures using this method. However, due to a requirement of arterial tonometry—that a sensor needs to be placed directly above a blood vessel—placement error is inevitable if the measurement device is only capable of measuring local regions. This study assumed that the plate sensor is flexible, thus reducing the placement error. We investigated the pressure distribution along the wrist surface rather than the local region through the contact simulation between the flexible plate sensor and the wrist. As a result, we concluded that there is a unique pressure distribution for any specific wrist, regardless of the length and position of the plate, and that it is possible to measure the blood pressure using the response at the wrist surface to the pressure inside the radial artery.     

Isolation and characterization of exosomes from blood plasma of breast cancer and colorectal cancer patients

A simple approach for isolation of exosomes from blood plasma samples has been proposed. Using this approach it is possible to obtain highly purified preparations of microvesicles no larger than 100 nm. The presence of different subpopulations of exosomes isolated by this method has been recognized in the blood plasma of healthy donors and cancer patients. Universal markers CD9, CD24, and CD81 are applicable for routine typing of exosomes isolated from blood plasma samples.     

Quantitative measurement of lectin activities using an autoanalyser

Today, an increasing number of lectins are available for a diagnostical purpose. Using an autoanalyser, it is possible to study and to measure the agglutination of red blood cells, one of their main properties.     

The use of chemical analyses of umbilical cord blood for the computation of instantaneous fetal growth

From the umbilical veno-arterial differences in the concentrations of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, and of oxygen, carbon dioxide and urea, one can calculate what fractions of the three fuels are burned and what fractions are deposited and constitute growth of the fetus. If umbilical blood flow is also measured, it is possible to calculate the instantaneous rate of fetal growth. Blood can be sampled from the umbilical artery and vein by means of indwelling catheters in unanesthetized sheep. Measurements of umbilical blood flow in unanesthetized sheep are available also. Application of the proposed analysis to published cord blood values for the fetal lamb lead to a predicted rate of growth that was in good agreement with the observed rate of growth. It also showed that a small uptake of a lipid like fuel is still being overlooked. It is concluded that analysis of a set of cord blood samples makes possible a calculation of the fraction of fuel uptake of the fetus that is being used for growth, at the time the samples were taken.     

Possible use of total blood analysis for diagnosis of intestinal dysbacteriosis accompanied by bacteremia

Possible application of total blood analysis in the diagnosis of intestinal dysbacteriosis of the 2nd--3d degree, accompanied by bacteriemia, is substantiated. The proposed method includes the calculation of tentative coefficients of peripheral blood characteristics. These coefficients reflect changes in the intestinal microbiocenosis and make it possible to make conclusions on the presence of bacteriemia. This method is recommended for use as the screening test in the laboratory diagnostics of bacteriemia.     

Auscultatory Blood Pressure Measurement—Effect of Pressure on the Head of the Stethoscope

Excessive pressure on the stethoscope head in auscultatory blood pressure measurement does not affect systolic blood pressure value but it does erroneously lower diastolic readings and frequently causes the sounds to persist to zero. Consequently, the lightest possible pressure should be placed on the stethoscope head.     

Clinical course and treatment regimes of Salmonella infection in children

Salmonella infection in children caused by polyresistant S. typhimurium strains is characterized by a highly severe course with possible complications. In the treatment of young children with salmonellosis the use of the locally manufactured biologically active additive Bektit-M, possessing adsorption capacity, is recommended. The use of this preparation in complex treatment has made it possible to establish its clinical effect and positive influence on the biochemical characteristics of the blood.     

Alternative method for measurement of arterial pressure in the rabbit.

By using an electrical impedance plethysmorgraph and a pressure applicator to a rabbit's earlobe artery, it became possible to monitor the blood pressure for periods of several months. A study of the correlations of the blood pressure from carotid and ear was also made at varied blood pressures under different conditions which showed excellent correlations. This method could effectively replace the encannulation technique for monitoring rabbit's blood pressure in chronic experiments.     

