沼泽山雀生态习性初步观察

沼泽山雀（Ｐａｒｕｓｐａｌｕｓｔｒｉｓｈｅｌｍａｙｒｉ）俗称黑头山雀,为山东省常见的农林益鸟。我们于１９９５年１０月—１９９７年５月在本省徂徕山区对其生态习性进行了观察。现将结果报告如下。１生境与分布徂徕山位于泰安市东南,属泰沂山区,境内山地、平原相...     

红头长尾山雀繁殖生态的研究

在安徽合肥紫蓬山区,对红头长尾山雀的繁殖生态进行了系统的观察,并研究了雏鸟的生长特征。研究表明,红头长尾山雀自3月中旬以后开始发情,3月下旬开始营巢,巢位于杉树枝下,球形侧开口或侧顶开口。4月初产卵,每窝平均产6．25枚卵,孵化期为15—16d,孵化率为88％。育维期15—16d,22维全部成活到离巢,雏成活率达100％。体重、翅、嘴峰、跗跖、第5枚初级飞羽和尾羽等形态学参数适合用Logistic曲线方程拟合,拟合参数中,嘴峰的拐点最小,飞羽、翅和尾羽的增长率较高,表明与取食有关的形态优先发育,与飞行有关的形态则在后期发育较快。     

次生阔叶林中大山雀和沼泽山雀取食行为的研究

生态学家对形态相似而又分布相同地理区域的种类的研究十分感兴趣。而这种“和平共处”的情况是动物界中普遍存在的。因为这种现象提供了研究种间竞争及其形成机制的机会。研究证明,物种在与其相近种类竞争中,以数量化行为和生态适应而呈现出选择优势。大山雀(Ｐａｒｕｓｍａｊｏｒ)和沼泽山雀(Ｐ.Ｐａｌｕｓｔｒｉｓ)形态和生态习性相似(留鸟、树洞巢、食虫鸟等),是生活在同一区域的潜在竞争者。本文目的是通过两种鸟取食行为的不同及其季节变化,阐述两种山雀之所以共存的原理。关于山雀类的研究,国内外已有很多报道,因其分布广,数量多,又…     

长白山落叶松和白桦-沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律研究

研究了长白山落叶松、白桦沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律,通过野外观测和建立斑块状态、林木蒸腾量与林木年龄的相关模型,利用相关模型定量地分析斑块和林木蒸腾量随林木年龄增长的动态变化过程,并分析了区域气候变化和群落演替的关系。探讨森林沼泽交错群落对湿地生境改造作用、湿地生境的中生化过程以及区域气候变暖对森林湿地演替的影响机制,揭示森林沼泽生态交错带群落的演替规律。结果表明,斑块宽度、高度、面积、体积随林木年龄增长均呈现三次式相关关系,林木蒸腾量随林木年龄增长呈现幂函数相关关系。落叶松、白桦沼泽交错群落经过60年左右时间发育,斑块将不断扩大,使地势平均升高0．405～0,590m;林木蒸腾量也不断增大,平均降低水位1．050～1．442m。森林湿地生境将演变为中生化的森林生境,同时,区域气候变暖与森林树种向湿地侵入存在密切关系,区域气候变暖将加快森林向湿地侵入进程,进而森林沼泽交错群落在相对较短的时间内(50～60年)将演替为森林群落。     

沼泽山雀繁殖习性的研究

沼泽山雀 Parus palustris Linné的繁殖习性,国内仅有郑作新、钱燕文(1958)在河北昌黎果区对Parus palustris hellmayri Bianchi作过部分观察工作,La Touche(1930)、Wilder and Hubbard(1938)、清栖辛保(1954)、郑光美(1963)等对沼泽山雀的营巢场所、巢卵特点等有所记述,但系统的繁殖习性观察工作尚未见有报导。 1963—1964两年的3—6月间,我们在辽宁草河口林区对Parus palustris brevirostris(Taczanovski)的繁殖习性进行了观察,所得结果如下。     

