不同繁育系统的榕树雌花的花柱长度和繁殖率比较

多年来, 不同繁育系统的榕树(Ficus spp.)的进化问题引起生物学家们极大的兴趣。前人通过对不同繁育系统榕树雌花的花柱长度、传粉榕小蜂产卵器长度和繁殖率的比较, 推测榕树的雌雄异株是由雌雄同株进化而来的。为验证这一推论, 选取雌雄同株的垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)和钝叶榕(F. curtipes)以及雌雄异株的斜叶榕(F. tinctoria)和鸡嗉子榕(F. semicordata), 进行了雌花花柱长度、传粉榕小蜂产卵器长度及繁殖率的比较。研究结果显示: 1)两种雌雄同株榕树的传粉榕小蜂(Eupristina koningsbergeri和Eupristina sp.)的产卵器长度, 显著长于两种雌雄异株榕树的传粉榕小蜂(Liporrhopalum gibbosae和Ceratosolen gravelyi)产卵器的长度, 且雌雄同株榕树雌花花柱长度的变异大于雌雄异株雌花花柱长度的变异; 2)两种雌雄同株榕树的雌花花柱长度呈单峰分布, 且花柱长度的变异大于传粉榕小蜂产卵器长度的变异; 两种雌雄异株榕树花序的雌花花柱长度呈双峰分布, 雌花花柱长度的变异也大于传粉榕小蜂产卵器的长度变异; 3)两种雌雄同株榕树的传粉榕小蜂产卵器长度能到达雌花子房的比例更高, 可更有效地产生瘿花, 而雌雄异株榕树产生种子的优势更强。研究表明: 在传粉榕小蜂产卵器长度及花序雌花花柱分布方面, 雌雄异株榕树有着明显的优势, 但在繁殖率方面没有绝对优势。因此, 前人从雌花花柱分布及繁殖率比较而做出榕树进化的推测并不正确。要真正解决榕树的进化问题, 需要多学科、多指标的综合分析和深入研究。     

鸡嗉子榕内传粉小蜂与非传粉小蜂的繁殖稳定共存机制研究

【目的】榕-蜂系统是自然界协同进化和互利共生的典型模型,榕-蜂之间如何实现繁殖分配从而实现稳定共存一直是倍受研究者关注的问题,但对传粉小蜂和非传粉小蜂的繁殖稳定共存研究较少。【方法】本文选取分布在西双版纳地区的雌雄异株榕树鸡嗉子榕Ficus semicordata的雄果,通过对榕果内唯一的传粉小蜂Ceratosolen gravelyi Grandi以及4种非传粉小蜂Philotrypesis dunia Joseph,Apocrypta sp.,Platyneura sp.,Sycoscapter trifemmensis Joseph的产卵时序进行了观察,并对5种小蜂的种群数量进行统计,以及对每种小蜂产卵小花的空间分布、瘿花体积等特征进行了研究。【结果】发现:5种小蜂在产卵时间上存在分离,且传粉小蜂的种群数量远大于其他4种非传粉小蜂的种群数量之和。5种小蜂的瘿花特征也存在差异:瘿花的子房大小不同,且花梗长度即分布空间也有差异,传粉小蜂最接近果腔而非传粉小蜂则更多地利用中层和内层的小花。【结论】结果说明在鸡嗉子榕有限的空间内,5种小蜂通过产卵时间和生长空间的分离,实现了减少竞争以及长期共存的特征,维持了榕-蜂系统的稳定性。     

垂叶榕榕小蜂群落及种间互作网络季节动态

群落中的物种相互作用构成了复杂的生态网络。有关物种的数量和组成的季节性动态变化已有较多的研究, 但是对于生态网络的动态变化知之甚少。揭示生态网络的动态变化对于理解群落的稳定性以及群落的动态变化过程和机理具有重要意义。本研究以垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)榕小蜂群落为研究对象, 分别在西双版纳的干季和雨季采集了榕小蜂的种类和数量信息。比较了两个季节榕小蜂群落的动态变化以及共存网络的参数(例如网路直径、连接数、嵌套性和群落矩阵温度)变化。结果显示: 雨季榕果内传粉榕小蜂Eupristina koningsbergeri所占比例高于干季, 传粉榕小蜂的种群数量也高于干季, 而在干季非传粉榕小蜂的种类增加(干季15种小蜂, 雨季14种)。从榕树-传粉榕小蜂互利共生系统的适合度来看, 干季非传粉小蜂的增加对传粉榕小蜂和榕树的适合度是不利的。在干季, 共存网络物种间的连接数(干季0.95, 雨季0.47)多于雨季, 群落矩阵温度(干季23.24, 雨季2.64)也显著高于雨季。表明干季榕小蜂群落组成及种间关系较雨季更为复杂而多样, 高的矩阵温度暗示群落受到的干扰更大。     

