类器官的构建与应用进展

类器官是在体外经由干细胞驱动的, 形成具有来源器官显微解剖特征的多细胞三维结构且能自我更新的微组织。类器官能分化产生器官特异性的多种细胞类型,能重现对应器官的部分功能和空间架构,它的诞生为生命医学研究和临床应用注入了新动能,在癌症基础与临床研究、再生医学等领域表现出广阔的应用前景。对近些年国内外类器官研究进展进行综述,介绍其构建过程与培养体系,并详细阐述其作为体外研究模型的优缺点,为基于类器官的科学研究与应用提供了参考。     

小鼠小肠类器官体外培养体系的建立与应用

目的建立一种研究肠上皮细胞的体外模型—小肠类器官培养体系,探索其相关病理检测技术方法,为肠道相关疾病的体外研究提供便利平台。方法将小鼠肠上皮隐窝分离并培养成小肠类器官,体外模拟肠上皮的生长发育过程。通过制作石蜡切片,探索应用免疫组化技术以及基于基质胶中类器官三维水平免疫荧光技术对相应的增殖与分化信号进行检测。结果探索并建立了小肠类器官体外培养体系,应用石蜡切片免疫组化技术与三维水平免疫荧光技术能够准确检测小肠上皮结构的生长发育状态。结论小肠类器官体外培养体系的建立与免疫检测技术的应用,将逐渐使其成为人们研究肠道相关疾病最为有利的技术手段。     

皮肤类器官的构建、功能及其应用研究进展

皮肤类器官作为一种新型的类器官模型,不仅能高度模拟皮肤组织的生理结构和功能,更好地在不同体外环境下还原较真实的皮肤生态,还可以应用于皮肤发育研究、皮肤疾病病理研究及药物筛选等领域。在干细胞研究中,皮肤类器官模型可以在特殊的生境下对具有特定功能的皮肤细胞及其附属物进行重建和改造,以弥补现有体外皮肤模型在结构、功能等方面的不足。基于此,皮肤类器官将会在皮肤再生、组织修复、药物筛选及医学美容等方面扮演越来越重要的角色。本文详述了皮肤类器官构建中所参与的细胞来源及近年来的应用,并对未来皮肤类器官的发展与优化做出了展望。     

肝脏类器官的研究及应用进展

肝脏疾病易感性差异大且个体间的肝脏细胞存在明显的异质性,因此开发体外能够长期存活并具有代谢功能的人体类肝组织细胞模型,对治疗终末期肝病、开展肝脏致病机理研究及药物筛选具有重要意义。过去十年中,体外三维类器官模型发展迅猛,为疾病模拟、精准化治疗领域的研究提供了新的工具,显示出巨大潜力。肝脏类器官具有患者的基因表达与突变特征,在体外能够较长时间地保持肝脏细胞功能,已被应用于疾病模拟及药物有效性研究,并具有进行原位或异位移植发挥治疗作用的应用潜能。就干细胞、肝脏原代细胞等不同来源的肝脏类器官的发展及近年的研究进展作了综述,以期为肝脏类器官在疾病建模、药物发现和器官移植领域的研究和应用提供新的思路。     

胰腺类器官技术的发展及应用

在人类生物学和疾病的研究过程中,动物模型扮演了重要的角色。但随着研究的深入,其局限性也逐渐凸显。新兴的人类类器官(organoid)技术较好地弥补了动物模型的不足。类器官主要是指由干细胞衍生出的3D多细胞微器官。它能在体外模拟组织器官自发的谱系分化与稳态维持,并具备类似于体内组织器官的生理功能。目前,类器官培养技术在很多器官(比如胃肠道、食管、肝、胆、脑和膀胱等)中都取得了较好的进展。胰腺是人体内唯一的一个既是外分泌腺又是内分泌腺的特殊脏器。因此,胰腺类器官技术的发展面临更大的挑战。目前,胰腺导管类器官和胰岛类器官技术日渐优化,但如何构建复合型胰腺类器官仍是当前研究的难点。该综述将主要回顾胰腺的发育过程、体外定向分化技术以及胰腺类器官模型构建与应用等最新研究成果,同时简要探讨胰腺类器官模型具有潜力的发展方向。     

