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1.
新冠肺炎疫情的暴发, 使得对野生动物的消费与贸易中的公共健康安全问题引起广泛关注。为了给相关的立法和政策制定提供参考, 我们通过网络对于全国及部分海外华人发放问卷进行了调查, 共收回74,040份有效问卷。根据问卷调查结果, 本文对普通公众对于野生动物消费和贸易立法意愿及影响因素进行了分析。研究结果包括: (1)公众对全面取缔野味餐馆和集市、禁止消费野味、禁止野生动物及其制品的买卖以及禁止野生动物商业性活体展演的立法动议持赞成态度的比例均超过90%; (2)现有野生动物消费群体经历新冠肺炎疫情后倾向于停止消费行为; (3)曾经消费野生动物或周围有人从事野生动物相关产业的群体相比其他人群更有可能不支持全面禁止对野生动物的消费和贸易。结果表明, 全国人民代表大会常务委员会禁食野生动物的决定和修改野生动物保护法的动议在受高等教育者和城镇居民中有良好的公众基础。  相似文献   

2.
近年来, 新型冠状病毒、SARS病毒和鼠疫等新发和再发性动物源疫病多是由兽类及其媒介携带的病原生物直接或间接感染而引发的, 不仅对人类健康和生态系统平衡造成了重大威胁, 而且威胁全球公共卫生安全、粮食安全和生物安全。结合我国重要陆生兽类疫源疫病发生的新情况和新特点, 本文重点总结了我国以陆生野生及非野生兽类(家畜为主)为重点的24种重要人兽共患病的监管情况, 并对这些疫源疫病的监管空缺进行了分析。由于病原生物的种类多及其感染传播方式多样, 我国人间和动物间疫情呈现多发态势, 新发和再发疫病防控面临严峻挑战。从目前情况来看, 我国重要野生动物疫源疫病呈现为多部门、多层监管的局面。全球化贸易剧增、非法猎杀、非法交易、违法违规养殖、滥食野生动物陋习、检疫环节失察等导致了当前我国野生动物疫源疫病的传染源头和传播链错综复杂, 加剧了人类与野生动物所携带的病原接触、感染和传播的风险。极端气候或灾害事件频发以及对新发再发传染病的认知不足导致难以从源头做好疫病防控。针对上述问题, 本文提出了从源头加强基础研究和全链条监管来积极防范陆生野生动物疫病疫情的对策和建议。  相似文献   

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中国共产党第十八届三中全会和《环境保护法》明确提出依法划定生态保护红线, 实施最为严格的源头保护制度。世界上大多数国家都实行了将天然或近天然的区域划作保护地、建立生态空间体系对物种及其生境进行保护。在国际上虽未有“生态保护红线”这一提法, 但是划定生态保护区域的做法是相似的。作者基于相关文献, 对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)保护地系统, 以及美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、日本等地区和国家的生态保护地(区)体系的保护地面积和管理实践进行了系统梳理和总结。大多数国家的生态保护地(区)的面积在5-40%之间, 并建立了专门的保护管理职能部门或成立了多部门分工负责的管理体制, 根据人类活动强度的不同制定差异化的管控措施。对比我国现有保护地体系的空缺分析以及保护地分类管理中存在的问题, 本文提出了整合与优化我国现有各类保护区域, 通过重要性、敏感性评价对在生态系统服务功能、生物多样性和生境保护方面作用最为重要的土地优先划入生态保护红线内, 面积比例以占到陆地国土总面积的30%以上为宜。为严守生态保护红线, 根据我国现有部门职能分工, 建议强化环境保护部门对生态保护红线区域的统一监督管理职能, 制定生态保护红线管理办法, 在生态保护红线区域内实行分级分类管理。  相似文献   

