种泥预处理和发酵温度对暗发酵产氢的影响研究进展

生物质暗发酵产氢不仅可以处理有机废物,同时可以获得清洁能源,实现了废物资源化利用。然而产氢种泥中大量耗氢菌的存在会导致暗发酵氢气产量低等问题,因此种泥预处理是暗发酵产氢的必需条件。随着暗发酵产氢基质的多样化,产氢种泥的预处理方法也不断发展。对近十年来产氢种泥预处理方法的发展进行了综述,并且结合发酵温度,讨论了种泥预处理方法和发酵温度两方面条件对暗发酵产氢的影响,并对该研究方向提出了展望,以期为后续暗发酵产氢的进一步研究提供参考。     

污泥与餐厨垃圾发酵产氢种泥预处理方法比较

以剩余污泥和餐厨垃圾作为混合基质进行厌氧发酵产氢批式试验,比较六种常用的产氢种泥预处理方法[热处理、化学抑制剂2-溴乙基磺酸钠(BESA)处理、酸处理、碱处理、连续曝气、重复曝气]对产氢的影响。结果表明,未经预处理的种泥氢气产率最低,且有明显的吸氢和产甲烷现象。BESA处理、酸处理、连续曝气和重复曝气种泥产氢效果较好,其中重复曝气预处理种泥氢气产率最高,为86.9 ml-H2/g-VSadded,对产甲烷菌有明显抑制。热处理和碱处理种泥产氢效果较差,反应后期出现吸氢反应并有明显的甲烷累积现象。发酵产氢过程中p H值从中性下降到5.0左右,对产甲烷菌活性也具有一定的抑制作用。     

不同预处理条件对海水养殖废弃物发酵产氢的影响

【目的】利用海水养殖场有机废弃物厌氧发酵产氢,可在减少有机污染物的同时获取氢气。【方法】以海水养殖场有机废弃物为底物,比较嗜热酶(S-TE)、酸、碱、灭菌、微波不同预处理方法对厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响,并对发酵过程中底物性质变化[SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、pH、VFAs(挥发性脂肪酸)和乙醇]进行探讨。【结果】灭菌预处理产氢效果最好,产氢率为22.0 mL/g VSS,酸处理的效果最差,产氢率为7.6 mL/g VSS。可溶性糖大量消耗之后,氢气不再产生。接种S-TE预处理污泥的底物能更多地释放营养物质,并在整个发酵过程中保持较为稳定的pH值。发酵过程中产生的VFAs主要成分是乙酸,在发酵后期出现乙醇。【结论】灭菌预处理是海水养殖场有机废弃物厌氧发酵产氢的最佳预处理方法,可溶性糖为这一过程主要的营养来源。     

不同预处理及发酵方式对提高蔗渣发酵产物蛋白含量的研究

采用不同的预处理方法对蔗渣进行预处理,并测定了其各个组分的含量。利用霉菌对蔗渣进行微生物降解,并讨论了不同发酵方式对产物中蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,木霉与热带假丝酵母共发酵时蛋白含量最高,为17．74％。     

藻青菌产氢研究

目前全球都在寻找一种可替代化石燃料的能源物质。H_2作为能源是未来的希望。藻青菌是生物光合产氢具有很大前景的微生物。综述了藻青菌生物产氢的进展。     

混合菌处理高浓度泔脚原液的研究

泔脚水含有大量的淀粉、蛋白质和动植物油,这些物质极易发生腐烂变质,对周围环境和水体造成严重污染。本实验采用由筛选到的微生物构成的活性污泥—活性炭混合法对高浓度泔脚原液不经稀释,直接进行处理。实验结果证明,泔脚水中的CODcr、TN和油脂得到明显的去除,水体的透光度得到很大提高。本法操作简单,对设备要求低,非常适合餐饮点分散、泔脚水排放量少的各餐饮单位采用。根据对α-淀粉酶活力的测定得知,利用CaCO3调节曝气液的pH值,能够提高和稳定α-淀粉酶的活力。     