心脏类器官

类器官是体外构建的一类由多种类型细胞组成的,与体内器官或组织高度相似的三维培养物,它能够模拟细胞所属器官的某些结构和生理功能.心血管疾病患病率及死亡率一直处于上升阶段,相关基础研究主要基于细胞和动物模型.心脏类器官是对传统心血管疾病模型的有效补充,在体外更真实和准确地反映人体心脏的生物学特性和功能,使其在疾病机制研究、...     

胸腺类器官培养及应用进展

胸腺是人体重要的免疫器官,是T细胞分化成熟的场所,受损后容易引发自身免疫性疾病甚至恶性肿瘤。多年来,研究人员主要通过T细胞体外单层培养系统探索T细胞的发育过程,揭示胸腺损伤和再生的机制。但单层培养系统既不能重现胸腺独特的三维上皮性网状结构,也无法充分提供造血干细胞定向分化为T细胞所需的细胞因子和生长因子。胸腺类器官技术利用具有干细胞潜能的细胞,在体外通过三维培养模拟胸腺的解剖结构和胸腺上皮细胞介导的信号通路,与体内胸腺微环境十分接近。在研究T细胞分化和发育、胸腺相关疾病、重建机体免疫功能以及细胞治疗等方面,胸腺类器官呈现出巨大潜力。文中系统介绍了胸腺类器官的培养方法,比较了培养所用支架的优缺点;同时探讨了胸腺类器官在疾病建模、肿瘤靶向治疗、再生医学和器官移植等领域的应用,并对其前景进行展望。     

生物制造领域的机遇与挑战：发展类器官构建及培养的新技术

类器官构建及培养技术是近年来新兴的前沿性科学技术，该技术已经被广泛用到组织器官发育、疾病发病机制、药物开发和再生医学等领域的研究之中。干细胞及组织器官发育分化调控的研究成果为类器官构建及培养技术的建立提供了重要的信息。体外借助细胞外基质成分及细胞因子等构建出适宜于干细胞增殖、分化的三维微环境是类器官构建及培养技术的核心。在适宜的微环境中，干细胞及其分化的多种类型细胞可通过自组织形成与体内相应组织结构和功能相似的类器官。当前，多种类型的类器官构建及培养技术虽然得到广泛应用，但其技术体系仍具有操作的复杂性、产量的不确定性及获得的类器官结构和功能与体内组织存在较大差异性等难题。生物制造领域先进技术的引入推动了类器官技术的发展。本文将综述基质成分与细胞因子构建的三维微环境的研究进展，并讨论生物制造领域的先进技术在类器官构建与培养技术中的应用，例如微孔限定的培养技术可以控制类器官的生长发育，能用于制备大小均一及生物学特性相似的类器官；图案化技术使细胞按图案特征响应性地增殖与分化，可以精准控制类器官的生成；三维生物打印技术可以精确组装各类细胞，有助于构建具有复杂结构和区域特异性的类器官。类器官构建...     

肝脏类器官的研究进展及应用

生物医药研究主要依赖动物模型及人源细胞系,但是这些研究系统往往不能模拟人类个体发育过程、疾病发生机制和药物反应,因此在向临床转化方面遇到极大的困难.类器官是能模拟体内器官结构和功能特征的体外3D细胞簇.本文按照肝脏类器官从简单到复杂的顺序,讨论了成体干细胞来源和多能干细胞分化的多种肝脏类器官模型,同时概括了肝脏类器官在疾病建模、药物反应、毒性测试及再生医学等方面的应用.     