银喉长尾山雀长江亚种的繁殖生态

奶喉长尾山雀是大别山区常见的森林鸟类,每年２月开始繁殖营巢,每窝产卵７枚,孵化期１４ｄ,孵化率８７．５％,雏期１５ｄ,育雏期食性９０％以上为森林害虫。     

瓦屋山2种山雀的生态位分化和共存

黑冠山雀(Parus rubidiventris)和煤山雀(P.ater)在瓦屋山同域分布,生态位相似,是潜在的竞争者。在垂直分布上,煤山雀的生态位宽度为5.237,显著高于黑冠山雀的2.792,而在水平分布和活动基质2个维度上,二者的生态位宽度值相当。尽管3个维度上2种山雀生态位重叠值均大于0.7,但是它们对3个维度上的资源利用分别存在不同的偏好和侧重。2种山雀的身体量度除了喙宽外均有极显著差异,这应该是2种山雀对环境适应的结果。这2种山雀在巢址选择上各项参数差异均不显著,表明适宜的洞巢可能是它们种间竞争的主要对象。2种山雀的种群数量可能与居留类型有关。空间生态位或食物生态位的分离及适宜的种群数量和比例是它们得以共存的几个重要因素。     

褐头鹪莺繁殖习性的初步研究

1964,1965,1973和1974年,作者在云南省蒙自县对褐头鹪莺Prinia inornataextensicauta的繁殖习性作了观察,计78个巢。今将所得结果作一初步报道。 褐头鹪莺在蒙自为留鸟,每年5—10月上旬常见在茭瓜林、稻田、菜地、水沟边草丛,薮丛,灌木丛（苦刺）等地活动。其巢也筑在这些植物上。秋末春初则多见于水沟边和坝区边沿的灌木丛中。除带领幼鸟期（8—10月上旬）可见5—7只小群活动外,     

中国小竹鼠生态的初步研究

小竹鼠在我国仅分布于云南西部热带亚热带地区。主要生活于山坡稀树灌丛、阔叶林、橡胶园及居民点附近。在盈江县分布于海拔300-950米地带。取食、休息、繁殖主要在洞道内。洞系由洞口、取食道、趋避道、窝及“厕所”组成。食物主要有棕叶芦、芦竹及三叶橡胶等18种,尤喜食橡胶树主根,因而对橡胶树危害很大。13号标本中雌7雄6。在盈江每胎2-3只,以2只为多。成年小竹鼠过独居生活,雌雄各有自己的洞系。     

大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌生物种的研究

从大兴安岭和长白山采集到30号蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)标本,选其中有代表性的10个号的担子果获得单孢株。交配试验表明每一担子果都具有双因子异宗配合系。不同子实体交配型之间交配结果表明,在大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌目前至少存在5个生物种,分别称为生物种A、B、C、D和E。将这5个生物种的单孢菌种与欧洲5个蜜环菌生物种的单孢菌株进行配合,生物种B与欧洲A.gallica,生物种E与欧洲A.ostoyae亲和交配,因此将生物种B和E分别定为A.gallica和A.ostoyae。生物种A、C和D则不与任何欧洲生物种交配。     

复齿鼯鼠生态的初步研究

复齿鼯鼠(Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards)为我国特有种,其粪便即五灵脂,为中医常用药。近年来,山西、河北二省已有饲养(王福麟,1981,1981a),其饲养方法亦有报道(高士贤等,1977;单宏权等,1980),但对其生态报道甚少,本文于此加以补充。 我们自1978年9月进行了复齿鼯鼠的家、野生态观察。家养观察在3个饲养点进行,介休县榛树公社兴地大队;平定县东回公社互岭大队;灵石县小柏沟生产队。野外工作地在介休县棉山黄士湾;灵石县北大沟、石板沟。     

油菜菌核病菌生理生态研究

通过试验分析,结果得出,油菜菌核病菌生长温度范围在0～34℃之间,23℃以下菌丝生长速度与温度呈正相关,25℃以上则呈负相关,23～25℃最适宜,菌丝和菌核致死温度分别为45℃和75℃．该菌对酸碱度适应范围很广,PH1～14范围内只在PH_1条件下不能生长,其最适PH值为5～6。病菌利用铵态氮源能力最强,硝态氮源次之,不能利用亚硝态氮;对氨基酸利用能力以精氨酸最强,其次是酪氨酸、天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸,赖氨酸最差。植株内精氨酸和赖氨酸比值大的白菜型油菜“黄鳝籽”病情扩展最快。     