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日本是分布有野生灵长类动物的发达国家,面临着与中国相似的猴灾威胁.借鉴日本对猴灾管理方面的技术和研究,有利于推动中国在相关领域的研究和提高野生动物管理水平.为此本文简述了日本猴灾出现的经纬,分析了猴灾出现的环境、社会背景,并介绍了日本在猴灾防除技术和管理策略方面的研究进展.猴灾防除技术可以分为设置物理壁障和心理壁障两大部分:设置物理壁障包括利用电网、围网等方式防止猴群进入农田,设置心理壁障包括利用爆音器、爆竹、狗、超声波、味嗅觉厌恶等方式防止猴群进入农田.另外利用改变土地利用、人工避孕和捕捉猴群的方式也可以减少猴灾发生.文中详细分析了这些防除技术的优缺点和在应用时需要注意的问题.在猴灾管理方面,作者提出了理论层面的管理模式和行政层面的管理方式,并建议加强人与野生动物共存的管理方式.  相似文献   

5.
自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物的影响   总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15       下载免费PDF全文
马建章  程鲲 《生态学报》2008,28(6):2818-2818~2827
目前中国的很多自然保护区开展了生态旅游,但这类活动对野生动物的影响研究却十分薄弱,因此十分有必要在介绍欧美、澳洲学者的研究进展基础上,针对我国的研究现状,提出该领域的研究方向、监测和管理策略.自然保护区的生态旅游活动主要有野生动物观赏、徒步行走、摄影、野外宿营、山地车或雪地车、电动或机动艇游湖、溪涧漂流、环境教育、社区访问等,旅游活动类型、范围、强度、时空分布等是影响对野生动物干扰大小的主要因素.生态旅游对野生动物的影响包括直接影响(个体的行为反应和生理指标改变、繁殖力降低、种群分布和物种组成的改变等)和间接影响(生境破坏、外来种散布和环境污染等).国外生态旅游对鸟类的影响研究较多,主要集中鸟类的惊飞反应、取食、能量消耗、繁殖等方面;对兽类影响的研究主要集中在行为、生理指标改变、种群数量等方面.我国未来的研究应注重收集基础性研究数据和深入探讨一些理论与应用问题,要运用多种技术手段对自然保护区野生动物的行为、生理、种群动态、物种多样性、生境质量、游客的时空分布、态度和行为等进行长期监测,而后将其结果应用到野生动物、生境以及游客的管理决策中去.另外,研究中应重视自然科学和社会科学的多学科交叉融合.  相似文献   

6.
陈向东 《微生物学通报》2020,47(4):1001-1003
突如其来的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情使得网上在线教学成为这段时间的唯一教学方式.这一方面给高校的广大师生提出了新的挑战,但同时也给近年来一直进行的高等教育开放式教育教学改革发展潮流按下了加速键.《微生物学通报》以“第十七届全国微生物学教学和科研及成果产业化研讨会”为契机邀稿组织出版的这期“高等院校教学主题刊”,很好地反映了近...  相似文献   

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李伟  范庆安  张峰 《生态学报》2008,28(12):5871-5875
2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生的大地震对当地人民的生命财产造成了巨大的损失。为了营灾民及抢救财产,大量国际和国内救援物资和人员陆续到达地震灾区,对减轻灾区民众的痛苦起到了积极的作用。随着国际国内救援物资和人员的到达,一些外来入侵种有可能随之进入灾区。如果这些外来入侵种得不到有效的控制,就可能造成生物入侵的发生。因此应该采取科学的对策及早进行防治,包括:(1)加强对外来入侵种的生态风险评估,(2)严密监测外来入侵种的动态,(3)采取科学方法控制外来入侵种。  相似文献   