榕果挥发物对传粉榕小蜂的吸引作用

榕树 /榕小蜂专一性共生系统的维持 ,与榕树开花期释放的特殊的挥发性化合物以及榕小蜂对其寄主榕树的化学识别和定位紧密相关。研究选取了西双版纳地区常见的 3种榕树 ,即对叶榕 Ficus hispida、木瓜榕 F.auriculata和鸡嗉子榕F.semicordata的榕果作为实验材料 ,利用野外诱捕实验、室内生物检测实验检测传粉榕小蜂 Hymenoptera:ChalcidoidaeAgaonidae对 12种信息化合物及榕果的二氯甲烷浸提物的趋向性反应 ,研究不同榕属植物的传粉榕小蜂对相同的信息化合物的反应差异 ,以及传粉榕小蜂受不同发育时期榕果浸提物吸引的显著性程度。诱捕实验中对叶榕小蜂 Ceratosolen solmsimarchali对香叶醇的趋向性反应显著 ,大果榕小蜂 C.emarginatus对接受期榕果浸提物和芳樟醇都有明显的趋向性反应 ,而对间花期榕果浸提物则无显著反应。嗅觉仪生物检测实验中 ,鸡嗉果榕小蜂 C.gravelyi对香叶醇和松油醇都表现出显著的趋向性反应。结果表明 ,对叶榕、鸡嗉子榕传粉榕小蜂对 12种信息化合物的反应存在一定的差异 ,木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂对香叶醇和木瓜榕接受期榕果浸提物的趋向性反应比间花期榕果强得多     

传粉榕小蜂与榕树的繁衍

榕树传粉现象被广泛地作为研究协同进化特别是互惠共生的重要模式之一。本文总结了榕果与传粉榕小蜂的有关研究,试图解释其形态结构之间的相互适应,总结传粉榕小蜂的传粉行为,探讨传粉榕小蜂在雌雄同株及雌雄异株榕树上的传粉模式,讨论传粉榕小蜂的寄主专一性,并展望中国在榕小蜂方面的研究前景。     

西双版纳聚果榕隐头果内小蜂群落结构及种间关系

聚果榕Ficus racemosa Linn.是雌雄同株榕树,它是西双版纳热带雨林生态系统中的一个常见种群。聚果榕必须依靠聚果榕小蜂Ceratosolen fusciceps Mayr传粉才能获得有性繁殖,而聚果榕小蜂又必须依靠聚果榕隐头果内短柱花繁衍后代,两者间形成了种间专一的互惠共生体系。同时,在其隐头果内还存在一个复杂的非传粉小蜂功能群,它们主要是榕树种子和传粉榕小蜂的寄生者。在云南省西双版纳自治州勐腊县勐仑镇选取了5个样地,对聚果榕单果内小蜂群落组成和种间相互关系进行研究。在不同时间段采集聚果榕单果242个,共收集小蜂366660头。聚果榕隐头果内有6种小蜂,隶属小蜂总科Chalcidoidae中的榕小蜂科Agaonidae、长尾小蜂科Caliimomidae、金小蜂科Pteromalidae,其中榕小蜂科中的C．fusciceps是聚果榕唯一的传粉者。金小蜂科中的Apocryta westwoodi Grandi和Apocryta sp.两个种是榕小蜂的寄生者,它们的寄生是传粉榕小蜂的种群数量减少因素之一。长尾小蜂科中Platyneura agraensis Joseph,Platyneura mayri Rasplus和Platyneura testacea Motschulsky3个种是寄生榕树种子或与榕小蜂争夺食物(瘿花)资源的小蜂类群,它们的出现与发生,致使聚果榕正在发育成种子的长柱小花形成瘿花,同时一部分种类把卵寄生在已被榕小蜂产卵的短柱小花子房中与榕小蜂争夺食物资源,致使榕小蜂食物资源的匮乏而死亡,对传粉小蜂种群有明显的影响。传粉小蜂从花托口钻入隐头果内,在隐头果内的长柱小花传粉和短柱小花子房中产卵,5种非传粉小蜂从隐头果外部把产卵器刺穿果肉把卵产在小花子房上。通过对5块样地隐头果内小蜂群落的综合分析发现,传粉榕小蜂为优势种群,而Apocryta sp.种的数量最少。在传粉及非传粉小蜂自然群体中各种类性比明显具有偏雌现象。小蜂群落表现异常的是聚果榕孤立株的样地,该样地传粉小蜂个体数量明显下降,非传粉小蜂个体数量则增加,各小蜂种群之间竞争激烈,出现C．fusciceps和P．mayri两个优势种。     