发酵产氢菌株的筛选及影响因素研究

采用双层平板法从污泥池中筛选出一株产氢较高的发酵菌株,经生理生化鉴定表明,分离菌株初步鉴定为消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus).研究静态培养条件下葡萄糖、pH、温度及和酵母膏对菌株产氢的影响及不同发酵时间段的产氢情况.结果表明,在葡萄糖浓度20.0 g/L,pH 7.0,温度37 ℃和酵母膏2.0 g/L时,产氢量达21.07 mmol/L,为初始培养条件下的4.14倍.同时,在24～36 h时间段产氢率达到最高,为0.44 mmol/(L·h),并且在60 h时产氢量达到最大累计产氢量的89.2%.     

不同预处理方式对市政污泥/餐厨垃圾混合厌氧消化产甲烷的影响

考察了不同的预处理方式对餐厨垃圾与市政污泥混合厌氧消化产甲烷的影响。结果表明:对市政污泥进行热碱预处理效果最优,与空白组相比,热碱处理组累计单位质量的挥发性固体(VS)的甲烷产量达到了255.00 L,提高了13.03%,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)的降解率提高了27.05%,总固体(TS)的降解率提高了16.65%,VS的降解率提高了9.08%。在厌氧消化过程中,利用碳水化合物及蛋白质的热袍菌门(Thermotogae)的比例在所有处理中都有所上升;与产生短链脂肪酸有关的Erysipelotrichaceae菌属在预处理组中的丰度显著高于空白组,热碱处理组中Erysipelotrichaceae在末期的丰度最高,为19.21%;Petrimonas在厌氧消化体系中的作用为产氢产乙酸菌,热碱处理组的Petrimonas的丰度在产气高峰时最高,为6.84%。不同处理系统起主要产甲烷作用的古菌属为Methanosarcina,在产气高峰期热碱预处理组中Methanosarcina的丰度最高。预处理能够破环市政污泥的细胞结构,提高污泥的可生物利用性,提高混合厌氧消化产甲烷的效率。     

木质纤维素生物转化产氢技术现状与发展趋势

氢能是一种清洁能源,利用木质纤维素类生物质生产氢气,在生产可再生绿色能源的同时,避免了木质纤维素资源未被充分利用而造成的环境污染和资源浪费,它的开发与应用对人类未来能源与经济发展具有十分重要意义。以下综述了木质纤维素生物转化产氢技术的研究现状,提出了木质纤维素生物转化产氢的总体构想与对产业发展方向的建议。     

预处理沙柳酶解液脱毒及其丁醇发酵

为了提高沙柳原料的丁醇发酵效果,考察沙柳原料经过蒸爆、超微粉碎+稀酸和超微粉碎+稀碱预处理后补料酶解的效果,优化了沙柳酶解液活性炭脱毒工艺参数,并对经过脱毒处理的酶解液进行了丁醇发酵研究,结果表明:预处理沙柳原料酶解底物质量浓度为200 g/m L时,3种预处理方法中蒸爆处理法水解效果最好,每克底物的滤纸酶酶加量15 U,酶解96 h后,酶解液总糖质量浓度达到57 g/L。活性炭脱毒处理的最优条件:p H 4.8,碳加量4%(质量分数)、温度70℃、1 h,该条件下的沙柳水解液脱色率达到97.4%、糖损失率3.1%。3种预处理沙柳原料的酶解液经活性炭脱毒后都可以被丁醇梭菌正常利用发酵产丁醇,发酵液总溶剂(ABE)质量浓度约为14 g/L。     