多能干细胞诱导分化为肾脏类器官的分子机制及应用前景分析

干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化潜能,在再生医学领域发挥着越来越大的作用。肾脏类器官是一种由干细胞分化而来具有一定肾脏功能的组织结构,可用于肾脏疾病的细胞修复治疗,也可以模拟肾脏发育和疾病发生及用于筛选改善肾功能的药物。肾脏类器官的体外培育成为了当前研究热点,其体外培育可分为几个阶段：干细胞-原始体节中胚层-中间中胚层-输尿管芽（后肾间质）-集合管（肾单位）。本文重点介绍了目前两种较为成熟的肾脏类器官体外诱导方法,并对肾脏类器官的应用前景进行了综述。     

类器官的研究进展及应用

随着人类生物学研究的不断深入,需建立新的模型系统为研究提供了有力的工具。虽然传统的研究模型已被广泛应用,但难以准确反映组织、器官在机体中的生理现象。类器官 (Organoid) 是来源于干细胞或器官祖细胞的三维细胞聚集体,可分化和自组织形成具有人体相应器官的部分特定功能和结构。由于类器官具有人源性,可模拟器官发育和形成,在体外长期扩增中具有基因组稳定性,并能够形成活体生物库进行高通量筛选等优势,成为近年来备受关注的体外模型。目前,利用类器官模型结合新兴的基因编辑、器官芯片、单细胞RNA测序技术等,能够突破传统模型的瓶颈,在器官水平上为疾病模型的建立、药物研发、精准医疗以及再生医学等提供有价值的信息。文中就类器官分类及特性、研究应用、与其他技术结合应用及展望这4个方面进行综述。     

消化系统类器官研究进展

类器官是一种近年来新发展的细胞三维培养系统。类器官与真实器官的三维结构相似,并具有自我更新和再现组织来源等特点,从而能够更好地模拟真实器官的功能。类器官为研究器官发生、再生、疾病发病机制以及药物筛选提供了一个崭新的研究和应用平台。消化系统在人体内发挥着重要功能,目前已成功建立多种消化器官的类器官模型。本文就近年来味蕾、食管、胃、肝和小肠类器官的研究进展及相关应用进行综述,并对这几种类器官的应用前景进行展望。     

胰岛类器官研究进展

类器官是将具有多向分化潜能的干细胞或组织细胞在特定环境下培养分化成为能够模拟原生器官结构和功能的三维结构.类器官在各种疾病模型研究及药物筛选中发挥至关重要的作用.近年来,通过体外诱导胰腺组织或多能干细胞分化形成具有胰岛细胞功能的胰岛类器官研究成为热点,为胰岛相关疾病模型、药物研究以及糖尿病的治疗提供了新的手段.本文针对...     

Focus: Personalized Medicine: Value of Organoids from Comparative Epithelia Models

Organoids have tremendous therapeutic potential. They were recently defined as a collection of organ-specific cell types, which self-organize through cell-sorting, develop from stem cells, and perform an organ specific function. The ability to study organoid development and growth in culture and manipulate their genetic makeup makes them particularly suitable for studying development, disease, and drug efficacy. Organoids show great promise in personalized medicine. From a single patient biopsy, investigators can make hundreds of organoids with the genetic landscape of the patient of origin. This genetic similarity makes organoids an ideal system in which to test drug efficacy. While many investigators assume human organoids are the ultimate model system, we believe that the generation of epithelial organoids of comparative model organisms has great potential. Many key transport discoveries were made using marine organisms. In this paper, we describe how deriving organoids from the spiny dogfish shark, zebrafish, and killifish can contribute to the fields of comparative biology and disease modeling with future prospects for personalized medicine.     