鸡嗉果榕榕小蜂产卵时序与种群数量分析

榕树与传粉榕小蜂的互惠共生体系被多种非传粉榕小蜂利用。在同一个榕果中,具有较高种群密度的传粉榕小蜂和多种非传粉榕小蜂生存在一起并相互作用。通过野外观察和采样分析的方法,对鸡嗉果榕内5种榕小蜂（传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen gravelyi;非传粉榕小蜂Apocrypta sp., Philotrypesis dunia, Platyneura cunia和Sycoscaptertr ifemmensis）的产卵行为进行了研究。结果证明,鸡嗉果榕内生活的各种榕小蜂通过比较严格的产卵时序在榕果内产卵以占领不同的生态位,这反映了这些榕小蜂各自的生物学特性。自然种群数量分析表明,单个非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群数量几乎不与传粉榕小蜂种群数量呈负相关,而所有非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群个体总量与传粉榕小蜂的种群个体数呈正相关,这可能是多个物种共存于单个榕果内的进化适应。     

六种同域分布雌雄异株榕树挥发物多样性与系统发育一致性

植物花挥发物是维持昆虫-植物传粉互作的重要化学信号,其组成的多样性对于理解传粉昆虫与植物相互作用的形成、维持和进化具有重要意义。榕树与其传粉榕小蜂是一种专性的互惠共生关系,榕树为榕小蜂提供繁殖场所,榕小蜂为榕树传粉。而榕果雌花期（接收期）释放的特异性挥发物是维持双方相互作用的关键媒介。本研究以西双版纳地区同域分布的6种雌雄异株榕树为研究对象,用固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用仪对雌花期榕果的挥发物组成进行了分析。共发现77种化合物,包含脂肪酸类衍生物6种、单萜类化合物16种、倍半萜类衍生物50种和芳香族化合物5种,不同化合物对挥发物距离差异性的贡献率依次是：对甲基苯甲醚（4-methylanisole,2.15）、β-罗勒烯（β-Ocimene,0.84）和喜沙木烯（Prezizaene,0.73）。不同物种间挥发物组成有显著的差异,且挥发物的差异与榕树系统发育距离具有正相关性,但同一物种不同性别间的挥发物组成上没有显著的差异。本研究中发现雌雄异株榕树挥发物组成具有多样性高、种内性别间相似、种间差异大,系统发育一致性的特点,上述特点在榕树物种分化以及维持雌雄异株榕树繁殖的化学通讯机制中可能发挥着关键作用。     

高榕的3类雌花形态及其繁殖特征

榕树(Ficus spp.)及其传粉榕小蜂(Agaonidae)之间经过长期的协同进化, 已形成了高度专一的互惠共生关系。在雌雄同株的榕树中, 同一个榕果内既繁殖种子, 又繁殖榕小蜂, 雌花资源在繁殖种子和榕小蜂之间是怎样分配的?该研究选择广泛分布于西双版纳地区的高榕(F. altissima)及其传粉榕小蜂系统来回答这个问题。高榕果内的雌花柱头形态变异较大, 有3种类型的柱头——球型、弯钩型和火炬型, 它们分别占到雌花总量的54.00%、36.93%和9.07%。3种类型柱头的雌花分别具有不同长度的花柱, 球型柱头雌花的平均花柱长度最短, 火炬型柱头次之, 弯钩型柱头雌花的平均花柱长度最长。在高榕果内, 有传粉者Eupristina altissima和欺骗者Eupristina sp.两类小蜂进入榕果内繁殖, 前者的产卵器长度比96.01%以上的雌花花柱长, 后者的产卵器也要长于85.73%的雌花花柱, 从产卵器长度和雌花花柱长度的匹配情况看, 它们应该可以利用绝大多数雌花产卵繁殖后代。然而, 繁殖榕小蜂的雌花主要是短花柱的雌花, 其中60.64%是球型柱头的雌花; 而繁殖种子的主要是花柱较长的弯钩型柱头和火炬型柱头的雌花。显然, 繁殖榕小蜂和种子的雌花不仅花柱长度有差异, 柱头也分化出了不同的形态, 变异的柱头形状也是调节榕树-榕小蜂繁殖平衡的手段之一。     