稀碱预处理棕榈残渣制备纤维乙醇

以棕榈残渣(Empty fruit bunch,EFB)为原料,通过预处理、酶解、发酵等过程制备纤维乙醇.首先对比了碱、碱/过氧化氢等预处理条件对棕榈残渣组成及酶解的影响,结果表明稀碱预处理效果较好.适宜的稀碱预处理条件为:NaOH浓度为1％,固液比为1∶10,在40℃浸泡24 h后于121℃下保温30 min,在该条件下,EFB的固体回收率为74.09％,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的含量分别为44.08％、25.74％和13.89％.对该条件下预处理后的固体样品,以底物浓度5％、酶载量30 FPU/g底物酶解72 h,纤维素和半纤维素的酶解率分别达到84.44％和89.28％.进一步考察了酶载量和底物浓度对酶解的影响以及乙醇批式同步糖化发酵,当酶载量为30 FPU/g底物,底物浓度由5％增加至25％时,利用酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae(接种量为5％,VIV)发酵72 h后乙醇的浓度分别为9.76 g/L和35.25 g/L,可分别达到理论得率的79.09％和56.96％.     

Continuous fermentative hydrogen production from a wheat starch co-product by mixed microflora

For the transition to the hydrogen economy, hydrogen must be produced sustainably, e.g., by the fermentation of agricultural material. Continuous fermentative production of hydrogen from an insoluble substrate in nonsterile conditions is yet to be reported. In this study hydrogen production using mixed microflora from heat-treated digested sewage sludge in nonsterile conditions from a particulate co-product of the wheat flour industry (7.5 g L(-1) total hexose) at 18- and 12-hour hydraulic retention times, pH 4.5 and 5.2, 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C was examined. In continuous operation, hydrogen yields of approximately 1.3 moles hydrogen/mole hexose consumed were obtained, but decreased if acetate or propionate levels rose, indicating metabolism shifted towards hydrogen consumption by homoacetogenesis or propionate producers. These shifts occurred both at pH 4.5 and 5.2. Sparging the reactor with nitrogen to reduce hydrogen in the off-gas from 50% to 7% gave stable operation with a hydrogen yield of 1.9 moles hydrogen /mole hexose consumed over an 18-day period.     

Long-term effect of inoculum pretreatment on fermentative hydrogen production by repeated batch cultivations: homoacetogenesis and methanogenesis as competitors to hydrogen production

Long-term effects of inoculum pretreatments (heat, acid, loading-shock) on hydrogen production from glucose under different temperatures (37 °C, 55 °C) and initial pH (7 and 5.5) were studied by repeated batch cultivations. Results obtained showed that it was necessary to investigate the long-term effect of inoculum pretreatment on hydrogen production since pretreatments may just temporarily inhibit the hydrogen consuming processes. After long-term cultivation, pretreated inocula did not enhance hydrogen production compared to untreated inocula under mesophilic conditions (initial pH 7 and pH 5.5) and thermophilic conditions (initial pH 7). However, pretreatment could inhibit lactate production and lead to higher hydrogen yield under thermophilic conditions at initial pH 5.5. The results further demonstrated that inoculum pretreatment could not permanently inhibit either methanogenesis or homoacetogenesis, and methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis could only be inhibited by proper control of fermentation pH and temperature. Methanogenic activity could be inhibited at pH lower than 6, both under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, while homoacetogenic activity could only be inhibited under thermophilic condition at initial pH 5.5. Microbial community analysis showed that pretreatment did not affect the dominant bacteria. The dominant bacteria were Clostridium butyricum related organisms under mesophilic condition (initial pH 7 and 5.5), Thermoanaerobacterium sp. related organisms under thermophilic condition (initial pH 7), and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum related organisms under thermophilic condition (initial pH 5.5). Results from this study clearly indicated that the long-term effects of inoculum pretreatments on hydrogen production, methanogenesis, homoacetogenesis and dominant bacteria were dependent on fermentation temperature and pH.     