8.
探讨感染控制与抗菌药物管理措施干预对骨科手术部位感染(surgical site infection, SSI)的影响,为有效降低SSI的发生提供循证依据。以2013—2018年在上海市杨浦区中心医院骨科住院的 8 916 例手术患者作为研究对象,其中干预前 2 462 例,干预后 4 636 例,强化干预 1 818 例。采取综合性感染控制集束化管理与抗菌药物管理干预措施,分为干预前(2013—2014年)、干预后(2015—2017年)和强化干预(2018年)3个阶段,主要措施包括术前手卫生及患者准备、术中保温及围术期合理用药等。对骨科SSI情况及干预效果进行评估。结果显示,实施感染控制的集束化措施与有效的抗菌药物管理措施后,手术患者SSI发生率由干预前的1.58%下降至0.61%(P<0.05)。干预前、后及强化干预Ⅰ、Ⅱ类切口预防用抗菌药物的品种合理率分别为54.83%、79.82%和99.04%,时机合理率分别为51.99%、78.53%和89.97%,疗程合理率分别为52.98%、82.19%和91.97%,结果显示抗菌药物品种选择、给药时机及疗程的合理率明显改善(P<0.05),且平均住院天数及抗菌药物占住院总费用的比例明显下降(P<0.05),表明长期连续的综合性感染控制与抗菌药物管理干预可有效降低骨科手术患者SSI的发生。  相似文献   

9.
International competition within the dairy market and increasing public awareness about the importance of functional food consumption are providing new challenges for innovation in the probiotic sector. In this context, countless references are currently dedicated to the selection and characterization of new species and more specific strains of probiotic bacteria. In general, these studies adopt basic selection criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO), including host-associated stress resistance, epithelium adhesion ability, and antimicrobial activity. These aspects are applied to ensure that the candidate probiotic could withstand the stressful conditions of the human digestive system and exert functional proprieties. However, it cannot be assumed that these novel microbial strains are capable of offering several biological benefits attributed to probiotics. Additionally, safety-associated selection criteria, such as plasmid-associated antibiotic resistance spreading and enterotoxin production, are often neglected. This article reviews the recent developments in the processes, strategies, and methods, such as anticarcinogenic, antidepression, antianxiety, antiobesity, antidiabetic, immunostimulatory, and cholesterol-lowering assessments, to select probiotic strains with the ultimate objective of assisting future probiotic microbe evaluation studies.  相似文献   

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Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic marine dinoflagellate, which blooms in summer along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, including many Italian regions since early 1990s. In tropical areas O. cf. ovata produces mainly palytoxins whereas in the Mediterranean basin it produces ovatoxins, and only trace amounts of a putative palytoxin. The toxicological profile of ovatoxins is still unknown. This paper describes the update of the Italian guidelines for the management of O. cf. ovata blooms related to bathing and recreational activities. The rationale for the guidelines starts from the current scientific knowledge on chemical, toxicological, and epidemiological aspects and on its diffusion, which are briefly summarized in the first part of the paper. On this basis a risk-based approach is developed, with the purpose to protect people from oral, dermal and inhalation exposure (the ones that so far caused major health problems), taking into account also the weather and sea conditions, which are crucial for the onset of blooms. Accordingly, the guidelines provide information on what indicators are needed to set up environmental monitoring activities and actions to take during diverse phases. They also outline a multi-step health surveillance system, and a system of communication to the public. Finally the still important scientific gaps and research needs are highlighted.  相似文献   

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Like the mechanisms of action as adjuvants, the pharmacodynamics of injected forms of aluminum commonly used in vaccines are not well-characterized, particularly with respect to how differences in schedules impact accumulation and how factors such as genetics and environmental influences on detoxification influence clearance. Previous modeling efforts are based on very little empirical data, with the model by Priest based on whole-body clearance rates estimated from a study involving a single human subject. In this analysis, we explore the expected acute exposures and longer-term whole-body accumulation/clearance across three vaccination schedules: the current US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) schedule, the current CDC schedule using low aluminum or no aluminum vaccines, and Dr. Paul Thomas’ “Vaccine Friendly Plan” schedule. We then study the effects of an implicit assumption of the Priest model on whether clearance dynamics from successive doses are influenced by the current level of aluminum or modeled by the assumption that a new dose has its own whole-body dynamics “reset” on the day of injection. We model two additional factors: variation (deficiency) in aluminum detoxification, and a factor added to the Priest equation to model the potential impact of aluminum itself on cellular and whole-body detoxification. These explorations are compared to a previously estimated pediatric dose limit (PDL) of whole-body aluminum exposure and provide a new statistic: %alumTox, the (expected) percentage of days (or weeks) an infant is in aluminum toxicity, reflecting chronic toxicity. We show that among three schedules, the CDC schedule results in the highest %alumTox regardless of model assumptions, and the Vaccine Friendly Plan schedule, which avoids >1 ACV per office visit results in the lowest (expected) %alumTox. These results are conservative, as the MSL is derived from data used by FDA to estimate safety of aluminum in adult humans. These results demonstrate high potential utility of modeling variation in patient responses to aluminum. More empirical data from individuals who are suspected of being intolerant of aluminum from vaccines, evidenced by high aluminum retention, neurodevelopmental disorders and/or a myriad of chronic illnesses would help answer questions on whether the model predictions can be used to estimate parameter values tied to genetic factors including genomic sequence variation and family history of chronic illnesses tied to aluminum exposure.  相似文献   