小叶榕隐头果内加利里金小蜂的发生规律

小叶榕Ficus microcarpa是一种广泛分布于亚洲热带和亚热带地区的雌雄同株榕树,在它的隐头果中,除了专一性传粉的榕小蜂外,还寄生着多种非传粉小蜂,这些非传粉小蜂在榕果发育的不同时期来到果外产卵,对榕树和传粉榕小蜂繁衍后代产生不同的影响。加利里金小蜂Odontofroggatia galili是寄生于小叶榕雌花子房里的主要非传粉小蜂。本文在2012~2013年对该种小蜂的发生规律进行了研究,结果表明:该种小蜂雌雄蜂有翅,雄蜂二型,个体大小有显著差异。加利里金小蜂在榕果的雌花前期产卵,能独立造瘿;在西双版纳地区,干热季和雨季从卵发育到成虫羽化需31~38 d,雾凉季则长达58~72 d。成虫在榕果雄花期羽化出蜂,大多数雄蜂在苞片口等待羽化出果的雌蜂交配,雌雄蜂通常仅交配一次;为争夺交配机会,雄蜂间存在激烈打斗,且个体大者获交配机会多。成虫期雌蜂寿命2 d,雄蜂寿命仅1 d。小叶榕40%的树上隐头果内有加利里金小蜂寄生,但不同地区寄生率和单果内加利里金小蜂雌雄蜂数量树间均存在显著差异。在原生地西双版纳地区加利里金小蜂种群小,传粉榕小蜂种群占主导地位;而在引入地昆明地区,加利里金小蜂发生频率高,种群显著较大;随着纬度北移和海拔升高,在榕果内罕见有传粉榕小蜂传粉和繁殖,而加利里金小蜂种群则不断升高。说明小叶榕在海拔较高和纬度偏北地区栽种,不适宜传粉榕小蜂繁殖,而非传粉的加利里金小蜂则较为适应,获得成功繁殖及种群扩张。     

非传粉小蜂对榕-蜂共生系统的影响

榕-蜂共生系统是桑科榕属(Ficus)植物与传粉榕小蜂专一互惠形成的生态学关系。但是,也有一些非传粉的小蜂出现在这个系统中,对榕-蜂共生系统可能产生较大的影响。西双版纳的聚果榕(Ficus racemosa)树上主要有5种非传粉小蜂,分别在榕果发育的不同阶段从果外向果内产卵。在传粉榕小蜂进果之前的花前期,Platyneura testace、Apocrypta sp.和P. mayri这3种非传粉小蜂先后到果外产卵繁殖后代,对榕-蜂共生系统造成显著影响,尤其是影响传粉榕小蜂的繁殖。在传粉榕小蜂进果之后的间花期,P. mayri、A. westwoodi和P. agraensis这3种非传粉小蜂相继到果外产卵,它们虽然能减少种子形成和传粉榕小蜂繁殖的数量,但最终没有对榕-蜂共生系统造成显著的影响。造瘿类的P. mayri可在花前期和间花期产卵繁殖,在花前期产卵时它主要是影响传粉榕小蜂的繁殖,而在间花期产卵时它则更多地是影响种子的生产。     

聚果榕榕果小蜂种群分布格局及其生境和季节差异比较

采用多个指数对西双版纳地区聚果榕榕果小蜂的种群分布格局进行了检测,并重点运用基于方差/均值比率法的t值测度比较了其生境和季节差异.结果表明,6种聚果榕榕果小蜂的种群分布格局皆呈聚集分布;传粉小蜂聚集强度在生境序列上,原始雨林≈严重干扰地段中度干扰地段,在季节序列上,雨季>干热季>雾凉季;非传粉小蜂不同种类不同性别随着生境和季节变化皆表现出明显的聚集强度差异.对各种聚集强度变化的发生机理与其对聚果榕传粉者互惠共生体进化稳定性进行了讨论,认为保护榕树、保护榕树和传粉昆虫互惠共生体的重点应放在保护其原始森林生境方面.     