Roles of microorganisms other than Clostridium and Enterobacter in anaerobic fermentative biohydrogen production systems--a review

Anaerobic fermentative biohydrogen production, the conversion of organic substances especially from organic wastes to hydrogen gas, has become a viable and promising means of producing sustainable energy. Successful biological hydrogen production depends on the overall performance (results of interactions) of bacterial communities, i.e., mixed cultures in reactors. Mixed cultures might provide useful combinations of metabolic pathways for the processing of complex waste material ingredients, thereby supporting the more efficient decomposition and hydrogenation of biomass than pure bacteria species would. Therefore, understanding the relationships between variations in microbial composition and hydrogen production efficiency is the first step in constructing more efficient hydrogen-producing consortia, especially when complex and non-sterilized organic wastes are used as feeding substrates. In this review, we describe recent discoveries on bacterial community composition obtained from dark fermentation biohydrogen production systems, with emphasis on the possible roles of microorganisms that co-exist with common hydrogen producers.     

Lactic acid production from agriculture residues

Various agriculture feedstock residues were evaluated for lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus plantarum, without any additional nutrients. Lactic acid production was higher in alfalfa fiber and soya fiber compared to corncob (soft) and wheat straw. In Lactobacillus plantarum, the amount of lactic acid obtained from alfalfa fiber and soya fiber was 46 and 44 g/100 g fiber, respectively. However, in Lactobacillus delbrueckii, the lactic acid production in soya fiber was 44 g/100 g fiber and that of alfalfa was 32 g/100 g fiber. Small amounts of acetic acid were also produced from SSF of agricultural feedstocks residues. During SSF of alfalfa fiber, lactic acid production in both L. delbrueckii and L. plantarum was enhanced by adding pectinases and cellulases. Lactic acid production from alfalfa fiber did not change with increasing O₂ transfer rates in the fermentation medium, whereas acetic acid production in both Lactobacillus cultures increased with increasing O₂ transfer rates.     

Performance intensification of a stirred bioreactor for fermentative biohydrogen production

In this study, the biohydrogen (bioH₂) production of a microbial consortium was optimized by adjusting the type and configuration of two impellers, the mixing regimen and the mass transfer process (K_La coefficients). A continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) system, with a nonstandard geometry, was characterized. Two different mixing configurations with either predominant axial (PB4 impeller) or radial pumping (Rushton impeller) were assessed and four different impeller configurations to produce bioH₂. The best configuration for an adequate mixing time was determined by an ANOVA analysis. A response surface methodology was also used to fully elucidate the optimal configuration. When the PB4 impellers were placed in best configuration, c/Dt?=?0.5, s/Di?=?1, the maximum bioH₂ productivity obtained was 440?mL?L^?1?hr^?1, with a bioH₂ molar yield of 1.8. The second best configuration obtained with the PB4 impellers presented a bioH₂ productivity of 407.94?mL?L^?1?hr^?1. The configurations based on Rushton impellers showed a lower bioH₂ productivity and bioH₂ molar yield of 177.065?mL?L^?1?hr^?1 and 0.71, respectively. The experiments with axial impellers (PB4) showed the lowest K_La coefficient and the highest bioH₂ production, suggesting that mixing is more important than K_La for the enhanced production of bioH_2.     

Evaluation of pretreatment methods on mixed inoculum for both batch and continuous thermophilic biohydrogen production from cassava stillage

Anaerobic sludges, pretreated by chloroform, base, acid, heat and loading-shock, as well as untreated sludge were evaluated for their thermophilic fermentative hydrogen-producing characters from cassava stillage in both batch and continuous experiments. Results showed that the highest hydrogen production was obtained by untreated sludge and there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in hydrogen yields (varied from 32.9 to 65.3 mlH₂/gVS) among the tested pretreatment methods in batch experiments. However, the differences in hydrogen yields disappeared in continuous experiments, which indicated the pretreatment methods had only short-term effects on the hydrogen production. Further study showed that alkalinity was a crucial parameter influencing the fermentation process. When the influent was adjusted to pH 6 by NaHCO₃ instead of NaOH, the hydrogen yield increased from about 40 to 52 mlH₂/gVS in all the experiments. Therefore, pretreatment of anaerobic sludge is unnecessary for practical thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production from cassava stillage.