Trace-element determination in individual peripheral blood cells and possible diagnostic applications

Trace elements are indispensable for the effective and proper functioning of biological systems. Recent years have demonstrated the conspicuous lack of knowledge about trace-element physiology. Establishment of reference values is a very difficult task, requiring the consideration of and compensation for a number of possible simultaneous phenomena. Peripheral blood has been used in medical diagnosis for a very long time, because, among other things, it is easily accessible. In the search for signs of lack or excess of minerals and trace elements in disease, the interest has been focused mainly on blood plasma or serum. The utilization of blood cells as a marker model is proposed here. The advent of the nuclear microprobe made possible the determination of elemental profiles of individual cells. The techniques of blood cell separation and preparation for microprobe analysis are presented and discussed. As an example of a possible diagnostic application, a set of reference data from a control group is compared to corresponding data from a group of patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia.     

Counts and characteristics of macrophage precursors in human peripheral blood.

A method is described for counting the number of macrophages which develop from a sample of human venous blood. Because the macrophages are nondividing cells under these conditions of culture, it is possible to use the count to describe the size of a population of macrophage precursors in the blood. Counts on 43 healthy individuals show that on average there are some 200,000/ml of blood, which is 5–6% of the total white cell count. The precursor cells are mononuclear and the majority of them will adhere to plastic. These characteristics suggest that monocytes are the precursor cells.     

Use of the leukomobilizing capacity of dextran sulfate for assessing the severity of an ionizing radiation lesion

It was shown that the number of lymphocytes migrating to the blood 3 h after the administration of dextran sulphate (DS) is a function of the radiation dose absorbed (up to 1.5 Gy). It is supposed that 3 populations of lymphocytes varying in radiosensitivity are present in the blood. The authors suggest that it is possible to estimate the degree of the radiation damage according to the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood under the effect of DS. It was also shown that the number of CFUc in the blood after the injection of DS is a function of the radiation dose absorbed.     

三种自体输血方法在剖宫产手术中应用的适宜性分析

目的:分析三种自体输血方法在剖宫产手术中的可行性与易行性。方法:根据孕产妇的生理特点,分别对三种自体输血方法在应用中可能出现的问题及优缺点进行针对性的研究分析。结果:贮存式自体输血在操作时间上较灵活,贮血量较大,但环节较多,相对繁琐;稀释式自体输血极为契合产妇的生理特点,可提供血液贮备,也能促进机体组织细胞对氧的摄取和利用,但一次性采血量会有局限;回收式自体输血无需对产妇本身进行直接操作,患者相对容易接受,但由于回收血液可能会受到羊水和胎儿血液污染,在实际工作中应用很少。结论:三种自体输血方式各有利弊,但稀释式自体输血由于其简单易行且适合于产妇的生理特点,在剖宫产手术的应用中可行性更高。对于预计出血量极大的情况,可考虑两种或三种自体输血方式的联合应用。     

Changes in relationship between blood glucose level and plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol level in KK mice

We compared the relationship of the blood glucose level to the plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5AG) level between KK mice with abnormal glucose metabolism and ICR mice as controls. Although the plasma 1,5AG level did not show any significant correlation with the blood glucose level in the controls, it tended to logarithmically decrease with the rise in the blood glucose level in KK mice. Thus it is possible that the plasma 1,5AG level is specifically related to the abnormal glucose metabolism in this model of diabetes mellitus and that its routine examination in diabetic patients may help delineate the metabolic derangement in the disease.     

Are our blood donors in danger of iron deficiency?]

In blood donors the question arises for eventual endangering by iron deficiency. The results of this work show that ferritin determinations for blood donors will indicate a latent, in some cases a manifest iron deficiency. The examination of testing components such as PVC, MCH, Fe i. S., transferrin and transferrin saturation produced no special advantages concerning sensitivity and specificity, in terms of ferritin determination. It is indispensable, however, to know the ferritin value because the control of the Hb value prior to blood donation will usually characterize the blood donor's situation in a sufficient manner. For control purposes it is possible to use capillary or venous blood. It is only in general, but particularly in special clinical situations that you have to be aware of the blood donor's condition concerning his/her Fe-metabolism.