可获得种子量和种子出苗对草地裸沙斑植被恢复的相对制约

以科尔沁沙化草地的裸斑为研究对象,布设种子捕捉器监测生长季传播到裸斑的种子数量、物种组成,并人工播种监测裸斑中出苗情况,研究可获得种子数量和出苗对裸斑植被恢复的制约.结果表明:沙生植物3种,种子数为71 ～623粒·m-2,非沙生植物9种,种子数为73 ～410粒·m-2;裸斑中沙生植物的出苗数(9.3 ～22.3株·m-2)高于非沙生植物(0 ～3.4株·m-2);沙生植物在裸斑的出苗率最高为沙蓬(12.2％ ～34.1％),其次是乌丹蒿(4.5％ ～10.3％),小叶锦鸡儿(0～0.5％),非沙生植物狗尾草出苗率为0～6％,蒲公英为0 ～0.4％,其余植物种出苗率为0;沙生植物裸斑出苗数(9.3 ～22.3株·m-2)高于植被区(7.7株·m-2),而非沙生植物在裸斑的出苗数(0～3.4株·m-2)低于植被区(4.5株·m-2).可见,裸斑植被恢复中,沙生植物的可获得种子量制约高于出苗制约;非沙生植物的可获得种子量制约与出苗制约相当.     

Seed handling behaviours of native and invasive seed‐dispersing ants differentially influence seedling emergence in an introduced plant

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浑善达克沙地冰草种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长对土壤水分的反应

研究了浑善达克沙地 4～ 10月份土壤含水量变动情况和冰草种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的响应。结果表明 ,4月下旬至 5月上中旬的土壤含水量对冰草种子萌发、出苗和定居极为关键。控制条件下 ,冰草种子萌发和出苗的最适土壤含水量范围是 12 %～ 2 0 % ,幼苗生长的最适土壤含水量是 12 %。当土壤含水量低于 3% ,冰草种子不能萌发 ,土壤含水量低于 6 %时 ,幼苗不能出土并定居。当土壤含水量达到 16 %时 ,冰草幼苗生物量有所下降。在 6 %～ 8%的土壤含水量条件下 ,植株将更多的生物量投资于根的生长     

Feeding ecology and emergence production of annual cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in tallgrass prairie

The emergence phenology and feeding ecology of annual cicadas in tallgrass prairie are poorly documented. However, these large insects are abundant, and their annual emergence represents a potentially important flux of energy and nutrients from belowground to aboveground. We conducted a study at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in eastern Kansas to characterize and quantify cicada emergence and associated energy and nutrient fluxes. We established emergence trap transects in three habitat types (upland prairie, lowland prairie, and riparian forest), and collected cicadas every 3 days from May to September. A subset of trapped cicadas was used for species- and sex-specific mass, nutrient, and stable isotope analyses. Five species were trapped during the study, of which three were dominant. Cicadetta calliope and Tibicen aurifera exhibited significantly higher emergence production in upland prairie than in lowland prairie, and were not captured in forested sites at all. T. dorsata emerged from all three habitat types, and though not significant, showed a trend of greater abundance in lowland grasslands. Two less abundant species, T. pruinosa and T. lyricen, emerged exclusively from forested habitats. Nitrogen fluxes associated with total cicada emergence were estimated to be ∼4 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 in both grassland habitats, and 1.01 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 in forested sites. Results of stable isotope analyses showed clear patterns of resource partitioning among dominant cicada species emerging from grassland sites. T. aurifera and C. calliope had δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures indicative of feeding on shallowly rooted C₄ plants such as the warm-season grasses dominant in tallgrass prairie ecosystems, whereas T. dorsata signatures suggested preferential feeding on more deeply rooted C₃ plants. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 9 December 1999     

Effect of season of burning and removal of herbaceous cover on seedling emergence in a eucalypt savanna of north‐eastern Australia

Abstract Seedling emergence in a eucalypt savanna of north‐eastern Australia was documented over a 12‐month period, between May 1999 and May 2000. Seedling emergence for grasses, forbs and subshrubs was found to mainly occur in a brief pulse at the start of the wet season following fire or the removal of grass biomass. Only a minor number of tree and shrub seedlings were detected overall. Burning, or cutting away the grass layer in unburnt savanna, in both the early (i.e. May) and the late (i.e. October) dry seasons significantly increased seedling emergence over undisturbed savanna that had been unburnt for 3 years. Removing the grass layer in unburnt savanna, during either the early or the late dry season, triggered similar seedling densities to savanna burnt in the early dry season. Late dry season fires promoted the greatest seedling density. We attribute this to the higher intensity, late dry season fires releasing a greater proportion of seed from dormancy, coupled with the higher density of soil seed reserves present in the late dry season.     