Contrasting patterns of fig wasp communities along Mt. Wilhelm,Papua New Guinea

The fig (Moraceae) and pollinating fig wasp (Agaonidae) mutualism is best known as a model system for the study of coevolution in plant–pollinator interactions and its central role in shaping vertebrate communities in tropical forests. Figs also host myriad antagonistic parasitic fig wasps which impose costs on both partners threatening mutualism stability. Spatiotemporal variation in parasitic wasp abundance is a key factor in mitigating these effects. Because fig wasps are temperature sensitive and likely vary in their ability to traverse environmental gradients, we expect community assemblages and abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps to respond to changes along an elevational gradient. In the present study, we compare the fig wasp communities and abundance of three fig species growing along the slopes of the Mount Wilhelm altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea. We quantified wasps from over 100 male fig trees and calculated seed set for 55 female trees along each of the species’ distribution on the transect. Our results show that the abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps follow a mid-elevation peak, consistent with fig species richness found in the same transect. The patterns, however, are different according to the host's species distribution. Seed set remained relatively constant along the gradient for all species with some decrease along higher elevations, potentially affecting connectivity along the gradient. As suggested for insects in general, temperature and habitat diversity appear to play a fundamental role in the species richness and abundance of fig wasps.     

Disturbance effects on community structure of Ficus tinctoria fig wasps in Xishuangbanna, China: Implications for the fig/fig wasp mutualism

Abstract  Fig trees are important components of tropical forests, because their fruits are eaten by so many vertebrates, but they depend on pollinating fig wasps to produce mature fruits. Disturbance to habitat structure can have a major impact on insect diversity and composition, potentially reducing fruit yields. We investigated the impact of habitat disturbance on the fig wasp community associated with male figs of Ficus tinctoria in Xishuangbanna, China. The community comprised one pollinator species Liporrhopalum gibbosae and six non-pollinating wasp species: Sycoscapter sp.1, Philotrypesis ravii , Philotrypesis sp.1, Neosycophila omeomorpha , Sycophila sp.1, and Walkerella sp.1. More disturbed areas were characterized by higher temperatures, less shade, and more vehicle noise. The response of the fig wasp community was complex, with no simple relationship between intensity of disturbance and pollinator abundance. However, the sex ratios (proportion of male progeny) of pollinators increased significantly in more disturbed areas. We conclude that potential changes in fig wasp community composition brought about by disturbance, are unpredictable, with unclear consequences for tropical rainforest biodiversity.     

歪叶榕非传粉小蜂的繁殖策略及其对榕-蜂共生系统的影响

2004年8月至2005年8月在西双版纳热带植物园内,通过广泛收集歪叶榕榕小蜂标本、非传粉小蜂产卵行为学观察和阻止传粉者入果等实验方法,研究了我国西双版纳热带雨林下的一种榕树——歪叶榕Ficus cyrtophylla的榕小蜂群落组成结构、非传粉小蜂的繁殖策略以及它们对榕-蜂共生系统的影响。结果表明,歪叶榕中除了具有唯一传粉榕小蜂Blastophag sp.以外,还具有3种非传粉小蜂Platyneura sp.、Philotrypesis sp.和Sycoscapter sp.。在歪叶榕榕小蜂群落中,传粉榕小蜂占整个群落总数的92.21%,是群落的最主要组成者;主要的非传粉小蜂是Sycoscaptersp.,占5.78%; 其次是Philotrypesissp.,占1.84%,而Platyneurasp.仅占群落总数的0.17%。歪叶榕中的非传粉小蜂通过各自产卵时间和食性分化的策略来利用榕果中的资源繁殖后代。非传粉小蜂寄生使传粉榕小蜂的总数和其雌蜂数量都显著地降低,但是对传粉小蜂雄蜂数量没有显著影响,从而导致传粉榕小蜂的雄性性比显著地增加。这说明非传粉小蜂在选择寄居宿主时具有明显的倾向性,而且更多地将卵产于含有雌性传粉小蜂的瘿花之中。因此,非传粉小蜂通过减少雌性传粉小蜂的数量而降低了榕树的雄性适合度,从而在一定程度上对榕 蜂共生系统的稳定存在和发展产生了负面影响。     