14.
《Endocrine practice》2023,29(7):538-545
ObjectiveTo assess the landscape of digital health resources in the United States, better understand the impact of the digital health on shared decision-making, and identify potential barriers and opportunities for progress in the care of persons with diabetes.MethodsThe study consisted of two phases: A qualitative phase in which one-on-one interviews were conducted virtually with 34 physicians (endocrinologists {Endos}: n = 15; primary care physicians {PCPs}: n = 19) between February 11, 2021 and February 18, 2021, and a quantitative phase in which two online, email-based surveys in the English language were conducted between April 16, 2021 and May 17, 2021: one with healthcare professionals (HCP) (n = 403: n = 200 Endos and n = 203 PCPs), and one with persons with diabetes (n = 517: patients with type 1 diabetes, n = 257; patients with type 2 diabetes, n = 260).ResultsDiabetes digital health tools were found to be helpful in shared decision-making, but leading barriers include cost, coverage, and lack of time by healthcare professionals. Among diabetes digital health tools, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems were used most commonly and viewed as most effective in improving quality of life and facilitating shared decision-making. Strategies for increasing use of diabetes digital health resources included lower cost, integration into electronic health records, and increased simplicity of tools.ConclusionThis study revealed that both Endos and PCPs feel that diabetes digital health tools have an overall positive impact. Integration with telemedicine and simpler, lower cost tools with increased patient access can further facilitate shared decision-making and improved diabetes care and quality of life.  相似文献   

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The Forest Stewardship Council developed the concept of High Conservation Values (HCVs) as a criteria in the forest certification process in order to promote sustainable forest management. It has six major components or values and component one and two of HCVs deal with the habitat for viable populations of “rare, endemic and threatened (RET) species” using the IUCN Red List category and other national / regional / local lists. But a consistent robust methodology for identification of these areas, does not exist. The present study tried to develop for the first time, a straight forward inclusive methodology for identification of HCVAs for the RET species on a spatio-temporal scale. A total of 50 RET and other significant species (32 flora, 10 fauna and 8 avifauna) were identified after a thorough literature review, field surveys and consultations with experts. Occurrence data of the selected species was collected from different secondary sources, field surveys, institutes and scientists who have worked on them. A 10 km grid-based approach and stratified random sampling was used for the primary GPS field surveys conducted during 2018–2019. MaxEnt species distribution model (SDM) software was used based on the occurrence data and environmental variables for identification of potential suitable habitats for the selected species. Linear support vector machine (LSVM) model was used for assessing the performance of the SDMs. The performance of each SDM has been validated through Cohen's Kappa (KAPPA), true skill statistic (TSS) and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) models. The proposed methodology addresses the urgent need for a holistic and robust set of techniques to apply the HCV toolkit. This is key to identify and map HCVAs for RET species at the landscape level and can be easily adapted to and adopted at the national, regional, state or local level in India. The methods offer an efficient, reliable approach for the application of the HCV concept, elsewhere in the world.  相似文献   

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