Traits,neighbors, and species performance in prairie restoration

Questions: Are traits related to the performance of plant species in restoration? Are the relationships between traits and performance consistent across the functional groups of annual forbs, perennial forbs and grasses? Do the relationships between traits and performance depend on neighboring functional groups? Location: A former agricultural field, being restored to native upland prairie, in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, USA. Methods: Twenty‐eight native species, representing three functional groups, were sown in seven different combinations. Eleven functional traits were measured from plants in the laboratory and in the field. Correlations between individual traits and performance variables were measured and regression techniques used to determine which sets of traits were most strongly related to performance. Results: Sets of traits explained up to 56% of variation in cover, and up to 48% of variation in establishment frequency. The relationships between traits and performance were influenced by functional group identity; the functional group identity of neighboring species also influenced species' cover and the relationships between traits and cover. Species' establishment rate in monoculture was the trait most strongly correlated to both establishment and cover in mixtures. In multi‐trait models, annual forb functional group identity was strongly related to establishment in mixtures, and height, leaf weight ratio at 7 d and seed mass were strongly related to cover. Conclusions: Multiple‐trait models should be a useful way of predicting the performance of species prior to sowing in restoration. The functional group identity of each species and the other species being sown may need to be taken into account when making predictions.     

Soybean seedling emergence at high temperatures

Bragg and Cobb soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were germinated in sand at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. Emergence decreased with increasing temperature above 37°C, with virtually no emergence at 40°C. Emergence of 12 other cultivars at 38°C ranged from 25 to 95%. Foster and Coker 338 were more sensitive to high temperature than the other cultivars.     

埋深和播种密度对豚草种子出苗及幼苗生长的影响

豚草是一种全球性的恶性入侵杂草,给我国生物多样性及经济发展造成了巨大威胁。为研究豚草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响因素,采用盆栽实验分析了种子大小（L、M、S）与埋深（2、4 cm和6 cm）或播种密度（2、4粒/盆和8粒/盆）对豚草（Ambrosia artemisiifolia）种子的出苗和幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,埋深对豚草种子出苗的影响高于播种密度及种子大小的影响,较浅的埋深有利于豚草种子出苗;出苗率在不同播种密度下均具有较高水平,达到67.9%-100%,这种高出苗率是豚草在不同生境成功定植的原因之一。豚草的幼苗生长受埋深或播种密度的影响大于种子大小的影响,且小种子更易受埋深或播种密度的影响。种子大小显著影响豚草幼苗的株高和基径（P<0.05）,总体上较大种子的株高和基径高于小种子,此外更小的种子会将生物量更多的分配给根以促进幼苗的生长。幼苗的株高和基径在较浅的埋深下更高,而豚草幼苗的单株生物量、单株地上和地下生物量随埋深的增加而增加。播种密度的增加会加剧豚草幼苗之间对水分、营养、光照等资源的竞争,导致其单株地上、地下及总生物量显著降低（P<0.05）。研究发现豚草在浅埋深、低密度生境中更容易入侵成功,因此可以通过对土壤进行深翻,采取替代控制,种植竞争能力强的本地植物等手段有效管理和防治豚草。     

沙埋和种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长的影响

研究了沙埋深度和种子大小对内蒙古毛乌素沙地植被群落中占优势的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发、出苗、幼苗存活和生长的影响.结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、休眠率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量.在0.5-2cm的浅层沙埋下,种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量最高,休眠率最低;沙埋深度≥4 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量随着沙埋深度增加显著降低,而休眠率却显著升高;沙埋深度≥12 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿种子不能够出苗,幼苗也不能够存活.种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发率没有显著影响,但对出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量影响显著.在各个沙埋深度下,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子间的萌发率没有显著差异.当沙埋深度≤6 cm时,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子在同一沙埋深度下的出苗率间没有显著差异;但当沙埋深度≥8 cm时,在同一沙埋深度下,大种子的出苗率显著高于中种子和小种子的出苗率,而中种子和小种子出苗率间没有显著差异.0.5-10 cm的沙埋深度中,除6 cm和8 cm深度下中种子和小种子萌发幼苗的生物量间没有显著差异外,其余深度下,大种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量显著高于同一沙埋深度下中种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量,后者又显著高于小种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量.可能正是种子萌发对沙埋环境的忍耐或响应能力以及种子的多态性提高了柠条锦鸡儿在毛乌素沙地的适合度,为其在流动或半流动沙丘环境中成功定居并形成优势群落奠定了基础.     