Non-pollinating wasps distort the sex ratio of pollinating fig wasps

In fig wasps, mating occurs among the offspring of one or a few foundress mothers within the fig, from which the mated females disperse to found new broods. Under these conditions, males will compete with each other for mating, and such local mate competition can result in female-biased sex ratios. In addition to pollinating wasps, non-pollinating wasp species are also associated with figs and develop in flower ovaries or parasitize the larvae of primary galling wasps. While studying the fig wasp Pegoscapus tonduzi , which pollinates Ficus citrifolia in Brazil, we examined the influence of non-pollinating fig wasps on the sex ratio of species that pollinate F. citrifolia to determine whether the presence of non-pollinating wasps resulted in a distorted sex ratio. There was a positive relationship between the sex ratio of P. tonduzi and the number of non-pollinating wasps that was independent of the number of foundresses and brood size. In addition, the number of non-pollinating wasps correlated negatively with the number of pollinating females, but was not significantly related to the number of pollinating males. This finding suggested that non-pollinating wasps had a direct effect in distorting the sex ratio of P. tonduzi broods. Our results indicate that the secondary sex ratio may not precisely reflect the primary sex ratio when there is a high infestation of non-pollinating fig wasps.     

Direct evidence for the cycling of fig wasps within one male fig tree

Fig wasps can only survive when flowering fig trees are present all the year around. Ficus trees can only reproduce if they are pollinated by highly specific wasps. In highly seasonal habitats, when only few trees occur at a specific site, gaps in fruiting may lead to the extinction of the local pollinator population. This paper demonstrates that in a dioecious fig tree, Ficus hirta , the fig wasp population can be maintained successfully within an individual plant, through the strong intra-tree asynchrony in flowering. By experimentally bagging trees, we showed that the pollinating wasps ( Blastophaga javana hilli ) could live for two generations, and the non-pollinating wasps ( Sycoscapter sp.) for up to three generations in a closed intra-tree system. However, there was a sharp decline in wasp abundance, deviating sex ratios and decreasing flower occupancy before their ultimate extinction, indicating that the wasp populations were not sustainable. This phenological strategy may enable dioecious figs, which are not constrained by the cost of selfing, to occupy a wider breadth of niches in both tropical and seasonal habitats.     

Chemical composition of volatiles from the syconia of Ficus microcarpa and host recognition behavior of pollinating fig wasps

Aims Chemical communication plays a key role in host plant recognition of pollinators. There are two recognized types of chemical communication between syconia and their pollinating fig wasps: one is “generalization”, of which the wasps respond to the relative ratio of multiple compounds, and the other is “specialization”, of which the key signal is a single uncommon, possibly unique, compound. The aims of this study were to identify the chemical composition of volatiles from the syconia of Ficus microcarpa at different developmental phases, and to determine if the signaling between F. microcarpa and its pollinating fig wasp, Eupristina verticillata, is of generalized type, or of specialized type.Methods The volatiles from syconia of F. microcarpa were extracted using solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) at different developmental phases (pre-female, female (before and after pollination), interfloral, male and postfloral phases) and the chemical compounds were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We then tested the behavioral responses of E. verticillata to fresh syconia at different developmental phases using two-choice olfactometers.Important findings There were 21 volatile compounds identified from the syconia at different developmental phases, which were mainly fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids and aromatic compounds. The components of the volatiles apparently differed among the developmental stages. The contents of terpenoids declined, but the contents of fatty acid derivatives increased, from before the pollination to after the pollination. Especially, the characteristic compounds of 2-heptanone and 3-octanone before the pollination disappeared, D-limonene decreased after the pollination, but copanene, cyclohexane and 2-hexenal increased. The results of the two-choice olfactometer experiment showed that the pollinating fig wasps had higher selection ratio to chemicals found in the female phase syconia than those in other phases; whereas the volatile compounds from the male phase syconia had the function pushing the pollinating fig wasps to leave the natal syconia so that there existed the “push-pull” responses by fig wasps to volatiles released by their host syconia. We conclude that there are multiple chemical compounds playing the roles in host recognition of pollinating fig wasp E. verticillata. The mutualistic relationship between F. microcarpa and E. verticillata is maintained by the chemical communication of “generalization” strategy.