THE ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE LONG-TAILED TIT

The behaviour and ecology of a population of Long-tailed Tits in Wytham Great Wood, Oxford, were studied between October 1970 and June 1971. Flocks were found to have a stable composition in autumn, and to occupy fairly discrete territories which they defended against other flocks.
In spring the population was reduced by about 50% and in the pre-nesting period flocks formed only in cold weather or just before going to roost. These flocks occupied the same territories as the autumn flocks and the individuals composing them eventually nested within the flock territory.
Predation of nests was heavy, increasing to a peak in the first half of May. Only nine pairs out of 36 managed to rear young successfully. At six out of these nine nests, supernumerary birds helped to feed the young, but it seems unlikely that this increased their success, since all young hatched fledged successfully. The presence of supernumerary birds at the nest was accompanied by frequent hover-displays by all the adults.
The distribution of nests in relation to habitat shows that there is a preference for scrub rather than mature woodland, although the latter is used extensively for feeding during the winter. There appears to have been a radical change in the height of nest-sites in Wytham Great Wood between 1955–57 and 1971, and this is probably due to predation.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY OF THE FLIGHTLESS CORMORANT NANNOPTERUM HARRISI

From 25 September to 8 October 1963 daily observations were made on a group of Flightless Cormorants Nannopterum harrisi nesting on the west side of Albemarle Island in the Galápagos. Flightless Cormorants are apparently bottom-feeders, and confined to shallow coasts at the western end of the Galapagos Archipelago where there is an upwelling of cold nutrient-rich water. There is no reason to suppose that they are declining in numbers. Males are very much larger than females, the size difference between the sexes being greater than in other species of cormorants. Courtship behaviour, nest-building and mating are described. The earliest phases of courtship take place on the water, later phases at the nest-site. Homologies are traced with other cormorant species. In contrast to other members of the family, allopreening apparently does not occur. Both sexes incubate and care for the young. Observations on families of different ages over the 12-day period allowed the development of the young to be traced up to the age of about 40 days. Egg-laying takes place in most months of the year, with a peak in April-June and perhaps a second peak about October. Observations on birds colour-ringed on an earlier visit suggested that individuals do not breed more than once in the year. Nesting success appeared to be very low in 1963.     

人参生理生态的研究

人参是我国极其珍贵的药用植物之一。本文从生理生态的角度对其在生长季的各种环境因子的变化规律及光合生理进程作了较为全面、系统的定位定量研究。根据不同观测点的试验数据,得出了有利于人参生长的最适环境范围,为人参的栽培提供了理论依据及基础资料。     

ASPECTS OF THE BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY OF MIXED-SPECIES BIRD FLOCKS IN KASHMIR

Mixed-species flocks of birds were observed between the end of July and late August, principally at Daksum, Kashmir, 2250 m. The species composition and the numbers of individuals in flocks changed during this period; these changes are attributed to resident territory holders and migrant birds joining the flocks. Within the flock different species showed some differences in foraging stations, but nevertheless often appeared to be taking the same type of food. Participant species had different roles in the flock organization. Behaviours involving the entire mixed-flock acting as a unit included path reversal after encounters with avian predators and a tendency to follow set routes. The mixed- species flock exerted an attractive influence on aggregations of species not normally participant.
Similarities between the flocks described in this study and those recorded by other workers are discussed. While different species may derive different benefits from joining these flocks, advantages that could benefit some or all participants include the receipt of information on good feeding areas in an unfamiliar locality, the avoidance of time wasted on feeding on substrates which have been very recently harvested, the beating effect to increase prey availability, and enhanced safety from predators, perhaps through differential alertness of different species and specialized anti-predator behaviour.     

绒山蝠生态的初步调查

绒山蝠(Nyctalus noctula velutinus)是芜湖市周围地区常见的食虫蝙蝠,国内仅见于南方。关于翼手类的生态资料,国内报道不多,绒山蝠的生态尚未见系统报告。从1980年起,我们连续3年对绒山蝠进行了定点观察和测定,现将初步调查报道如下。