Advantage of early seedling emergence in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus crenata</Emphasis>: importance of cotyledon stage for predator escape and pathogen avoidance

To examine how early-emerging seedlings take advantage of establishment in a deciduous forest, we explored the relationships among the emergence date, growth stage and major causes of mortality (damping-off by fungi and predation by rodents) in seedlings of Fagus crenata. The emergence of current-year seedlings and their survival and damage were followed at short (3–7 days in early spring) intervals for a growing season. The growth stage was divided into two stages, with only cotyledons (CT stage) and with true leaves (TL stage). The survival rate was negatively correlated with the emergence date, indicating the advantage of early seedling emergence. This advantage was largely explained by the lower occurrence of damping-off. In contrast, seedling predation occurred independently of the emergence date, but depended strongly on the developmental stage. Rodents consumed a considerable number of seeds during the early period after emergence, and strongly preferred CT-stage over TL-stage seedlings throughout the growing season. Therefore, seedling predation was inferred to be concentrated in a relatively short period while the remaining seeds were depleted and CT-stage seedlings were abundant. The seedling stage synchronously shifted from the CT to TL stage. This growth-stage transition was independent of the emergence date and appeared to correspond with the timing of seed depletion. Delayed stage transition resulted in a disproportionately high risk of damping-off later in the season. Our results indicate that early seedling emergence is advantageous for F. crenata for resistance to pathogens and that the timing of growth-stage progression of seedlings appears important to escape predation because of the distinct food preference of predators.     

毛乌素沙地4种沙生植物种子萌发及出苗对沙埋及单次供水的响应

飞播固沙作为一项快速而有效的现代化治沙措施,已成为毛乌素沙地植被恢复与重建的重要手段。但此项技术仍存在一些问题,如飞播后成苗率较低等。以毛乌素沙地优势植物柠条（Caragana korshinskii）、羊柴（Hedysarum laeve）、油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）与籽蒿（Artemisia sphaerocephala）为研究对象,人工控制7个沙埋深度和9个水分梯度,研究4种植物种子萌发和幼苗出土对沙埋和单次供水的响应,阐明多大的单次降雨才能保证种子萌发与幼苗出土及出土幼苗的维持时间。结果表明,对于柠条和羊柴质量相对较大的种子而言．种子主要在供水量10．20mm,埋藏深度为0．5．2cm的条件下出苗,但在埋藏深度为5cm时这两个物种仍有少量种子能够出苗;而对于油蒿和籽蒿质量相对较小的种子而言,种子主要在供水量10．20mm,埋藏深度为0．5cm时出苗,当埋藏深度为1．5cm和2cm时不能顺利出苗。沙埋深度0．5cm条件下,4个物种具有最高的出苗率和出苗速率。在试验期内（30d）,柠条、羊柴和油蒿出土幼苗分别在单次供水量为5、7．5mm和7．5mm时全部死亡,在单次供水量高于15mm时4个种的出土幼苗死亡率大多低于50％,且随供水量的增加出土幼苗死亡率降低。结合毛乌素沙地降雨特点与本次实验结果,0．5cm的沙埋及7．5mm以上的单次降雨是上述4种植物自然条件下出苗较好的重要条件。     

漫溢干扰过程中微地形对幼苗定居的影响

通过对比漫溢干扰后边坡、坡中和坡底幼苗的物种组成、密度、幼苗周边的环境条件及土壤种子库的差异来分析漫溢干扰过程中,微地形对幼苗定居的影响.结果表明:(1)微地形对幼苗物种组成和生物多样性指数的影响很大.漫溢干扰后,位于边坡、坡中和坡底幼苗的Simpson多样性指数和Mcintosh均匀度指数在0.01的水平上差异极显著,Margalef丰富度指数在0.05的水平上差异显著.(2)微地形对土壤盐分含量影响很大.方差分析的结果表明,除HCO3-和K+外,边坡、坡中和坡底的pH值、C023-、SO24-、Ca2+和Mg2+各指标在0.01的水平上差异极显著;全盐、总盐、Cl-和Na+各指标均在0.05的水平上差异显著.(3)微地形通过改变幼苗定居的环境条件,进而影响幼苗库的物种组成、密度和生物多样性指数.微地形中,幼苗库的各种生态指标均小于对应的土壤种子库的生态指标,从坡底到坡中到边坡,除单位面积上的植被密度外,土壤种子库和幼苗库的各项生态指标的变化趋势均不同.     