The science and engineering of stem cell-derived organoids-examples from hepatic,biliary, and pancreatic tissues

The field of organoid engineering promises to revolutionize medicine with wide-ranging applications of scientific, engineering, and clinical interest, including precision and personalized medicine, gene editing, drug development, disease modelling, cellular therapy, and human development. Organoids are a three-dimensional (3D) miniature representation of a target organ, are initiated with stem/progenitor cells, and are extremely promising tools with which to model organ function. The biological basis for organoids is that they foster stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and self-organization, recapitulating 3D tissue structure or function better than two-dimensional (2D) systems. In this review, we first discuss the importance of epithelial organs and the general properties of epithelial cells to provide a context and rationale for organoids of the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Next, we develop a general framework to understand self-organization, tissue hierarchy, and organoid cultivation. For each of these areas, we provide a historical context, and review a wide range of both biological and mathematical perspectives that enhance understanding of organoids. Next, we review existing techniques and progress in hepatobiliary and pancreatic organoid engineering. To do this, we review organoids from primary tissues, cell lines, and stem cells, and introduce engineering studies when applicable. We discuss non-invasive assessment of organoids, which can reveal the underlying biological mechanisms and enable improved assays for growth, metabolism, and function. Applications of organoids in cell therapy are also discussed. Taken together, we establish a broad scientific foundation for organoids and provide an in-depth review of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic organoids.     

Current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine

Organoids derived from stem cells or organ-specific progenitors are self-organizable, self-renewable, and multicellular three-dimensional (3D) structures that can mimic the function and structure of the derived tissue. Due to such characteristics, organoids are attracting attention as an excellent ex vivo model for drug screening at the stage of drug development. In addition, since the applicability of organoids as therapeutics for tissue regeneration has been embossed, the development of various organoids-based regenerative medicine has been rapidly progressing, reaching the clinical trial stage. In this review, we give a general overview of organoids and describe current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine, focusing on organoid-based regenerative therapeutics currently under development including clinical trials.     

类器官的应用研究进展

类器官是利用干细胞的自我更新和分化能力,在体外培养形成的一种微小组织器官类似物,在很大程度上具有体内相应器官的功能。迄今为止,在3D培养条件下,已经成功培养出多种类器官如肺、胃、肠、肝和肾等类器官。它们不仅可作为组织器官的替代品用于药物和临床研究,还可用于体内器官移植。本文综述了类器官在药物毒性检测、药效评价和新药筛选中的作用以及利用类器官建立疾病模型、研究组织器官发育和类器官在精准医疗、再生医学中的价值。     

Organoid model: A new hope for pancreatic cancer treatment?

Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly progressing disease with a poor prognosis. We still have many questions about the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and precise treatment of this disease. Organoids, a rapidly emerging technology, can simulate the characteristics of pancreatic tumors. Using the organoid model of pancreatic cancer, we can study and explore the characteristics of pancreatic cancer, thereby effectively guiding clinical practice and improving patient prognosis. This review introduces the development of organoids, comparisons of organoids with other preclinical models and the status of organoids in basic research and clinical applications for pancreatic cancer.     

Host metabolism dysregulation and cell tropism identification in human airway and alveolar organoids upon SARS-CoV-2 infection

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),which is spread primary via respiratory droplets and infects the lungs.Currently widely used cell lines and animals are unable to accurately mimic human physiological conditions because of the abnormal status of cell lines (transformed or cancer cells) and species differences between ani-mals and humans.Organoids are stem cell-derived self-organized three-dimensional culture in vitro and model the physiological conditions of natural organs.Here we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infected and extensively replicated in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)-derived lung organoids,including airway and alveolar organoids which covered the complete infection and spread route for SARS-CoV-2 within lungs.The infected cells were ciliated,club,and alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells,which were sequentially located from the proximal to the distal airway and terminal alveoli,respectively.Addi-tionally,RNA-seq revealed early cell response to virus infection including an unexpected downregulation of the metabolic processes,especially lipid metabolism,in addition to the well-known upregulation of immune response.Further,Remdesivir and a human neutralizing antibody potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung organoids.Therefore,human lung organoids can serve as a pathophysiological model to investigate the underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to discover and test therapeutic drugs for COVID-19.