生物土壤结皮对种子萌发和幼苗建植的影响研究进展

生物土壤结皮（BSC）在陆地生态系统中具有重要的生态地位,尤其是旱地生态系统中,BSC占据了种子植物之间的广阔地面。因此,BSC的发展必然影响种子植物更新过程与植被空间格局;但其作用方式、影响程度等因相关研究涉及多气候要素、土壤类型、BSC组成物种和种子植物物种的差异及其不同组合,导致目前的研究结论存在广泛争议。研究综合论述了BSC改变地表微形态对种子传播过程的影响;BSC改变土壤特性（物理、化学、生物学）对种子萌发和幼苗存活与建植等关键环节的影响;并结合种子形态特征及种子萌发、幼苗建植的性状等,综合分析了BSC对种子传播、种子萌发与幼苗建植等更新过程的潜在影响机理;探讨了目前研究矛盾性结论产生的原因。总体来说,深入研究并全面揭示BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,应加强学科交叉,将分子生物学、植物生理学、生物化学等微观研究,与遥感、野外生态因子过程监测、控制实验等宏观、中观研究结合,从机理到过程方面动态研究BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,并引入水文模型、气候模型、种群动态模型等模型预测方法,研究气候变化、各类干扰频发的情景下,BSC对种子传播、萌发及幼苗建植过程的潜在影响,以期促进对BSC与种子植物间相互关系的研究,加深对干旱脆弱生态系统植被发展规律的认识。     

Competitive suppression of Quercus douglasii (Fagaceae) seedling emergence and growth

Reduced recruitment of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) seedlings in California grasslands and woodlands may result from shifts in seasonal soil water availability coincident with replacement of the native perennial herbaceous community by Mediterranean annuals. We used a combination of container and field experiments to examine the interrelationships between soil water potential, herbaceous neighborhood composition, and blue oak seedling shoot emergence and growth. Neighborhoods of exotic annuals depleted soil moisture more rapidly than neighborhoods of a perennial grass or "no-neighbor" controls. Although effects of neighborhood composition on oak seedling root elongation were not statistically significant, seedling shoot emergence was significantly inhibited in the annual neighborhoods where soil water was rapidly depleted. Seedling water status directly reflected soil water potential, which also determined the extent and duration of oak seedling growth during the first year. End-of-season seedling height significantly influenced survival and growth in subsequent years. While growth and survival of blue oak seedlings may be initially constrained by competition with herbaceous species, subsequent competition with adult blue oak trees may further contribute to reduced sapling recruitment.     

Development of a technique to study seedling emergence in response to moisture deficit in the field —The seed bed environment*

The ability of crops of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to establish in farmers' fields depends largely on its capacity to germinate and emerge under limited soil moisture conditions. Studies on germination under moisture stress have been previously conducted using osmotic media which do not wholly reproduce the conditions of the seed bed in the field. Hence the need for a field screening technique. A line source irrigation system was used to provide five moisture regimes ranging from -0.08 MPa to -0.92 MPa. The drying rate of the soil and the soil temperature depended largely on incident radiation, and the relationship between the moisture content and daily soil temperature and daily radiation was consistant. Total porosity of the seed bed, derived from bulk density measurements and particle density ranged from 43.8% to 45.3%, which would allow sufficient aeration when as in the experiments conducted here, water content was low (> 0.14 g/g). Under these seed bed conditions the pattern of response of emergence to the moisture gradient was linear or curvilinear. Genotypic differences existed for emergence and its response to water level. The field method developed is useful for identifying genotypes able to germinate and emerge under conditions of low seed bed moisture.     

沙埋与水分对科尔沁沙地主要固沙植物出苗的影响

蒿属半灌木乌丹蒿(Artemisia wudanica)、白沙蒿(A. sphaerocephala)、差不嘎蒿(A. halodendron)是科尔沁沙地的主要固沙植物。其中乌丹蒿和差不嘎蒿是科尔沁沙地的本土植物,白沙蒿为来自于库布齐沙漠、毛乌素沙地的飞播植物。设置了 5个沙埋深度(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和3.0 cm)和 4个水分梯度(86、171、257和 342 mL,分别模拟每月25、50、75和100 mm的降雨量),以探讨3种植物幼苗出土对沙埋和水分的响应。结果表明,沙埋与水分均显著影响着3种蒿属植物的幼苗出土(P < 0.001)。3种植物最适沙埋深度在0.5-1.5 cm范围内,萌发出土时适宜水量要高于当地种子萌发期的平均降水量(50 mm/月)。两种固沙先锋植物乌丹蒿和白沙蒿的种子出苗率均显著高于差不嘎蒿,乌丹蒿较白沙蒿也明显为高,尤其在水分缺乏时,表现出两种先锋植物种子出苗对干旱有更好的适应性。协方差分析表明,乌丹蒿幼苗死亡率显著高于白沙蒿和差不嘎蒿(P < 0.05),在达到75 mm/月降水量时,3种植物的出苗较好,但不能满足乌丹蒿幼苗生长对水分的需求,而实际种子萌发期的降水量平均只有50 mm/月。因而降水的缺乏导致乌丹蒿种群更新出现问题,加之飞播植物的竞争,使得近几年科尔沁沙地较多乌丹蒿种群出现衰退。